A-Level Chemistry - Core Text Fourth Edition

by Ramsden, Eileen

• ISBN13: 9780748752997
• ISBN10: 0748752994
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2014-11-01
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Each topic is treated from the beginning, without assuming prior knowledge. Each chapter starts with an opening section covering an application. These help students to understand the relevance of the topic: they are motivational and they make the text more accessible to the majority of students. Concept Maps have been added, which together with Summaries throughout, aid understanding of main ideas and connections between topics. Margin points highlight key points, making the text more accessible for learning and revision. Checkpoints in each chapter test students' understanding and support their private study. A selection of questions are included at the end of each chapter, many form past examination papers. Suggested answers are provided in the Answers Key.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgements	xiii
PART 1: THE FOUNDATION
The Atom
Matter	3	(1)
The atomic theory	4	(2)
The size of the atom	6	(1)
The electron	6	(1)
The atomic nucleus	6	(2)
The neutron	8	(1)
The fundamental particles	8	(1)
Nuclides and isotopes	9	(1)
Mass spectrometry	9	(3)
Nuclear reactions	12	(9)
Questions on Chapter 1	18	(3)
The Atom -- The Arrangement of Electrons
Light from atoms	21	(1)
Atomic spectra	22	(1)
Electrons in orbits	23	(4)
The wave theory of the atom	27	(3)
Electronic configurations of atoms	30	(2)
The history of the Periodic Table	32	(2)
Features of the Periodic Table	34	(4)
The electronic configurations of the elements	38	(3)
The repeating pattern of the elements	41	(5)
Concept map: Atomic structure	42	(1)
Questions on Chapter 2	43	(3)
Equations and Equilibria
Equations, equilibria and calculations -- who needs them?	46	(1)
Formulae	46	(2)
Equations	48	(3)
Relative atomic mass	51	(1)
Relative molecular mass	52	(1)
The mole	52	(1)
Molar mass	53	(2)
Empirical formulae	55	(1)
Molecular formulae	55	(1)
Calculations of percentage composition	55	(1)
Equations for reactions of solids	56	(1)
Equations for reactions of gases	57	(1)
Concentration	58	(4)
Volumetric analysis	62	(3)
Equations for oxidation--reduction reactions	65	(2)
Oxidation number	67	(4)
Oxidation numbers and nomenclature	71	(2)
Titrimetric analysis, using redox reactions	73	(1)
Equilibrium	74	(2)
Chemical equilibria	76	(7)
Concept map: Quantitative chemistry	78	(1)
Questions on Chapter 3	79	(4)
The Chemical Bond
Diamond and graphite -- the difference lies in the bonds	83	(1)
Ions	84	(5)
The ionic bond	89	(8)
The covalent bond	97	(4)
Properties of ionic and covalent substances	101	(2)
Covalent compounds	103	(3)
The coordinate bond	106	(2)
Intermolecular forces	108	(12)
Concept map: The chemical bond	116	(1)
Questions on Chapter 4	117	(3)
The Shapes of Molecules
Haemoglobin	120	(1)
The arrangement in space of covalent bonds	120	(7)
Shapes of molecules: a molecular orbital treatment	127	(3)
Delocalised orbitals	130	(6)
Concept map: The shapes of molecules	133	(1)
Questions on Chapter 5	134	(2)
Chemical Bonding and the Structure of Solids
Profile: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910--1995)	136	(1)
X ray diffraction	137	(1)
The metallic bond	137	(1)
Ionic structures	138	(2)
Molecular solids	140	(1)
Macromolecular structures	140	(2)
Layer structures	142	(1)
The structure of metals	143	(2)
The structure of ionic crystals	145	(2)
Liquid crystals	147	(4)
Concept map: The structure of solids	146	(1)
Questions on Chapter 6	147	(4)
PART 2: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Gases
Air bags	151	(1)
States of matter	151	(1)
The gas laws	152	(2)
Avogadro's hypothesis	154	(1)
The ideal gas equation	154	(1)
Dalton's Law of partial pressures	155	(1)
The kinetic theory of gases	156	(1)
Real gases: non-ideal behaviour	157	(3)
Concept map: Gases	158	(1)
Questions on Chapter 7	159	(1)
Liquids
An incredible liquid	160	(1)
The liquid state	160	(2)
Vaporisation	162	(3)
Molar mass determination	165	(1)
Solutions of liquids in liquids	166	(6)
Partition of a solute between two solvents	172	(2)
Partition chromatography	174	(7)
Concept map: Liquids	178	(1)
Questions on Chapter 8	179	(2)
Solutions
An unusual solvent	181	(1)
Solutions of solids in liquids	182	(1)
Recrystallisation	183	(3)
Concept map: Solutions	185	(1)
Themochemistry
Sources of energy	186	(1)
Fossil fuels	186	(2)
Why do reactions happen?
