Adolescent, The: Development, Relationships, and Culture

by Rice, F. Philip; Dolgin, Kim Gale

• ISBN13: 9780205332397
• ISBN10: 0205332390
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

The Adolescent continues to be the best and most comprehensive text in its subject area, setting the standard for adolescent psychology books since its first publication more than twenty years ago. This text emphasizes the eclectic approach to adolescence, presenting not just one theory on the subject, but many, and discussing the contributions, strengths, and weaknesses of each. The authors also take into consideration current and important topics such as ethnic identity formation and gender issues. With the addition of co-author Kim G. Dolgin, current and important topics, such as ethnic identity formation and gender issues, have been emphasized. The result is a treatment of the adolescent that offers a current scholarship as well as an understanding of what it means to be an adolescent in the 21st century.

Table of Contents

Features	xi
Preface	xii
PART ONE Adolescence
Adolescents in Social Context	1	(23)
The Changing Face of American Adolescence	3	(1)
Our Society in Revolution	4	(1)
The Computer Revolution	4	(3)
The Internet	5	(1)
Inappropriate Materials	5	(1)
Effects on Children and Adolescents	6	(1)
The Materialistic Revolution	7	(2)
Earnings, Income, and Real Dollars	7	(1)
Multiple Jobholders and Overtime Work	7	(1)
Working Women	8	(1)
Adolescent Employment	8	(1)
Advertising and Consumption	8	(1)
The Education Revolution	9	(2)
Educational Attainment	9	(1)
Adult Education	10	(1)
Early Intervention	11	(1)
Embracing the New Technology	11	(1)
The Family Revolution	11	(6)
Changes in Family Function	11	(1)
Romantic Love	12	(1)
The Rise of the Democratic Family	12	(1)
The Rise of the Child-Centered Family	13	(1)
Further Changes in Marriage and Parenthood	13	(1)
Nonmarital Cohabitation	14	(1)
Divorce	14	(3)
The Sexual Revolution	17	(2)
Positive Effects of the Sexual Revolution	17	(1)
Negative Effects of the Sexual Revolution	18	(1)
The Violence Revolution	19	(5)
Violent Crime	19	(1)
Violence in Society	20	(1)
Violence in the Home	20	(1)
Violent Deaths	20	(4)
Adolescents in Theoretical Context	24	(26)
Biological Views of Adolescence	25	(2)
Sturm and Drang	25	(1)
G. Stanley Hall
Spiral Growth Patterns
Arnold Gesell	26	(1)
Psychoanalytical Views of Adolescence	27	(3)
Sigmund Freud	27	(2)
Anna Freud	29	(1)
Psychosocial Views of Adolescence	30	(5)
Ego Identity	30	(2)
Erik Erikson
Developmental Tasks	32	(1)
Robert Havighurst
Field Theory	33	(2)
Kurt Lewin
Cognitive Views of Adolescence	35	(1)
Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget	36	(1)
Social Cognition
Robert Selman	37	(2)
Ecological View of Adolescence	39	(3)
An Ecological Model	39	(3)
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Social-Cognitive Learning View of Adolescence	42	(2)
Social Learning Theory	42	(1)
Albert Bandura
Social-Cognitive Theory	43	(1)
Anthropological Views of Adolescence	44	(6)
Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict	44	(1)
Extended Adolescence versus Early Adulthood	44	(1)
Cultural Continuity versus Discontinuity	45	(1)
Storm and Stress versus Cultural Conditioning	46	(1)
Cross-Cultural Views on Parent-Adolescent Relations	46	(4)
Adolescents in Ethnic Context	50	(38)
Adolescents of Low Socioeconomic Status	52	(7)
