Adolescent, The: Development, Relationships, and Culture

by Rice, F. Phillip; Dolgin, Kim Gale

• ISBN13: 9780205407835
• ISBN10: 0205407838
• Edition: 11th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

----EXAM COPY EDITION--- Contemporary and inclusive, The Adolescent continues to be the best-selling and most comprehensive text in its subject area, setting the standard for adolescent psychology books since publication more than twenty years ago. The Adolescent offers an eclectic, interdisciplinary approach to the study of adolescence, presenting both psychological and sociological viewpoints as well as educational, demographic, and economic data. This text discusses not just one theory on the subject, but many, and outlines the contributions, strengths, and weaknesses of each. The authors also take into consideration current and important topics such as ethnic identity formation, gender issues, the Internet, effects of single-parent families, etc. The result is a treatment of the adolescent that offers current scholarship as well as an understanding of what it means to be an adolescent today. New To This Edition New paperback format and lower price makes the text more appealing and usable for students! Expanded coverage of cross-cultural issues throughout provides a richer and deeper understanding of adolescence across different cultural groups. ";In Their Own Words"; mini-essays include thoughts and comments from real students about various topics throughout the text, providing them with the perspectives offered by peers. A new Epilogue discusses the differences between adolescence and young adulthood and brings a nice sense of closure to the material, focusing students in on where they're at now and where they're headed. More than 450 new references, including such topics as sleep deprivation in adolescence, brain development, down-turn in adolescent pregnancy, keep students abreast of the most contemporary research being done and topics being discussed in the field. ----STUDENT COPY EDITION---- What's inside The Adolescent: Development, Relationships and Culture, 11/e Contemporary and inclusive, The Adolescent continues to be the best-selling and most comprehensive text in its subject area, setting the standard for adolescent psychology books since publication more than twenty years ago. The Adolescent offers an eclectic, exciting approach to the study of adolescence, presenting both psychological and sociological viewpoints as well as educational, demographic, and economic data. This text discusses not just one theory on the subject, but many, and outlines the contributions, strengths, and weaknesses of each. The authors also take into consideration current and important topics such as ethnic identity formation, gender issues, the Internet, effects of single-parent families, etc. The result is a treatment of the adolescent that offers current scholarship as well as an understanding of what it means to be an adolescent today. What's New To This Edition New paperback format and lower price makes the text more appealing and usable! Expanded coverage of cross-cultural issues throughout provides a richer and deeper understanding of adolescence across different cultural groups. ";In Their Own Words"; mini-essays include thoughts and comments from students like yourself about various topics throughout the text, providing you with the perspectives offered by your peers. A

Table of Contents

Features	xi
Preface	xiii
PART ONE: Adolescence
1 Adolescents in Social Context	1	(22)
Approaches to Studying Adolescence	2	(1)
The Changing Face of American Adolescence	3	(1)
Our Society in Revolution	4	(1)