Forms of energy	188	(1)
Exothermic and endothermic reactions	189	(1)
Enthalpy changes	190	(1)
Standard enthalpy changes	191	(2)
Methods for finding the standard enthalpy of reaction	193	(3)
Hess's Law	196	(2)
Standard enthalpy change for a chemical reaction	198	(2)
Average standard bond enthalpy	200	(3)
The Born--Haber cycle	203	(2)
Lattice enthalpies	205	(2)
Enthalpy changes involved when ionic compounds dissolve	207	(2)
Entropy	209	(2)
Free energy, the deciding factor	211	(2)
Link with kinetics	213	(6)
Concept map: Thermodynamics	214	(1)
Questions on Chapter 10	215	(4)
Equilibria
Fritz Haber	219	(1)
Reversible reactions	219	(3)
The equilibrium law	222	(1)
Position of equilibrium	222	(1)
The effect of conditions on the position of equilibrium	222	(3)
Examples of reversible reactions	225	(3)
Oxidation--reduction equilibria	228	(1)
Phase equilibrium diagrams	228	(5)
Concept map: Equilibrium	230	(1)
Questions on Chapter 11	230	(3)
Electrochemistry
Sir Humphry Davy (1778--1867)	233	(1)
Electrolysis	233	(3)
Examples of electrolysis	236	(1)
Explanation of electrolysis	237	(2)
Applications of electrolysis	239	(3)
Concept map: Electrolysis	241	(1)
Ionic equilibria	242	(7)
Indicators	249	(4)
Buffer solutions	253	(3)
Salt hydrolysis	256	(2)
Complex ions	258	(6)
Concept map: Acid-base equilibria	259	(1)
Questions on Chapter 12	260	(4)
Oxidation--Reduction Equilibria
Electrochemical transport	264	(1)
Electrode potentials	265	(3)
Redox systems	268	(5)
Rusting and standard electrode potential	273	(1)
Electrochemical cells	274	(7)
Concept map: Radox equilibria	277	(1)
Questions on Chapter 13	278	(3)
Reaction Kinetics
The speeds of chemical reactions	281	(1)
Factors which affect the speeds of chemical reactions	282	(5)
The collision theory	287	(3)
Catalysis	290	(1)
Homogeneous catalysis	291	(1)
Heterogeneous catalysis	292	(1)
Catalytic converters	293	(1)
Autocatalysis	294	(1)
Link with thermodynamics	295	(1)
The study of reaction kinetics	295	(1)
Average rate	296	(1)
Methods of finding the rates of chemical reactions	297	(1)
The results of measurements of reaction rates	298	(2)
Order of reaction	300	(6)
Photochemical reactions	306	(1)
The effect of temperature on reaction rates	306	(1)
Theories of reaction rates	307	(4)
Rate-determining step	311	(10)
Concept map: Chemical kinetics	314	(1)
Questions on Chapter 14	315	(6)
PART 3: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Patterns of Change in the Periodic Table
Primo Levi's Periodic Table	321	(1)
Physical properties	322	(4)
Elements of the s block, d block and p block	326	(1)
The elements of Period 3	327	(2)
Compounds of Period 3	329	(3)
Oxides, chlorides and hydrides in the Periodic Table	332	(3)
Variable oxidation state	335	(5)
Concept map: The Periodic Table	336	(1)
Questions on Chapter 15	337	(3)
Group O: The Noble Gases
The `new gas'	340	(1)
Members of the group	341	(1)
Compounds of the noble gases	341	(1)
Questions on Chapter 16	341	(1)
Hydrogen
Occurrence	342	(1)
Manufacture and uses	343	(1)
Laboratory preparation and reactions	343	(1)
Water	343	(1)
Fluoridation of water	344	(2)
Questions on Chapter 17	345	(1)
The s Block Metals: Groups 1 and 2
Two industries based on salt	346	(1)
The members of the groups	347	(1)
Uses	348	(1)
Occurrence and extraction	349	(1)
Reactions of Group 1	349	(1)
Compounds of Group 1	350	(5)
Lithium	355	(1)
Reactions of Group 2	356	(1)
Compounds of Group 2	357	(5)
Concept map: Group 1 and Group 2	360	(1)
Concept map: Group 2	361	(1)
Extracting metals from their ores	362	(6)
Concept map: Extraction of metals I	363	(1)
Questions on Chapter 18	364	(4)
Group 3
The aluminium problem	368	(1)