Limitations of Low Socioeconomic Status	53	(1)
Cycle of Poverty and Deprivation	53	(1)
Low Level of Education	53	(1)
Family Instability	54	(1)
Female-Headed Households	55	(1)
Two-Parent Families	56	(1)
Working Mothers	56	(1)
Homelessness	57	(1)
Childrearing Goals and Philosophies	57	(1)
Peer Orientation	58	(1)
Social Outcasts	58	(1)
Neighborhood Danger	58	(1)
Mental Health	59	(1)
Adolescents of Minority Groups	59	(21)
African American Adolescents	60	(6)
Hispanic American Adolescents	66	(1)
Mexican American Adolescents	66	(4)
Puerto Rican Adolescents	70	(2)
Native American Adolescents	72	(5)
Asian American Adolescents	77	(1)
Chinese American Adolescents	77	(3)
Immigrants and Refugees	80	(8)
Southeast Asian American Adolescents	81	(7)
PART TWO Physical
Sexual Maturation and Physical Growth	88	(22)
The Endocrine Glands and Hypothalamus	89	(4)
The Pituitary Gland	89	(1)
The Gonads	90	(2)
The Adrenal Glands	92	(1)
The Hypothalamus	92	(1)
Maturation and Functions of Male Sex Organs	93	(3)
Spermatogenesis	94	(1)
The Developing Penis	95	(1)
The Cowper's Glands	95	(1)
Nocturnal Emissions	95	(1)
Maturation and Functions of Female Sex Organs	96	(7)
The Developing Vagina	96	(1)
Changes in the Vulva and Uterus	96	(1)
Ovarian Changes	96	(1)
Menarche	97	(1)
The Menstrual Cycle	97	(3)
Menstrual Problems and Concerns	100	(3)
Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics	103	(4)
Males	104	(1)
Females	105	(2)
Growth in Height and Weight	107	(3)
Growth Trends	107	(1)
Determinants of Height	107	(3)
Body Image	110	(20)
The Body Beautiful	111	(3)
Physical Attractiveness	111	(1)
Body Types	111	(1)
Concepts of the Ideal	112	(2)
Individual Body Characteristics	114	(1)
Weight	114	(3)
Obesity	114	(3)
Underweight	117	(1)
Eating Disorders	117	(3)
Anorexia Nervosa	117	(2)
Bulimia	119	(1)
Exercise	120	(1)
Benefits of Exercise	120	(1)
Sleep	121	(1)
Nutrition	122	(1)
Digestion	122	(1)
Importance of Nutrition	122	(1)
Deficiencies	122	(1)
Nutrition Education	123	(1)
Acne	123	(1)
Skin Gland Development	123	(1)
Causes	124	(1)
Treatment	124	(1)
Early and Late Maturation	124	(6)
Early-Maturing Boys	124	(1)
Late-Maturing Boys	125	(1)
Early-Maturing Girls	126	(1)
Late-Maturing Girls	127	(1)
Off-Time Maturation	127	(3)
PART THREE Intellectual
Traditional Views of Cognitive Growth: Piaget and Elkind	130	(20)
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development	131	(7)
Sensorimotor Stage	132	(1)
Preoperational Stage	132	(1)
Concrete Operational Stage	133	(2)
Formal Operational Stage	135	(3)
Effects of Adolescent Thought on Personality and Behavior	138	(4)
Idealism	138	(1)
Long-Term Values	138	(1)
Hypocrisy	139	(1)
Creativity	140	(1)
Pseudostupidity	140	(1)
Egocentrism	140	(1)
Daydreaming	141	(1)
Self-Concept	142	(1)
Decentering and a Life Plan	142	(1)
Critique of Piaget's Formal Operational Stage	142	(5)
Age and Development	142	(1)
Test Criteria	143	(1)
Beyond Formal Operations	143	(1)
Maturation and Intelligence	144	(1)
Culture and Environment	145	(1)
Motivation and Response	146	(1)
Role of School and Education	146	(1)
What Can We Retain from Formal Operations?	147	(3)
Intelligence, Information Processing, and Decision Making	150	(20)
Intelligence	151	(5)
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence	151	(1)
Seven Frames of Mind	152	(1)
Intelligence Tests	153	(1)
Changes with Age	153	(1)
Factors Influencing Test Results	154	(1)
