Advanced 3-D Game Programming With Directx 7.0

by Perez, Adrian; Royer, Dan

• ISBN13: 9781556227219
• ISBN10: 1556227213
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-07-01
• Publisher: Natl Book Network

Summary

This latest addition to the Wordware Game Developer's Library describes how to create computer games with cutting-edge 3-D algorithms and effects. "Advanced 3-D Game Programming Using DirectX 7.0" is intended specifically for those who know how to program with C++ but have not yet explored game or graphics programming. The authors include coverage of artificial intelligence, client-server networking using UDP, multi-texture effects, multi-resolution surface techniques, alpha blending, and more. Along with several sample applications that target specific algorithms, full source code is provided for a client-server networked 3-D first-person game that demonstrates many of the techniques discussed in the book, while giving the reader the opportunity to make their own additions. The CD includes: Full source code in C++, including a complete game demonstrating techniques covered in the bookMicrosoft's DirectX 7a SDKSource code to other 3-D engines, including Quake, GL Quake, Quakeworld, Descent 1, Descent 2, Golgotha, and Crystal SpaceSelect articles on advanced gaming topics contributed by members of the graphics and game programming industryPaint Shop Pro evaluation edition for making texturesAdrian Perez, also known as [Cuban] in the computer game industry, has worked on the Direct3D team at Microsoft and in the graphics department at Lucent. He is a computer science major at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, and a contributor to Game Developer magazine. Dan Royer is a developer at 3D Ion, a 3-D graphics company in Israel, and a contributor to flipcode.com, an online game programming news site.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	xiv
Introduction	xv
Windows	1	(34)
A Word About Windows	1	(1)
Hungarian Notation	2	(1)
General Windows Concepts	3	(2)
Message Handling in Windows	5	(2)
Explaining Message Processing	5	(2)
Hello World---Windows Style	7	(8)
Explaining the Code	9	(2)
Registering Our Application	11	(1)
Initializing Our Window	11	(3)
WndProc---The Message Pump	14	(1)
Manipulating Window Geometry	15	(2)
Important Window Messages	17	(4)
MFC	21	(2)
Class Encapsulation	23	(7)
COM: The Component Object Model	30	(3)
References	33	(1)
For Further Reading	33	(2)
DirectX---The Basic Components	35	(104)
What is DirectX?	35	(1)
Installation	36	(1)
Setting up VC	36	(2)
DirectDraw	38	(50)
2-D Graphics---A Primer	39	(4)
Surfaces	43	(1)
Complex Surfaces	44	(1)
Describing Surfaces	45	(5)
The IDirectDrawSurface7 Interface	50	(1)
Surface Operations	51	(2)
Surfaces and Memory	53	(1)
Modifying the Contents of Surfaces	53	(1)
Drawing on Surfaces with GDI	54	(1)
The DirectDraw Object	55	(1)
Windowed vs. Full-screen	56	(1)
The DirectDraw Interface	57	(1)
Creating DirectDraw Surfaces	58	(1)
DirectDraw Device Capabilities	58	(1)
Implementing DirectDraw with cGraphicsLayer	59	(7)
Creating the Graphics Layer	66	(1)
Enumerating DirectDraw Devices	67	(2)
Full-screen Initialization	69	(6)
Windowed Initialization	75	(6)
Shutting Down DirectDraw	81	(1)
Changes to cApplication	81	(4)