The Prolongation of Adolescence	5	(1)
The Revolution in Information Technology	5	(2)
The Internet	6	(1)
Inappropriate Materials	6	(1)
Effects on Children and Adolescents	6	(1)
The Revolution in the Workplace	7	(2)
Multiple Jobholders and Overtime Work	7	(1)
Working Women	8	(1)
Adolescent Employment	8	(1)
Advertising and Consumption	9	(1)
The Education Revolution	9	(2)
Educational Attainment	9	(1)
Embracing the New Technology	10	(1)
Innovations in Career Education	10	(1)
The Family Revolution	11	(2)
Changes in Marriage and Parenthood	11	(1)
Changes in Family Dynamics	12	(1)
Nonmarital Cohabitation	13	(1)
Out-of-Wedlock Births	13	(1)
Divorce	13	(1)
The Sexual Revolution	13	(3)
Positive Effects of the Sexual Revolution	13	(2)
Negative Effects of the Sexual Revolution	15	(1)
The Violence Revolution	16	(3)
Violent Crime	16	(1)
Violence in Society	17	(1)
Violence in the Home	18	(1)
Violent Deaths	18	(1)
A Caveat to Understanding Adolescence	19	(4)
2 Adolescents in Theoretical Context	23	(24)
Biological Views of Adolescence	23	(2)
G. Stanley Hall: Sturm and Drang	24	(1)
Arnold Gesell: Spiral Growth Patterns	24	(1)
Psychoanalytical and Psychosocial Views of Adolescence	25	(5)
Sigmund Freud: Individuation	25	(1)
Anna Freud: Defense Mechamisms	26	(2)
Erik Erikson: Ego Identity	28	(2)
Cognitive Views of Adolescence	30	(4)
Jean Piaget: Adaptation and Equilibrium	30	(1)
Robert Selman: Social Cognition	31	(2)
Lev Vygotsky: Social Influences on Cognition	33	(1)
Social-Cognitive Learning View of Adolescence	34	(2)
Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory	34	(1)
Social-Cognitive Theory	35	(1)
The Impact of Culture on Adolescents	36	(11)
Robert Havighurst: Developmental Tasks	36	(1)
Kurt Lewin: Field Theory	37	(1)
Urie Bronfenbrenner: An Ecological Model	38	(2)
Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict: Anthropological Views	40	(1)
Cultural Continuity versus Discontinuity	40	(2)
Storm and Stress Revisited	42	(5)
3 Adolescent Diversity: Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity	47	(30)
Adolescents of Low Socioeconomic Status	48	(7)
Limitations of Low Socioeconomic Status	49	(1)
Cycle of Poverty and Deprivation	50	(5)
Minority Adolescents	55	(15)
African American Adolescents	55	(5)
Latino Adolescents	60	(4)
Native American Adolescents	64	(4)
Asian American Adolescents	68	(2)
Immigrants and Refugees	70	(7)
Southeast Asian American Adolescent Refugees	72	(5)
PART TWO: Physical
4 Body Issues: Sexual Maturation and Physical Growth	77	(22)
Biochemical Basis of Puberty	77	(4)
The Hypothalamus	78	(1)
The Pituitary Gland	78	(1)
The Gonads	78	(2)
The Adrenal Glands	80	(1)
Sex Hormone Regulation in Males	80	(1)
Sex Hormone Regulation in Females	81	(1)
Maturation and Functions of Male Sex Organs	81	(3)
Spermatogenesis	81	(1)
The Developing Penis	82	(1)
The Cowper's Glands	83	(1)
Nocturnal Emissions	83	(1)
Maturation and Functions of Female Sex Organs	84	(5)
The Developing Vagina	84	(1)
Changes in the Vulva and Uterus	84	(1)
Ovarian Changes	84	(1)
Menarche and the Menstrual Cycle	84	(3)
Menstrual Concerns	87	(2)
Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics	89	(4)
Males	90	(1)
Females	91	(2)
Results of Sexual Maturation	93	(1)
Growth in Height and Weight	93	(6)
Growth Trends	93	(1)
Determinants of Height	93	(1)
Other Physical Changes	93	(6)
5 Body Issues: Health Behaviors and Attitudes	99	(22)
Health Status	99	(3)
Mortality	99	(1)
Health Decisions	100	(2)
Adolescent Health in the Third World	102	(1)
Body Image	102	(3)
Physical Attractiveness	102	(1)
Body Types and Ideals	102	(3)
Early and Late Maturation	105	(2)
Early-Maturing Boys	105	(1)
Late-Maturing Boys	106	(1)
Early-Maturing Girls	106	(1)
Late-Maturing Girls	106	(1)
