Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology

by Wicks-Nelson, Rita; Israel, Allen C.

• ISBN13: 9780131539082
• ISBN10: 0131539086
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This comprehensive, research-based introduction to childhood behavior disorders provides a sensitive and thorough examination of the field by covering its central issues, theories, and research methods, and providing descriptions and discussions of numerous disorders. Rich with illustrations and examples, it highlights the newest areas of research and clinical work, stressing supported treatments and the prevention of behavior problems. Sensitive to gender, cultural/race issues, and social influences, the newest edition ofBehavior Disorders of Childhoodcontinues to be the model book in the field.Topics include influences and risks in the developmental process, classification, assessment, and treatment, anxiety disorders, mood and conduct disorders, learning and language disorders, mental retardation, autism, and schizophrenia. An excellent reference resource for anyone employed in the field of child psychology, child psychopathology, or teachers of special education, child counselors, and those in social work.

Author Biography

Rita Wicks-Nelson West Virginia University Institute of Technology, Professor Emeritus Rockefeller Scholar, CSEGA, Marshall University Allen C. Israel University at Albany, State University of New York

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
Introduction	1	(17)
Defining and Identifying Disordered Behavior	2	(4)
Accent • The Faces of Problem Behavior	2	(1)
Atypical and Harmful Behavior	3	(1)
Developmental Standards	3	(1)
Role of Culture and Ethnicity	4	(1)
Gender and Situational Standards	5	(1)
Role of Others in Identifying Problems	6	(1)
Changing Views of Abnormality	6	(1)
How Common Are Behavioral Disorders of Youth?	6	(1)
How Are Developmental Level and Disorders Related?	7	(1)
How Are Gender and Disorders Related?	8	(1)
Methodological Issues, True Differences	9	(1)
Historical Influences	9	(6)
Progress in the Nineteenth Century	10	(1)
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory	10	(1)
Accent • Little Hans: A Classic Psychoanalytic Case	11	(2)
Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory	13	(1)
Mental Hygiene and Child Guidance Movements	13	(1)
Scientific Study of Youth	14	(1)
Accent • Mrs. Hillis: Improving Corn, Hogs, and Children in Iowa	15	(1)
Current Study and Practice of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology	15	(1)
Summary	16	(1)
Key Terms	17	(1)
The Developmental Psychopathology Perspective	18	(20)
Perspective and Theory	19	(1)
Theories of Psychopathology	19	(1)
Developmental Psychopathology Perspective: An Overview	19	(1)
Concept of Development	20	(1)
How Development Occurs: Multicausality	21	(1)
Searching for Causal Processes	21	(2)
Pathways of Development	23	(1)
Equifinality and Multifinality	24	(1)
Risk and Resilience	24	(5)
Risk	24	(2)
Resilience	26	(1)
Accent • The Timing of Risky Experiences	27	(2)
Continuity and Change	29	(1)
Normal Development, Problematic Outcomes: Four Examples	30	(6)
Early Attachment	30	(2)
Temperament	32	(2)
Emotion and Its Regulation	34	(1)
Social Cognitive Processing	35	(1)
Summary	36	(1)
Key Terms	37	(1)
Influences and Risks in the Developmental Process	38	(34)
Brain and Nervous System	38	(2)
Brain Development: Biology and Experience	38	(1)
Structure	39	(1)
Neurotransmission	39	(1)
Nervous System and Risk for Disordered Behavior	40	(3)
Prenatal Influences	40	(2)
Perinatal and Later Influences	42	(1)
Accent • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Preventable Tragedy	42	(1)
Genetic Context	43	(3)
Single-Gene Inheritance	44	(1)