Application: DirectDraw Sample	85	(3)
DirectInput	88	(23)
Why Should We Use DirectInput?	88	(1)
Devices	89	(1)
Receiving Device States	90	(3)
Cooperative Levels	93	(1)
Application Focus and Devices	94	(1)
The DirectInput Object	94	(1)
Implementing DirectInput with clnputLayer	95	(15)
Additions to cApplication	110	(1)
DirectSound	111	(27)
The Essentials of Sound	111	(2)
DirectSound Concepts	113	(1)
DirectSound Buffers	113	(3)
Operations on Sound Buffers	116	(4)
Loading WAV Files	120	(1)
Implementing DirectSound with cSoundLayer	121	(1)
Creating the DirectSound Object	121	(1)
Setting the Cooperative Level	122	(1)
Grabbing the Primary Buffer	123	(4)
The cSound Class	127	(6)
Additions to cApplication	133	(1)
Application: DirectSound Sample	133	(5)
References	138	(1)
For Further Reading	138	(1)
3-D Math Foundations	139	(94)
Points	139	(15)
The point3 Structure	143	(1)
Basic point3 Functions	144	(1)
Assign	144	(1)
Mag and MagSquared	145	(1)
Normalize	145	(1)
Dist	146	(1)
point3 Operators	146	(1)
Addition/Subtraction	146	(2)
Vector-scalar Multiplication/Division	148	(1)
Vector Equality	149	(2)
Dot Product	151	(2)
Cross Product	153	(1)
Polygons	154	(3)
Triangles	157	(3)
Strips and Fans	158	(2)
Planes	160	(12)
Defining Locality with Relation to a Plane	163	(3)
Back-face Culling	166	(1)
Clipping Lines	167	(1)
Clipping Polygons	168	(4)
Object Representations	172	(2)
Transformations	174	(23)
Matrices	175	(11)
The matrix4 Structure	186	(3)
Translation	189	(1)
Basic Rotations	189	(2)
Axis-Angle Rotation	191	(2)
The LookAt Matrix	193	(2)
Perspective Projection Matrix	195	(1)
Inverse of a Matrix	196	(1)
Collision Detection with Bounding Spheres	197	(2)
Lighting	199	(12)
Representing Color	200	(2)
Lighting Models	202	(2)
Specular Reflection	204	(1)
Light Types	205	(1)
Parallel Lights (or Directional Lights)	205	(1)
Point Lights	206	(1)
Spot Lights	207	(1)
Shading Models	208	(1)
Lambert	209	(1)
Gourad	209	(1)
Phong	210	(1)
BSP Trees	211	(20)
BSP Tree Theory	212	(1)
BSP Tree Construction	213	(5)
BSP Tree Algorithms	218	(1)
Sorted Polygon Ordering	218	(1)
Testing Locality of a Point	219	(1)
Testing Line Segments	220	(1)
BSP Tree Code	220	(11)
Wrapping It Up	231	(1)
References	232	(1)
For Further Reading	232	(1)
Artificial Intelligence	233	(44)
Starting Point	234	(1)
Locomotion	234	(1)
Steering---Basic Algorithms	235	(2)
Chasing	235	(1)
Evading	236	(1)
Pattern-based Al	236	(1)
Steering---Advanced Algorithms	237	(18)
Potential Functions	238	(2)
The Good	240	(1)
The Bad	240	(1)
Application: potentialFunc	241	(2)
Path Following	243	(1)
Groundwork	244	(2)
Graph Theory Done Really, Really Quickly	246	(3)
Using Graphs to Find Shortest Paths	249	(2)
Application: Path Planner	251	(4)
Motivation	255	(20)
Non-Deterministic Finite Automata (NFAs)	255	(3)
Genetic Algorithms	258	(1)
Rule-Based Al	259	(1)
Neural Networks	260	(1)
A Basic Neuron	261	(2)
Simple Neural Networks	263	(2)
Training Neural Networks	265	(1)
Using Neural Networks in Games	266	(1)
Application: NeuralNet	266	(9)
Some Closing Thoughts	275	(1)
Works Cited	276	(1)
For Further Reading	276	(1)
UDP Networking	277	(46)
Terminology	277	(5)
Endianness	277	(2)
Network Models	279	(1)
Protocols	280	(1)
Packets	281	(1)
The Right Tool for the Job (aka ``DirectPlay and why we're not using it'')	281	(1)