Off-Time Maturation	107	(1)
Weight	107	(3)
Obesity	107	(1)
Personal Contributors to Being Overweight	107	(2)
Interpersonal Interactions and Being Overweight	109	(1)
Environmental Influences	109	(1)
Broader Social Influences	109	(1)
Eating Disorders	110	(2)
Anorexia Nervosa	110	(1)
Bulimia	111	(1)
Health-Related Behaviors	112	(5)
Nutrition	112	(2)
Exercise	114	(2)
Sleep	116	(1)
Acne	117	(4)
Skin Gland Development	117	(1)
Causes	117	(1)
Treatment	117	(4)
PART THREE: Intellectual
6 Traditional Approaches to Cognitive Development: Piaget and Elkind	121	(20)
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development	121	(7)
Sensorimotor Stage	122	(1)
Preoperational Stage	122	(2)
Concrete Operational Stage	124	(2)
Formal Operational Stage	126	(2)
Effects of Adolescent Thought on Personality and Behavior	128	(5)
Idealism	129	(1)
Long-Term Values	130	(1)
Hypocrisy	130	(1)
Creativity	131	(1)
Pseudostupidity	131	(1)
Egocentrism	131	(2)
Introspection	133	(1)
Self-Concept	133	(1)
Critique of Piaget's Formal Operational Stage	133	(4)
Age and Development	133	(1)
Consistency	134	(1)
Beyond Formal Operations	134	(1)
Culture and Environment	135	(1)
Motivation and Response	136	(1)
Role of School and Education	137	(1)
What Can We Retain from Formal Operations?	137	(4)
7 New Approaches to Cognitive Development: Information Processing, Decision Making, and Assessment Issues	141	(24)
Information Processing	142	(6)
Steps in Information Processing	142	(1)
Stimuli	142	(1)
Selection	143	(1)
Interpretation	143	(1)
Memory	143	(2)
Processing Speed	145	(1)
Higher-Order Thought Processes	145	(2)
Problem Solving	147	(1)
The Role of Knowledge	147	(1)
Decision Making	148	(2)
The Process	148	(1)
The Nine Cs of Decision Making	149	(1)
Epistemological Understanding	150	(2)
Brain Development during Adolescence	152	(2)
Assessing Cognition	154	(5)
Theories of Intelligence	154	(1)
Intelligence Tests	155	(1)
Changes with Age	156	(1)
Factors Influencing Test Results	157	(1)
Limitations of IQ	158	(1)
Uses and Misuses of IQ Tests	158	(1)
Achievement Tests	159	(6)
The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)	159	(6)
PART FOUR: Psychosexual
8 Self-Concept, Identity, Ethnicity, and Gender	165	(28)
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem	166	(8)
Importance of Having a Good Self-Concept	167	(3)
Development of a Positive Self-Concept	170	(4)
Changes in Self-Concept during Adolescence	174	(1)
Identity	174	(10)
Seven Conflicts	175	(1)
Identity Status	176	(4)
Identity as a Process	180	(1)
Ethnic Identity	181	(3)
Gender	184	(9)
Biological Sex	185	(1)
Cognitive-Developmental Theories	185	(1)
Societal Influences	186	(3)
Androgyny	189	(1)
Gender and Identity	189	(4)
9 Sexual Values and Behavior	193
Changing Attitudes and Behavior	194	(6)
Premarital Sexual Behavior	194	(2)
Correlates	196	(3)
Other Mutual Sexual Behaviors	199	(1)
Masturbation	199	(1)
Sex and Its Meaning	200	(5)
What Are Adolescents Seeking?	200	(1)
Sexual Pluralism	200	(3)
Gender Differences in Sexual Ethics	203	(1)
Sexual Aggression	203	(2)
Contraceptives and Sexually Transmitted Diseases	205	(7)
Use of Contraceptives among Adolescents	205	(2)
Why Contraceptives Are Not Used	207	(1)
Should Adolescents Have Contraceptives?	207	(2)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	209	(1)
AIDS	210	(2)
Unwed Pregnancy and Abortion	212	(6)
Incidence of Teen Pregnancy	212	(2)
Causation Theories	214	(1)
Pregnancy-Resolution Decisions	215	(1)
Adolescent Mothers	216	(1)
Adolescent Fathers	217	(1)
Homosexuality	218	(4)
Causation Theories	219	(2)
Identity Adjustment	221	(1)
Sex Knowledge and Sex Education	222	(9)
Sources of Sex Information	222	(1)
The Role of Parents	223	(1)