Multiple-Gene Inheritance: Quantitative Methods	44	(2)
Searching for Genes: Molecular Methods	46	(1)
Gene-Environment Interplay	46	(1)
Learning and Cognition	46	(4)
Classical Conditioning	47	(1)
Accent • Albert and Peter: Two Historic Cases	47	(1)
Operant Learning	48	(1)
Observational Learning	48	(1)
Cognitive Processes	49	(1)
Sociocultural Context: An Overview	50	(1)
Family Context, Maltreatment, and Divorce	51	(10)
Parent-Child Relationships	52	(1)
Maltreatment	53	(5)
Changes in Family Structure: Divorce	58	(3)
Peer Influences	61	(1)
Community and Societal Contexts	62	(7)
School Influences	62	(1)
Social Class and Poverty	63	(2)
Neighborhoods	65	(2)
Culture, Ethnicity/Race, Minority Status	67	(2)
Summary	69	(1)
Key Terms	70	(2)
Research: Its Role and Methods	72	(22)
Fundamentals of Research	72	(4)
Selection of Participants	73	(1)
Observation and Measurement	73	(1)
Reliability of Research Findings	74	(1)
Validity of Research Findings	74	(1)
Accent • The Goodness of Measurement in Research	75	(1)
Basic Methods of Research	76	(8)
Case Studies	76	(1)
Correlational Methods	77	(1)
The Experiment	78	(2)
Single-Case Experimental Designs	80	(1)
Accent • Experiments of Nature	81	(3)
Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, and Sequential Strategies	84	(1)
Cross-Sectional Research	84	(1)
Longitudinal Research	84	(1)
Sequential Research	84	(1)
Retrospective and Prospective Strategies	85	(1)
Epidemiology	86	(1)
Accent • Epidemiology on the Isle of Wight	87	(1)
Quantitative and Qualitative Strategies	87	(2)
Examples of Qualitative Research	88	(1)
Weaknesses and Strengths	89	(1)
Ethical Issues in Research	89	(3)
Voluntary Informed Consent	89	(2)
Privacy	91	(1)
Do No Harm and Do Good	91	(1)
Balancing It All	92	(1)
Summary	92	(1)
Key Terms	93	(1)
Classification, Assessment, and Treatment	94	(29)
Classification and Diagnosis	94	(10)
The DSM Approach	95	(4)
Accent • Co-Occurrence: A Common Circumstance	99	(1)
Empirical Approaches to Classification	100	(2)
The Impact of Labels	102	(2)
Assessment	104	(7)
Conducting a Comprehensive Assessment	104	(1)
The Interview	105	(1)
Problem Checklists and Self-Report Instruments	106	(1)
Observational Assessment	107	(1)
Projective Tests	107	(1)
Intellectual-Educational Assessment	108	(2)
Assessment of Physical Functioning	110	(1)
Treatment	111	(7)
Treatment Modes and Settings	112	(5)
Empirically Supported Treatments	117	(1)
Clinical Work with Young Clients	118	(2)
Interdisciplinary Approach	118	(1)
Working with Parents	118	(1)
Working with and for the Young Client	119	(1)
Summary	120	(1)
Key Terms	121	(2)
Anxiety Disorders	123	(38)
An Introduction to Internalizing Disorders	123	(1)
Defining and Classifying Anxiety Disorders	124	(2)
Normal Fears, Worries, and Anxieties	124	(1)
Classifying Anxiety Disorders	125	(1)
Specific Phobias	126	(2)
Diagnostic Criteria	126	(1)
Description	126	(1)
Epidemiology	127	(1)
Developmental Course	127	(1)
Social Phobia	128	(3)
Diagnostic Criteria	128	(1)
Description	129	(1)
Epidemiology	130	(1)
Developmental Course	130	(1)
Accent • Selective Mutism and Social Phobia	130	(1)
Separation Anxiety and School Refusal	131	(5)
Diagnosis and Classification	132	(1)
Description	133	(1)
Epidemiology	134	(1)
Developmental Course	135	(1)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	136	(2)
Diagnostic Criteria	136	(1)
Description	136	(1)
Epidemiology	137	(1)
Developmental Course	138	(1)
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder	138	(2)
Diagnostic Criteria	138	(1)
Epidemiology	139	(1)
Description and Developmental Pattern	140	(1)
Reactions to Traumatic Events	140	(6)
Diagnostic Criteria for Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders	141	(1)