Implementation I: MTUDP	282	(1)
Design Considerations	282	(1)
Things that go ``aurgh, my kidney!'' in the night	282	(2)
Mutexes	284	(2)
Threads, Monitor, and the Problem of the try/throw/catch Construction	286	(1)
MTUDP: The Early Years	286	(7)
MTUDP::Startup() and MTUDP::Cleanup()	287	(1)
MTUDP::MTUDP() and MTUDP::∼MTUDP()	288	(1)
MTUDP::StartListening()	289	(1)
MTUDP::StartSending()	290	(1)
MTUDP::ThreadProc()	290	(2)
MTUDP::ProcessIncomingData()	292	(1)
MTUPD::GetReliableData()	293	(1)
MTUDP::ReliableSendTo()	293	(1)
cDataPacket	293	(1)
cQueueln	294	(2)
cHost	296	(11)
MTUDP::ReliableSendTo()	300	(7)
cUnreliableQueueln	307	(1)
cUnreliableQueueOut	308	(5)
cHost::AddACKMessage() / cHost::ProcessIncomingACKs()	308	(5)
cNetClock	313	(3)
Implementation 2: Smooth Network Play	316	(5)
Geographic and Temporal Independence	316	(1)
Timing is Everything	317	(1)
Pick and Choose	318	(1)
Prediction and Extrapolation	319	(2)
Conclusion	321	(2)
Beginning Direct3D---Immediate Mode	323	(84)
Introduction to D3D	323	(1)
The Direct3D7 Object	324	(1)
The Direct3DDevice7 Object	325	(16)
Device Semantics	326	(1)
Device Types	326	(1)
HAL	326	(1)
TnLHal	327	(1)
RGB	328	(1)
RefRast	328	(1)
Ramp (and Other Legacy Devices)	329	(1)
Determining Device Capabilities	329	(3)
The D3DPRIMCAPS Structure	332	(2)
Setting Device Render States	334	(7)
Fundamental Direct3D Structures	341	(2)
D3DCOLOR	341	(1)
D3DCOLORVALUE	342	(1)
D3DVECTOR	343	(1)
D3DMATRIX	343	(1)
The Depth Problem (and How Direct3D Solves It)	343	(5)
W-Buffering	346	(1)
Enumerating Z-buffer Formats	347	(1)
Stencil Buffers	348	(1)
Vertex Buffers	348	(6)
Texture Mapping	354	(1)
Materials and Lights	354	(6)
Using Lights	354	(2)
D3D Lighting Semantics	356	(1)
The sLight Helper Class	357	(1)
Using Materials	358	(1)
D3D Material Semantics	359	(1)
The sMaterial Helper Class	360	(1)
The Geometry Pipeline	360	(3)
Clipping and Viewports	362	(1)
Fog	363	(3)
Vertex-based Fog	364	(1)
Pixel-based Fog	364	(1)
Using Fog	365	(1)
Drawing with the Device	366	(13)
Direct3D Vertex Structures	367	(1)
D3DVERTEX	367	(1)
D3DLVERTEX	368	(1)
D3DTLVERTEX	369	(1)
Flexible Vertex Format Flags	370	(3)
Strided Vertex Data	373	(1)
Primitive Types	374	(1)
The DrawPrimitive Functions	375	(1)
DrawPrimitive	375	(1)
DrawPrimitiveStrided	375	(1)
DrawPrimitiveVB	376	(1)
DrawIndexedPrimitive	376	(1)
DrawIndexedPrimitiveStrided	377	(1)
DrawIndexedPrimitiveVB	378	(1)
Adding Direct3D to the Graphics Layer	379	(14)
Direct3D Initialization	379	(1)
Acquire an IDirect3D7 Interface from Our IDirectDraw7 Interface	380	(1)
Enumerate and Confirm Devices	380	(4)
Enumerate Z-buffer Formats and Build the Z-buffer	384	(4)
Create a Device and Attach It to the Back Buffer	388	(1)
Create a Viewport and Projection Matrix	388	(1)
Putting It All Together	389	(3)
Resizing Worries	392	(1)
Further Additions to the GameLib	393	(1)
The D3DX Library	394	(1)
Application: D3D View	395	(12)
The .o3d Format	395	(1)
The cModel Class	396	(11)
Advanced 3-D Programming	407	(72)
Animation using Hierarchical Objects	407	(10)
Forward Kinematics	409	(2)
Inverse Kinematics	411	(3)
Application: InvKim	414	(3)
Parametric Curves and Surfaces	417	(22)
Bezier Curves and Surfaces	417	(1)
Bezier Concepts	417	(3)
The Math	420	(2)
Finding the Basis Matrix	422	(1)