The Role of Schools	224	(7)
PART FIVE: Familial
10 Adolescents and Their Families	231	(24)
Parenting Adolescents	231	(11)
What Kind of Parents Do Adolescents Want?	232	(1)
Connection	232	(4)
Trust	236	(1)
Attachment Style	236	(1)
Autonomy	236	(2)
Regulation	238	(4)
Parent-Adolescent Tension	242	(4)
Differences in Outlook	242	(1)
Focus of Conflict	243	(2)
Variables Affecting Conflict	245	(1)
Conflicts with Parents versus Conflicts with Peers	246	(1)
Results of Conflict	246	(1)
Relationships with Other Family Members	246	(2)
Adolescent-Sibling Relationships	246	(2)
Relationships with Other Relatives	248	(1)
Maltreatment	248	(7)
Child Abuse	249	(1)
Sexual Abuse	249	(1)
Incest	250	(1)
Neglect	250	(5)
11 Divorced, Parent-Absent, and Blended Families	255	(22)
With Whom Do American Adolescents Live?	255	(1)
Divorce and Adolescents	256	(9)
Attitudes toward Divorce	256	(1)
Short-Term Emotional Reactions	257	(1)
Long-Term Effects	258	(2)
Factors Influencing the Effects of Divorce	260	(5)
Parent-Absent Families	265	(4)
Psychological Health	265	(1)
Development of Masculinity/Femininity	266	(1)
Association with Delinquency	267	(1)
Influences on School Performance, Achievement, and Vocational Aspirations	268	(1)
Substance Abuse	268	(1)
Development of Autonomy	269	(1)
Blended Families	269	(3)
Adopted Adolescents	272	(5)
PART SIX: Social
12 Social Development: The Changing Nature of Friendship and Romance	277	(32)
Companionship	277	(6)
The Need for Friends	278	(1)
Loneliness	278	(2)
Family and Peer Relationships	280	(1)
Early Adolescent Friendships	280	(2)
Broadening Early Friendships	282	(1)
Friendship Activities	282	(1)
Group Acceptance and Popularity	283	(5)
Paths to Popularity	284	(2)
Criteria for Popularity	286	(1)
Shyness	287	(1)
Heterosociality	288	(3)
Psychosocial Development	288	(1)
Adolescent Love and Crushes	289	(2)
Loss of Love	291	(1)
Dating	291	(4)
Common Problems	293	(1)
Violence	293	(1)
Going Steady	294	(1)
Nonmarital Cohabitation	295	(5)
Incidence	295	(1)
Meanings Attached to Cohabitation	295	(2)
Reactions to Cohabitation	297	(1)
Adjustments to Cohabitation	298	(1)
Cohabitation versus Marriage	299	(1)
Effects on Subsequent Marriage	299	(1)
Cohabitation and Premarital
Childbearing	300	(1)
Adolescent Marriage	300	(9)
Trends and Incidence	301	(1)
Prospects and Prognosis	301	(1)
A Profile of the Young Married	302	(1)
Reasons for Adolescent Marriage	302	(1)
Adjustments and Problems	303	(2)
Early Marriage and Education	305	(4)
13 Adolescent Society, Culture, and Subculture	309	(22)
Culture and Society	309	(1)
The Adolescent Subculture	310	(2)
A False Dichotomy	310	(1)
Distinctive Social Relationships and Culture	311	(1)
Adolescent Societies	312	(1)
Formal Societies	312	(1)
Informal Societies	312	(1)
Division by Grade	313	(1)
Social Class and Status	313	(1)
In-School Subsystems	313	(3)
The Formal Academic Subsystem	313	(1)
The Semiformal Activities Subsystem	313	(2)
The Friendship Subsystem	315	(1)
Extremist Subcultures	316	(2)
Satanists	316	(2)
Goths	318	(1)
Neo-Nazi Skinheads	318	(1)
Material Concerns of Adolescent Culture	318	(6)
Clothing	319	(1)
The Automobile	320	(2)
The Telephone	322	(2)
Nonmaterial Concerns of Adolescent Culture	324	(7)
Slang	324	(1)
Music	324	(7)
14 The Development of Moral Values	331	(26)
Cognitive-Socialization Theories of Development	332	(10)
Piaget and Children's Moral Development	332	(1)
Kohlberg and Levels of Moral Development	333	(5)
Gilligan and Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning	338	(2)
The Social-Cognitive Domain Approach to Moral Reasoning	340	(1)
Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior	341	(1)
Family Factors and Moral Learning	342	(2)
The Family's Role	342	(2)