Limitations of IQ	155	(1)
Dangers of Labeling	155	(1)
Scholastic Aptitude	156	(2)
The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)	156	(1)
Revisions of the SAT	157	(1)
Information Processing	158	(5)
Meaning	158	(1)
Steps in Information Processing	158	(1)
Stimuli	158	(1)
Selection	158	(1)
Interpretation	159	(1)
Memory	160	(1)
Processing Speed	161	(1)
Higher-Order Thought Processes	161	(2)
Problem Solving	163	(1)
Decision Making	163	(2)
The Process	164	(1)
The Nine Cs of Decision Making	164	(1)
Epistemiological Understanding	165	(5)
PART FOUR Psychosexual
Self-Concept, Identity, Ethnicity, and Gender	170	(32)
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem	171	(10)
Importance of an Adequate Self-Concept and Self-Esteem	173	(3)
Development of a Positive Self-Concept	176	(4)
Changes or Stability in Self-Concept	180	(1)
Identity	181	(11)
Seven Conflicts	183	(1)
Identity Status	184	(4)
Identity as a Process	188	(1)
Ethnic Identity	188	(4)
Gender	192	(10)
Biological Bases	192	(1)
Cognitive-Developmental Theories	193	(1)
Environmental Influences	193	(4)
Androgyny	197	(1)
Gender and Identity	197	(5)
Sexual Values, Behavior, and Education	202	(40)
Changing Attitudes and Behavior	204	(7)
Premarital Sexual Behavior	204	(2)
Correlates	206	(3)
Other Mutual Sexual Behaviors	209	(1)
Masturbation	209	(2)
Sex and Its Meaning	211	(5)
Sex and Emotional Intimacy	211	(1)
What Are Adolescents Seeking?	211	(1)
Sexual Pluralism and the Individual Ethic	212	(2)
Gender Differences in Sexual Ethics	214	(1)
Sexual Aggression	214	(2)
Contraceptives and Sexually Transmitted Diseases	216	(8)
Use of Contraceptives among Adolescents	217	(1)
Why Contraceptives Are Not Used	218	(2)
Should Adolescents Have Contraceptives?	220	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	221	(1)
AIDS	221	(3)
Unwed Pregnancy and Abortion	224	(6)
Incidence	224	(1)
Causation Theories	225	(1)
Pregnancy-Resolution Decisions	226	(1)
Problems of Adolescent Parents	227	(1)
Adolescent Fathers	228	(2)
Homosexuality	230	(3)
Causation Theories	230	(2)
Identity Adjustment	232	(1)
Sex Knowledge and Sex Education	233	(9)
Sources of Sex Information	234	(1)
The Role of Parents	234	(2)
The Role of Public Schools	236	(1)
Availability in the Schools	236	(6)
PART FIVE Social
Adolescent Society, Culture, and Subculture	242	(24)
Culture and Society	243	(1)
The Adolescent Subculture	244	(3)
A False Dichotomy	244	(2)
Distinctive Social Relationships and Culture	246	(1)
Adolescent Societies	247	(1)
Formal Societies	247	(1)
Informal Societies	247	(1)
Age-Grade Societies	248	(1)
Social Class and Status	248	(1)
In-School Subsystem	248	(3)
The Formal, Academic Subsystem	248	(1)
The Semiformal, Activities Subsystem	249	(1)
The Friendship Subsystem	250	(1)
Extremist Subcultures	251	(3)
Satanists	251	(2)
Goths	253	(1)
Neo-Nazi Skinheads	253	(1)
Material Concerns of Adolescent Culture	254	(4)
Clothing	254	(2)
The Automobile	256	(1)
The Telephone	257	(1)
Nonmaterial Aspects of Adolescent Culture	258	(8)
Slang	258	(1)
Music	259	(7)
Social Development, Relationships, Dating, Nonmarital Cohabitation, and Marriage	266	(38)
Companionship	268	(7)
The Need for Friends	268	(2)
Family and Peer Relationships	270	(1)
Early Adolescent Friendships	271	(1)
Broadening Early Friendships	272	(1)
Youth Culture Activities	272	(3)
Group Acceptance and Popularity	275	(4)
Conformity	275	(1)
Achievement	276	(1)