Description	142	(1)
PTSD and Child Abuse	142	(1)
Epidemiology	142	(2)
Developmental Course and Prognosis	144	(1)
Accent • Terrorism and Posttraumatic Stress	145	(1)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	146	(3)
Diagnostic Criteria	146	(1)
Description	147	(1)
Epidemiology	148	(1)
Developmental Course and Prognosis	148	(1)
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders	149	(3)
Genetics	149	(1)
Temperament	150	(1)
Psychosocial Influences	150	(2)
Assessment of Anxiety Disorders	152	(1)
Interviews and Self-Report Inventories	152	(1)
Behavioral Observations	153	(1)
Physiological Recordings	153	(1)
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders	153	(5)
Psychological Treatments	153	(3)
Pharmacological Treatments	156	(1)
Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	157	(1)
Summary	158	(1)
Key Terms	159	(2)
Mood Disorders	161	(33)
A Historical Perspective	161	(1)
Definition and Classification of Mood Disorders	162	(6)
Defining Depression	162	(1)
The DSM Approach	163	(1)
Depressive Disorders: The DSM Approach	164	(1)
Depression: Empirical Approaches	165	(1)
Description of Depression	165	(1)
Bipolar Disorder: The DSM Approach	166	(2)
Epidemiology	168	(3)
Epidemiology of Depression	168	(2)
Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorder	170	(1)
Developmental Course and Prognosis	171	(2)
Depression and Development	171	(1)
Developmental Course of Bipolar Disorder	172	(1)
Etiology of Mood Disorders	173	(9)
Biological Influences	173	(2)
Social-Psychological Influences	175	(3)
Impact of Parental Depression	178	(3)
Peer Relations and Depression	181	(1)
Suicide	182	(3)
Prevalence of Completed Suicides	182	(1)
Suicidal Ideation and Attempts	183	(1)
Suicide and Psychopathology	184	(1)
Risk Factors	184	(1)
Assessment of Mood Disorders	185	(3)
Accent • Sexual Orientation and Suicide Risk	186	(2)
Treatment of Mood Disorders	188	(4)
Pharmacological Treatments for Depression	188	(1)
Psychosocial Treatments for Depression	188	(3)
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder	191	(1)
Summary	192	(1)
Key Terms	193	(1)
Conduct Problems	194	(46)
Classification and Description	194	(9)
Empirically Derived Syndromes	195	(2)
DSM Approach: Overview	197	(1)
DSM Approach: Oppositional Defiant Disorder	197	(1)
Accent • Fire Setting	198	(2)
DSM Approach: Conduct Disorder	200	(1)
Gender Differences: Relational Aggression	201	(1)
Accent • Are Conduct Problems a Mental Disorder?	202	(1)
Delinquency	202	(1)
A Trio of Conduct-Related Behaviors: Violence, Bullying, Substance Use	203	(9)
Violence	203	(1)
Accent • Some Facts on Violence and Youth	204	(1)
Bullying	205	(1)
Substance Use	206	(6)
Epidemiology	212	(2)
Gender, Age, and Context	212	(1)
Patterns of Co-Occurrence	213	(1)
Developmental Course	214	(3)
Stability of Conduct Problems	214	(1)
Age of Onset	215	(1)
Developmental Paths	216	(1)
Etiology	217	(10)
The Socioeconomic Context	218	(1)
Aggression as a Learned Behavior	218	(1)
Family Influences	219	(4)
Accent • Maltreatment and Conduct Problems	223	(1)
Peer Relations	224	(1)
Cognitive-Emotional Influences	224	(2)
Biological Influences	226	(1)
Assessment	227	(3)
Interviews	228	(1)
Behavioral Rating Scales	229	(1)
Behavioral Observations	229	(1)
Treatment	230	(7)
Pharmacological Intervention	230	(1)
Parent Training	230	(2)
Cognitive Problem-Solving Skills Training	232	(2)
Functional Family Therapy	234	(1)
Community-Based Programs	234	(1)
Multisystemic Therapy	235	(2)
Summary	237	(2)
Key Terms	239	(1)
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	240	(30)
Evolving Ideas about ADHD	240	(1)
DSM Classification and Diagnosis	241	(1)
Description: Core Features	242	(1)
Inattention	242	(1)
Hyperactivity and Impulsivity	242	(1)