Calculating Bezier Curves	423	(2)
Forward Differencing	425	(4)
Drawing Curves	429	(1)
Drawing Surfaces	430	(1)
Application: Teapot	431	(5)
B-Spline Curves	436	(2)
Application: BSpline	438	(1)
Subdivision Surfaces	439	(20)
Subdivision Essentials	440	(2)
Triangles vs. Quads	442	(1)
Interpolating vs. Approximating	442	(1)
Uniform vs. Non-Uniform	442	(1)
Stationary vs. Non-Stationary	443	(1)
Modified Butterfly Method Subdivision Surfaces	443	(3)
Application: SubDiv	446	(13)
Progressive Meshes	459	(7)
Progressive Mesh Basics	460	(1)
Choosing Our Edges	461	(1)
Stan Melax's Edge Selection Algorithm	462	(1)
Quadric Error Metrics	462	(2)
Implementing a Progressive Mesh Renderer	464	(2)
Radiosity	466	(10)
Radiosity Foundations	467	(3)
Progressive Radiosity	470	(1)
The Form Factor	470	(2)
Application: Radiosity	472	(4)
References	476	(1)
For Further Reading	477	(2)
Advanced Direct3D	479	(88)
Alpha Blending	479	(4)
The Alpha Blending Equation	480	(1)
A Note on Depth Ordering	481	(1)
Enabling Alpha Blending	481	(1)
Blending Modes	481	(2)
Texture Mapping 101	483	(25)
Fundamentals	484	(2)
Affine Versus Perspective Mapping	486	(1)
Texture Addressing	487	(1)
Wrap	487	(1)
Mirror	488	(1)
Clamp	488	(1)
Border Color	489	(1)
Texture Wrapping	490	(1)
Texture Aliasing	490	(2)
MIP Maps	492	(1)
Filtering	493	(1)
Point Sampling	493	(1)
Bilinear Filtering	494	(1)
Trilinear Filtering	495	(1)
Anisotropic Filtering	496	(1)
Textures in Direct3D	497	(1)
Texture Management	497	(2)
Texture Loading	499	(1)
DDS Format	499	(1)
The cTexture Class	499	(9)
Activating Textures	508	(1)
Texture Mapping 202	508	(52)
Multiple Textures Per Primitive	509	(9)
Texture Transforms	518	(1)
Effects Using Multiple Textures	519	(1)
Light Maps (a.k.a. Dark Maps)	520	(2)
Environment Maps	522	(1)
Spherical Environment Maps	522	(3)
Cubic Environment Maps	525	(4)
Specular Maps	529	(1)
Detail Maps	530	(5)
Application: Detail	535	(1)
Glow Maps	536	(2)
Gloss Maps	538	(2)
Other Effects	540	(1)
Application: MultiTex	540	(1)
Pass 1: Base Map	540	(2)
Pass 2: Detail Map	542	(2)
Pass 3: Glow Map	544	(3)
Pass 4: Environment Map	547	(3)
Pass 5: Gloss Map	550	(4)
Pass 6: Cloud Map	554	(2)
Putting Them All Together	556	(2)
A General Purpose Shader Library	558	(2)
Using the Stencil Buffer	560	(4)
Overdraw Counter	562	(1)
Dissolves and Wipes	563	(1)
Stencil Shadows and Stencil Mirrors	564	(1)
Validating Device Capabilities with ValidateDevice()	564	(2)
For Further Reading	566	(1)
Scene Management	567	(30)
The Scene Management Problem	567	(1)
Solutions to the Scene Management Problem	568	(20)
Quadtrees/Octrees	569	(1)
Portal Rendering	570	(1)
Portal Rendering Concepts	571	(7)
Exact Portal Rendering	578	(2)
Approximative Portal Rendering	580	(1)
Portal Effects	580	(1)
Mirrors	580	(3)
Translocators and Non-Euclidean Movement	583	(2)
Portal Generation	585	(1)
Precalculated Portal Rendering (PVS)	586	(1)
Advantages/Disadvantages	587	(1)
Implementation Details	587	(1)
Application: Mobots Attack!	588	(7)
Interobject Communication	588	(4)
Network Communication	592	(3)
Code Structure	595	(1)
For Further Reading	595	(1)
Closing Thoughts	595	(2)
Appendix A An STL Primer	597	(6)
Templates	597	(1)
Containers	598	(2)
Iterators	600	(2)
Functors	602	(1)
STL Resources	602	(1)
Index	603