Participation	276	(1)
Personality and Social Skills	277	(1)
Shyness	277	(1)
Deviance	278	(1)
Heterosociality	279	(3)
Psychosocial Development	279	(2)
Adolescent Love and Crushes	281	(1)
Loss of Love	281	(1)
Dating	282	(5)
Age Patterns for Dating	284	(1)
Common Problems	284	(1)
Violence	285	(1)
Going Steady	285	(2)
Nonmarital Cohabitation	287	(6)
Incidence	287	(1)
Meanings Attached to Cohabitation	287	(2)
Reactions to Cohabitation	289	(1)
Adjustments to Cohabitation	289	(2)
Cohabiting and Marriage Differences	291	(1)
Effects on Subsequent Marriage	292	(1)
Cohabiting and Premarital Childbearing	293	(1)
Adolescent Marriage	293	(11)
Trends and Incidence	294	(1)
Prospects and Prognosis	294	(1)
A Profile of the Young Married	294	(1)
Reasons for Adolescent Marriage	295	(1)
Adjustments and Problems	296	(2)
Early Marriage and Education	298	(6)
Development of Moral Judgment, Character, Values, Beliefs, and Behavior	304	(28)
Cognitive-Socialization Theories of Development	305	(11)
Jean Piaget	305	(3)
Lawrence Kohlberg	308	(5)
Later Developments and Critique of Kohlberg	313	(1)
Gilligan's Theory of Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning	313	(2)
Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior	315	(1)
Family Factors and Moral Learning	316	(3)
The Family's Role	316	(1)
Parental Acceptance and Trust	317	(1)
Frequency and Intensity of Parent-Teen Interaction	317	(1)
Type of Discipline	317	(1)
Parental Role Models	318	(1)
Independence Opportunities	319	(1)
Transmission of Religious Beliefs and Practices	319	(2)
Religious Variables	320	(1)
Family Variables	320	(1)
Impact on Behavior	321	(1)
Social Reinforcement, Influences, Values, and Behavior	321	(11)
Social Reinforcement	321	(1)
Peer and Reference Groups	321	(2)
Television	323	(2)
Moral Education	325	(7)
PART SIX Familial
Adolescents and Their Families	332	(24)
Adolescent-Parent Expectations	333	(10)
What Kind of Parents Do Adolescents Want?	333	(1)
Connection	334	(3)
Attachment Style	337	(3)
Regulation	340	(3)
Parent-Adolescent Tension	343	(4)
Personality Differences	343	(1)
Focus of Conflict	344	(2)
Variables Affecting Conflict	346	(1)
Conflicts with Parents versus Conflicts with Peers	347	(1)
Results of Conflict	347	(1)
Relationships with Other Family Members	347	(3)
Adolescent-Sibling Relationships	347	(2)
Relationships with Other Relatives	349	(1)
Maltreatment	350	(6)
Child Abuse	350	(1)
Sexual Abuse	351	(1)
Incest	351	(1)
Neglect	352	(4)
Divorced, Parent-Absent, and Blended Families	356	(20)
Divorce and Adolescents	357	(8)
Attitudes toward Divorce	357	(1)
Short-Term Emotional Reactions	358	(1)
Long-Term Effects	358	(2)
Factors Influencing Divorce Effects	360	(5)
Marriage and Divorce Behavior	365	(1)
Parent-Absent Families	365	(4)
Psychological Health	365	(1)
Development of Masculinity/Femininity	366	(1)
Association with Delinquency	366	(1)
Influences on School Performance, Achievement, and Vocational Aspirations	367	(1)
Attitudes toward Self and Parents	367	(1)
Substance Abuse	368	(1)
Development of Autonomy	369	(1)
Blended Families	369	(4)
Family Combinations	369	(4)
Adopted Adolescents	373	(3)
PART SEVEN Educational and Vocational
Education and School	376	(24)
Trends in U.S. Education	377	(4)
Traditionalists versus Progressives	377	(1)
Rise of Progressive Education	378	(1)
Sputnik and After	378	(1)
1960s and 1970s	378	(1)
1980s	379	(1)
1990s	379	(2)