Description: Secondary Features	243	(3)
Motor Problems	243	(1)
Intelligence, Learning Disabilities, Academic Deficits	244	(1)
Cognition: Executive Dysfunction	244	(1)
Adaptive Functioning	244	(1)
Social Behavior and Relationships	244	(1)
Sleep and Accident Risk	245	(1)
DSM Subtypes	246	(1)
ADHD and Co-Occurring Disorders	247	(2)
Learning Disorders	248	(1)
Externalizing Disorders	248	(1)
Internalizing Disorders	248	(1)
Epidemiology	249	(2)
Gender	249	(1)
Accent • Girls and ADHD	250	(1)
Social Class and Culture	250	(1)
Developmental Course and Prognosis	251	(2)
Infancy and the Preschool Years	251	(1)
Childhood	251	(1)
Adolescence and Adulthood	252	(1)
Variation and Prediction of Outcome	252	(1)
Psychological Explanations of ADHD	253	(2)
Sensitivity to Reward	253	(1)
Aversion to Delay	253	(1)
Working Memory	253	(1)
Inhibition and Executive Functions	253	(2)
Etiology	255	(3)
Brain Structure and Activity	255	(1)
Genetic Factors	255	(2)
Prenatal Influences and Birth Complications	257	(1)
Diet and Lead	257	(1)
Psychosocial Factors	257	(1)
Accent • TV Viewing and Attention Problems in Young Children	258	(1)
Assessment	258	(2)
Interviews	259	(1)
Rating Scales	260	(1)
Direct Observation	260	(1)
Other Procedures	260	(1)
Treatment	260	(8)
Pharmacological Treatment	261	(1)
Accent • Parental Attitudes about Medication Use	262	(1)
Behaviorally Oriented Intervention	263	(2)
Multimodal Treatment	265	(2)
Comment on Care	267	(1)
Summary	268	(1)
Key Terms	269	(1)
Language and Learning Disorders	270	(33)
A Bit of History: Unexpected Disabilities, Unmet Needs	270	(2)
Definitional Concerns	272	(1)
Identifying Specific Disabilities	272	(1)
Language Disorders	273	(6)
Normal Language Development	273	(2)
DSM Classification and Diagnosis	275	(1)
Description	275	(2)
Epidemiology and Developmental Course	277	(1)
Underlying Cognitive Deficits	278	(1)
Learning Disorders: Reading, Writing, Arithmetic	279	(6)
DSM Classification and Diagnosis	279	(1)
Reading Disorder	279	(2)
Accent • Vulnerability and Reading in Different Languages	281	(1)
Disorder of Written Expression	282	(1)
Mathematics Disorder	283	(2)
Co-Occurring Behavior Problems	285	(2)
Accent • Nonverbal Learning Disabilities (NVLD)	286	(1)
Social and Motivational Problems	287	(2)
Social Relations and Competence	287	(2)
Academic Self-Concept and Motivation	289	(1)
Etiology of Language and Learning Disorders	289	(3)
Brain Abnormalities	289	(2)
Genetic Influence	291	(1)
Psychosocial Influences	292	(1)
Assessing Language and Learning Disorders	292	(1)
Intervention for Language and Learning Disorders	293	(4)
Accent • Some Clues for Identifying Reading Disorder	294	(1)
Approaches to Intervention	294	(1)
Effectiveness of Intervention	295	(2)
Educational Services	297	(3)
Benefits and Concerns	299	(1)
Summary	300	(2)
Key Terms	302	(1)
Mental Retardation (Mental Disability)	303	(32)
Definition and Classification	303	(3)
AAMR Approach	303	(2)
DSM and Past Approaches	305	(1)
Nature of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior	306	(4)
Measured Intelligence	306	(2)
Accent • Mental Disability: A History of Abusive Ideas	308	(1)
Adaptive Functioning	309	(1)
Description	310	(1)
Behavioral Problems and Co-Occurring Psychopathology	311	(1)
Epidemiology	312	(1)
Developmental Course and Considerations	313	(1)
Developmental Issues	313	(1)
Etiology	314	(6)
Organic Influences	314	(5)
Multigenic Influences	319	(1)
Psychosocial Influences	319	(1)
Multifactor Causation	320	(1)
Family Coping and Accommodation	320	(3)
Living Arrangements	322	(1)
Rewards and Satisfactions	323	(1)
Assessment	323	(3)
Tests of General Intelligence	323	(1)
Accent • Family Context and Development	324	(1)
Assessing Adaptive Behavior	325	(1)