Extrafamilial Influences on Morality	344	(13)
Peers	344	(1)
Religion	345	(2)
Television	347	(3)
Moral Education	350	(7)
PART SEVEN: Educational and Vocational
15 Education and School	357	(22)
Trends in U.S. Education	357	(4)
Traditionalists versus Progressives	357	(1)
Rise of Progressive Education	358	(1)
Sputnik and After	358	(1)
1960's and 19705	358	(1)
1980's	359	(1)
1990's	359	(2)
Early Twenty-First Century	361	(1)
Middle Schools	361	(2)
Characteristics of Good Schools	363	(4)
Size	363	(1)
Atmosphere	364	(1)
Teachers	364	(1)
Curriculum	365	(2)
Private versus Public Schools	367	(1)
Achievement and Dropping Out	367	(12)
Enrollment Figures	367	(1)
Who Drops Out and Why	368	(2)
Changing Schools	370	(1)
Truancy	370	(1)
Socioeconomic Factors	370	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Considerations	370	(1)
Congruence between School and Home	371	(1)
Family Relationships	371	(1)
Personality Characteristics	372	(1)
Sense of Academic Competence	372	(1)
Social Adjustment and Peer Associations	372	(1)
Employment and Money	372	(1)
School Stress	373	(1)
School Failure, Apathy, and Dissatisfaction	373	(1)
Alienation	374	(1)
Pregnancy and Marriage	374	(1)
Dropouts and Unemployment	375	(4)
16 Work and Vocation	379	(26)
Motives for Choice	379	(1)
Theories of Vocational Choice	380	(4)
Ginzberg's Compromise with Reality Theory	380	(2)
Holland's Occupational Environment Theory	382	(1)
Gati's Sequential Elimination Model	383	(1)
People Influencing Vocational Choice	384	(2)
Parents	384	(2)
Peers	386	(1)
School Personnel	386	(1)
Gender Roles and Vocational Choice	386	(3)
Other Crucial Determinants of Vocational Choice	389	(3)
Intelligence	389	(1)
Aptitudes and Special Abilities	390	(1)
Interests	390	(1)
Job Opportunities	390	(1)
Salary	391	(1)
Prestige	391	(1)
Socioeconomic Factors	392	(2)
Familiarity	392	(1)
Social Status and Aspirations	393	(1)
Race/Ethnicity and Aspirations	393	(1)
Youth Employment	394	(4)
Working for Wages	394	(3)
Volunteerism	397	(1)
Adolescents and Unemployment	398	(1)
Numbers of Unemployed Youths	398	(1)
Causes of Unemployment	398	(1)
Career Education	399	(6)
PART EIGHT: Psychosocial Problems
17 Adolescent Alienation	405	(26)
Running Away	405	(5)
Classes of Runaways	406	(1)
Reasons for Running Away	406	(1)
Throwaways	407	(1)
Life on the Street	408	(1)
Help for Runaways	408	(1)
Worldwide Scope	409	(1)
Suicide	410	(5)
Frequency of Suicide	410	(1)
Causes and Motives of Suicide	411	(4)
Copycat Suicides	415	(1)
Unsuccessful Attempts	415	(1)
Survivors	415	(1)
Juvenile Delinquency	415	(16)
Incidence of Delinquency	416	(2)
Causes of Delinquency	418	(3)
Juvenile Gangs	421	(1)
The Juvenile Justice System	422	(3)
The Restorative Justice Movement	425	(1)
Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency	426	(5)
18 Substance Abuse, Addiction, and Dependency	431	(28)
Drug Use and Abuse	431	(17)
Physical Addiction and Psychological Dependency	432	(1)
Patterns and Intensity of Drug Use	432	(1)
Types of Drugs	433	(6)
Frequency of Adolescent Drug Use	439	(2)
Reasons for First Drug Use	441	(1)
Demographic Differences	442	(1)
Compulsive Drug Use	443	(2)
Prevention and Treatment	445	(3)
Tobacco and Smoking	448	(3)
Incidence of Tobacco Use	448	(1)
Reasons Adolescents Start Smoking	448	(1)
Effects of Cigarette Advertising	449	(1)
Reasons Adolescents Continue Smoking	450	(1)
Keeping Adolescents from Starting	450	(1)
Alcohol and Excessive Drinking	451	(8)
Incidence of Alcohol Use	451	(1)
Reasons for Drinking during Adolescence	452	(2)
Adult and Peer Influences	454	(1)
Harmful Consequences of Alcohol Use	455	(1)
Drinking in Young Adulthood	456	(3)
Epilogue	459	(2)
Glossary	461	(8)
Bibliography	469	(76)
Index	545