How Adolescents View Their Schools	381	(2)
Students Grade Their Schools	381	(1)
Quality of Teachers	381	(1)
Teachers as Significant Others	381	(1)
Student Responsibility	382	(1)
The Secondary School Teacher	383	(2)
What Makes a Good Teacher?	383	(1)
Personality Traits and Character	383	(1)
Teachers' Relationships with Others	384	(1)
Professional Qualifications	384	(1)
Curriculum Considerations	385	(1)
Three Curricula	385	(1)
Curriculum Improvement	386	(1)
Middle Schools	386	(2)
Private versus Public Schools	388	(1)
Achievement and Dropping Out	388	(12)
Enrollment Figures	388	(1)
Who Drops Out and Why	389	(1)
Changing Schools	390	(1)
Truancy	390	(1)
Socioeconomic Factors	391	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Considerations	392	(1)
Congruence between School and Home	392	(1)
Family Relationships	392	(2)
Personality Characteristics	394	(1)
Sense of Academic Competence	394	(1)
Social Adjustment and Peer Associations	394	(1)
Employment and Money	394	(1)
School Stress	395	(1)
School Failure, Apathy, and Dissatisfaction	396	(1)
Alienation	396	(1)
Pregnancy and Marriage	396	(1)
Teenage Fathers	396	(1)
Dropouts and Unemployment	397	(3)
Work and Vocation	400	(26)
Motives for Choice	401	(1)
Theories of Vocational Choice	402	(3)
Ginzberg's Compromise with Reality Theory	402	(3)
Holland's Occupational Environment Theory	405	(1)
People Influencing Choice	405	(3)
Parents	405	(2)
Peers	407	(1)
School Personnel	407	(1)
Sex Roles and Vocational Choice	408	(3)
Other Crucial Determinants of Vocational Choice	411	(1)
Intelligence	411	(1)
Aptitudes and Special Abilities	411	(1)
Interests	412	(1)
Job Opportunities	412	(1)
Job Rewards and Satisfactions	412	(1)
Socioeconomic Status and Prestige Factors	412	(4)
Choosing the Familiar	412	(2)
Prestige and Value	414	(1)
Social Class and Aspirations	414	(1)
Occupational Attainment	415	(1)
Race/Ethnicity and Aspirations	415	(1)
Youth Employment	416	(3)
Working for Wages	416	(2)
Volunteerism	418	(1)
Adolescents and Unemployment	419	(2)
Numbers of Unemployed Youths	419	(1)
Causes of Unemployment	420	(1)
Career Education	421	(5)
PART EIGHT Psychosocial Problems
Adolescent Alienation	426	(28)
Running Away	427	(5)
Reasons	428	(1)
Typologies	428	(1)
Life on the Street	429	(1)
Help	430	(1)
Worldwide Scope	431	(1)
Suicide	432	(5)
Frequency	432	(1)
Causes and Motives	433	(3)
Copycat Suicides	436	(1)
Unsuccessful Attempts	437	(1)
Survivors	437	(1)
Juvenile Delinquency	437	(17)
Incidence	438	(2)
Causes	440	(5)
Juvenile Street Gangs	445	(1)
The Juvenile Justice System	446	(3)
Private Community Programs	449	(1)
Prevention	450	(4)
Substance Abuse, Addiction, and Dependency	454	(27)
Drug Abuse	455	(14)
Physical Addiction and Psychological Dependency	455	(1)
Narcotics	456	(1)
Stimulants	457	(1)
Depressants	458	(1)
Hallucinogens	459	(3)
Patterns and Intensity of Use	462	(2)
Why Drugs Are First Used	464	(1)
Demographic Differences	464	(1)
Compulsive Drug Use	465	(2)
Prevention and Treatment	467	(2)
Tobacco and Smoking	469	(4)
Incidence	469	(1)
Why Adolescents Start Smoking	469	(1)
Effects of Cigarette Advertising	470	(1)
Why Adolescents Continue Smoking	471	(1)
Keeping Adolescents from Starting	472	(1)
Alcohol and Excessive Drinking	473	(8)
Incidence	473	(2)
Correlations with Drinking	475	(1)
Why Adolescents Drink	476	(2)
Theories of Problem Drinking	478	(3)
Glossary	481	(8)
Bibliography	489	(56)
Index	545