The members of the group	369	(1)
Aluminium	369	(2)
Aluminium compounds	371	(3)
Questions on Chapter 19	373	(1)
The Halogens
DDT: a life-saving compound of chlorine	374	(1)
The members of the group	375	(1)
Bond formation	376	(2)
Oxidising reactions	378	(1)
Commercial extraction	379	(3)
Reaction with water	382	(1)
Reaction with alkalis	382	(2)
Metal halides	384	(1)
Non-metal halides	385	(2)
Summary of Group 7	387	(1)
Uses of halogens	388	(4)
Concept map: The halogens	389	(1)
Questions on Chapter 20	390	(2)
Group 6
Oxygen -- the breath of life	392	(1)
The members of the group	393	(1)
Reactions of oxygen and sulphur	393	(1)
Allotropes of oxygen	394	(1)
The ozone layer	394	(3)
Hydrides of oxygen and sulphur	397	(2)
Oxides	399	(1)
Sulphur dioxide	400	(1)
Sulphuric acid	400	(5)
Acid rain	405	(5)
Questions on Chapter 21	408	(2)
Group 5
Two chemical messengers	410	(2)
The nitrogen cycle	412	(1)
The members of the group	412	(1)
The Haber process	413	(1)
Ammonia	414	(2)
Nitric acid	416	(2)
NPK fertilisers	418	(5)
Questions on Chapter 22	421	(2)
Group 4
Silicon the semiconductor	423	(2)
A comparative look at Group 4	425	(1)
Special features of carbon chemistry	426	(1)
Sources and uses of Group 4 elements	426	(2)
The compounds of Group 4	428	(7)
The greenhouse effect	435	(7)
Concept map: Group 4	439	(1)
Questions on Chapter 23	440	(2)
The Transition Metals
Metals and civilisation	442	(1)
The first transition series	443	(1)
Physical properties of transition metals	444	(1)
Chemical properties	445	(1)
Methods of extraction	445	(1)
Uses of transition metals	446	(1)
Oxidation states	446	(1)
Catalysis by transition metals	447	(1)
Paramagnetism	447	(1)
Complex compounds	447	(2)
Transition metals in gemstones	449	(1)
Concept map: Transition metals I	450	(1)
Oxides and hydroxides of transition metals	450	(2)
Oxo-ions of transition metals	452	(2)
Chlorides	454	(2)
Sulphides	456	(1)
Complex ions	456	(6)
Iron	462	(7)
Copper	469	(1)
Zinc	470	(9)
Concept map: Transition metals II	472	(1)
Concept map: Extraction of metals III	473	(1)
Questions on Chapter 24	474	(5)
PART 4: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic Chemistry
Carbon compounds	479	(1)
Hydrocarbons	480	(1)
Isomerism among alkanes	481	(1)
System of naming hydrocarbons	481	(3)
Alicyclic hydrocarbons	484	(1)
Aromatic hydrocarbons	484	(1)
Functional groups	484	(3)
Reactions of organic compounds	487	(2)
Isomerism	489	(6)
Questions on Chapter 25	494	(1)
The Alkanes
Methane	495	(1)
Petroleum oil	495	(2)
Physical properties	497	(1)
Reactions of alkanes	498	(5)
The car	503	(1)
Catalytic converters	504	(3)
Questions on Chapter 26	505	(2)
Alkenes and Alkynes
Ethene	507	(1)
Alkenes	507	(1)
Source of alkenes	508	(1)
Physical properties of alkenes	508	(1)
Structural isomerism	508	(1)
Reactivity of alkenes	509	(1)
Combustion	510	(1)
Addition reactions	510	(11)
Alkynes	521	(1)
Ethyne	521	(1)
Photochemical smog	521	(4)
Questions on Chapter 27	523	(2)
Aromatic Compounds
Profile: Kathleen Lonsdale (1903--1974)	525	(1)
Benzene	525	(2)
Some more names of aromatic compounds	527	(1)
Physical properties of benzene	527	(1)
Sources of benzene	528	(1)
Reactivity of benzene	528	(1)
Addition reactions of benzene	528	(1)
Substitution reactions	528	(10)
Methylbenzene (toluene)	538	(1)
Reactions of the ring	538	(1)
Reactions of the side chain	539	(2)
The effect of substituent groups on the benzene ring	541	(4)
Questions on Chapter 28	542	(3)
Halogenoalkanes and Halogenoarenes
Anaesthetics	545	(1)
Halogenoalkanes	546	(1)
Physical properties	546	(2)
Laboratory methods of preparing halogenoalkanes	548	(1)
Uses of halogenoalkanes	548	(1)
Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs	548	(3)
Reactions	551	(1)
Reactivity	551	(4)
The mechanisms of hydrolysis and elimination reactions of halogenoalkanes	555	(3)
Halogenoarenes	558	(3)
Concept map: Halogenoalkanes and Halogenoarenes	560	(1)
Grignard reagents	561	(3)
Questions on Chapter 29	561	(3)
Alcohols and Phenols
Alcoholic drinks	564	(1)
Alcohols	565	(2)
Physical properties	567	(1)
Industrial sources of alcohols	568	(1)
Uses of ethanol and methanol	569	(2)
Reactivity of alcohols	571	(1)
Reactions of alcohols	572	(6)
Polyhydric alcohols	578	(1)
Phenols	579	(1)
Sources of phenol	580	(1)
Reactions of phenol	580	(5)
The explosion at Seveso	585	(5)
Concept map: Alcohols and phenols	586	(1)
Concept map: Relationships between alcohols and other series	587	(1)
Questions on Chapter 30	588	(2)
Aldehydes and Ketones
Poisons, flavours and perfumes	590	(1)
The functional group	591	(1)
Nomenclature for aldehydes and ketones	591	(1)
The carbonyl group	592	(3)
Some members of the series	595	(1)
Laboratory preparations	595	(2)
Reactions of carbonyl compounds	597	(7)
The mechanisms of the reactions of aldehydes and ketones	604	(3)
Carbohydrates	607	(5)
Concept map: carbonyl compounds	608	(1)
Questions on Chapter 31	609	(3)
Amines
William Perkin and mauve	612	(1)
Nomenclature for amines	613	(1)
Natural occurrence	614	(1)
Physical properties	614	(1)
Basicity of amines	615	(2)
Laboratory preparations	617	(2)
The reactions of amines	619	(4)
Diazonium compounds	623	(3)
Quaternary ammonium compounds	626	(5)
Concept map: Amines	627	(1)
Questions on Chapter 32	628	(3)
Organic Acids and Their Derivatives
The sulphonamide antibiotics	631	(1)
The carboxyl group	632	(1)
Nomenclature for organic acids and their derivatives	632	(1)
Physical properties of acids and their derivatives	633	(2)
Reactivity of carboxylic acids	635	(2)
Laboratory preparations of carboxylic acids	637	(2)
Vitamin C: ascorbic acid	639	(1)
Reactions of carboxylic acids	639	(4)
Derivatives of carboxylic acids	643	(1)
Acid chlorides	643	(1)
Acid anhydrides	644	(1)
Aspirin	645	(1)
Esters	646	(2)
Fats and oils: soaps and detergents	648	(2)
Amides	650	(2)
Nitriles	652	(2)
Amino acids and proteins	654	(8)
Concept map: Carboxylic acid derivatives	657	(1)
Questions on Chapter 33	658	(4)
Polymers
Plastics in use	662	(1)
Long molecules	663	(1)
Structure and properties	663	(2)
Addition polymers	665	(4)
Condensation polymers	669	(6)
Summary	675	(1)
Disposal of plastics	676	(6)
Concept map: Polymers	678	(1)
Questions on Chapter 34	679	(3)
Identifying Organic Compounds
`Bucky balls'	682	(1)
Methods of purification	683	(1)
Identifying the elements present	683	(1)
Empirical, molecular and structural formulae	684	(1)
Instrumental methods	685	(1)
The energy levels of a molecule	686	(1)
Visible--ultraviolet spectra	686	(2)
Infrared spectrometry	688	(7)
Concept map: Infrared spectrometry	693	(2)
Mass spectrometry	695	(4)
Concept map: Mass spectrometry	698	(1)
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry	699	(11)
Concept map: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry	705	(1)
Questions on Chapter 35	706	(4)
Some General Topics
Drugs which alter behaviour	710	(5)
Synthetic routes	715	(4)
What are these reagents used for?	719	(4)
How would you distinguish between the following pairs of compounds?	723	(3)
Questions on some topics which span chapters	726	(6)
Questions on Chapter 36	728	(4)
Periodic Table	732	(1)
Basic SI units and derived units	733	(1)
Index of symbols and abbreviations	734	(2)
Answers to numerical problems and selected questions	736	(14)
Appendix: mathematics	750	(11)
Index	761