Other Approaches to Assessment	325	(1)
Treatment	326	(7)
Broadening of Opportunity	326	(1)
Accent • Changing View of Mental Retardation	326	(1)
Educational Services	327	(2)
Behavioral Intervention	329	(3)
Pharmacological Treatment	332	(1)
Psychotherapy	333	(1)
Summary	333	(1)
Key Terms	334	(1)
Autism and Schizophrenia	335	(34)
A Bit of History: Autism and Schizophrenia	335	(1)
Autistic Disorder	336	(21)
DSM Classification and Diagnosis	336	(1)
Description: Autism's Triad of Impairments	336	(3)
Description: Autism's Associated Impairments	339	(1)
Accent • Savant Abilities and Autism	340	(1)
Epidemiology	341	(1)
Developmental Course and Prognosis	341	(1)
Underlying Psychological Deficits	342	(1)
Accent • A Personal Account of Autism	342	(3)
Neurobiological Abnormalities	345	(1)
Etiology	346	(2)
Asperger's Disorder and Other PDDs	348	(4)
Assessment of Autism	352	(1)
Treatment and Education	352	(5)
Schizophrenia	357	(10)
DSM Classification and Diagnosis	357	(1)
Description	358	(2)
Epidemiology	360	(1)
Developmental Course and Prognosis	360	(1)
Neurobiological Abnormalities	361	(2)
Etiology	363	(2)
Assessment	365	(1)
Treatment	365	(2)
Summary	367	(1)
Key Terms	367	(2)
Disorders of Basic Physical Functions	369	(31)
Problems of Elimination	369	(5)
Typical Elimination Training	369	(1)
Enuresis	370	(2)
Encopresis	372	(2)
Sleep Problems	374	(6)
Sleep Development	374	(1)
Common Sleep Problems	374	(1)
Sleep Disorders	374	(2)
Accent • Sleep Apnea	376	(2)
Treating Sleep Problems	378	(2)
Problems of Feeding, Eating, and Nutrition	380	(7)
Common Eating and Feeding Problems	380	(1)
Early Eating and Feeding Disorders	380	(2)
Obesity	382	(1)
Accent • Obesity Epidemic? Certain Ethnic Groups at Particular Risk	383	(4)
Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa	387	(11)
Definition and Classification: An Overview	387	(1)
Classification and Description: DSM Approach	388	(1)
Epidemiology	389	(1)
Developmental Course and Prognosis	390	(1)
Accent • Being Buff: Weight and Shape Concerns in Young Men	391	(1)
Etiology	392	(4)
Treatment	396	(2)
Summary	398	(1)
Key Terms	399	(1)
Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition	400	(23)
Historical Context	400	(1)
Psychological and Family Influences on Medical Conditions	401	(3)
The Example of Asthma	401	(3)
Consequences of Chronic Conditions	404	(6)
Adjustment and Chronic Illness	404	(4)
Cancer: Adapting to Chronic Illness	408	(2)
Accent • The Impact of HIV/AIDS in Children and Adolescents	410	(1)
Facilitating Medical Treatment	410	(9)
Adherence to Medical Regimens	411	(3)
Psychological Modification of Condition-Related Pain	414	(1)
Reducing Procedure-Related Pain and Distress	415	(3)
Preparation for Hospitalization	418	(1)
Accent • Preventing Childhood Injury	419	(1)
The Dying Child	419	(2)
Summary	421	(1)
Key Terms	422	(1)
Prevention and Evolving Concerns for Youth	423	(22)
Preventing Behavioral Disorder	423	(9)
Conceptualizing Prevention	424	(1)
Diverse Prevention Programs	425	(1)
Prevention Programs Targeting Multiple Adverse Outcomes	426	(1)
Accent • A Head Start for Children at Risk	427	(3)
Prevention Programs Targeting Specific Adverse Outcomes	430	(2)
Who Cares for Children: Family Issues	432	(7)
Maternal Employment and Child Care	432	(3)
Adoptive Families	435	(1)
Foster Care	436	(2)
Accent • Finding ``Forever'' Parents	438	(1)
Mental Health Services for Youth	439	(1)
Fragmentation, Utilization, Evaluation	440	(1)
Youth in the Global Society	440	(3)
Third World Poverty and Health	440	(1)
Exposure to Armed or Sociopolitical Conflict	441	(1)
Diversity and International Cooperation	442	(1)
Summary	443	(1)
Key Terms	444	(1)
Glossary	445	(7)
References	452	(76)
Credits	528	(6)
Name Index	534	(25)
Subject Index	559