ALWD Citation Manual : A Professional System of Citation

by Dickerson, Darby; Association of Legal Writing Directors; Dickerson, Darby

• ISBN13: 9780735536401
• ISBN10: 0735536406
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-12-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

In its first edition, The ALWD Citation Manual revolutionized the teaching of legal citation and became the most popular new law school book in Aspen history. Now upholding the new standard of one consistent system of citation for all forms of legal writing, this revised edition offers even more assistance to students and professors. This remarkable coursebook earned its phenomenal popularity by clarifying and simplifying the citation process: written, designed, and edited by professionals, The ALWD Citation Manual draws on the expertise of Darby Dickerson, And The Association of Legal Writing Directors by presenting one consistent and logical system of citation for use with any type of legal document, The Manual avoids the confusion that results from employing discrete citation systems its accessible and attractive format features a sensible organization, two-color design to flag key points, quick guides called Fast Formats for double checking citations, sidebars provide pertinent information to help the user avoid common problems, and diagrams and charts to make informatoin available at a glance complete coverage includes citation basics, citation for primary and secondary sources, citation of electronic sources (LEXIS, Westlaw, Internet, and Loislaw), incorporating citations into documents, how to properly quote material and edit quotes, and helpful appendices a Teacher's Manual and PowerPoint CD facilitate instruction, with ideas for class presentation, ALWD-Bluebook conversion charts, and exercises Completely updated for its Second Edition, The ALWD Citation Manual now features: new rules concerning use of numbers and capitalization of specific words citation format for jury instructions and ethics opinions updated formats for World Wide websites the addition to See Also and Accord Signals expanded appendices, with federal taxation materials and more abbreviations for legal periodicals significant improvements To The content and presentation of the ALWD website

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xxi
Preface	xxiii
Acknowledgments to the First Edition	xxvii
Acknowledgments to the Second Edition	xxix
Part 1 Introductory Material	1	(10)
Purpose and Use of Citations	3	(1)
How to Use This Book	4	(3)
Overall Organization	4	(1)
Organization within Each Part of This Book	5	(1)
Finding Tools	6	(1)
Caveats	6	(1)
Footnotes Versus Endnotes	6	(1)
Citing Sources Not Covered in This Book	6	(1)
Sources for Additional Information	7	(1)
Citing This Book	7	(1)
Web Site for Updates and Frequently Asked Questions	7	(1)
Local Citation Rules	7	(1)
How Your Word Processor May Affect Citations	8	(3)
Margin Justification	8	(1)
Default Settings and Quick Correct Features	9	(2)
Part 2 Citation Basics	11	(50)
Typeface for Citations	13	(4)
Typeface Choices	13	(1)
When to Use Ordinary Type in Citations	13	(1)
When to Use Italics in Citations	13	(1)
Typeface for Punctuation in Citations	14	(1)
Possessive Endings of Italicized Material	14	(1)
Italicized Material within Italicized Material	14	(1)
Italics to Show Emphasis	15	(1)
Italicizing Foreign Words	15	(2)
Abbreviations	17	(4)
Use	17	(1)
Spacing for Abbreviations	17	(1)
Authorities Referred to in Textual Sentences	18	(3)
Spelling and Capitalization	21	(8)
Words in Titles	21	(1)
General Rules	22	(2)
Capitalizing Specific Words	24	(4)
Other Capitalization and Spelling Rules	28	(1)
Numbers	29	(4)
Numbers in Citations	29	(1)
Numbers in Textual Material	29	(2)
Ordinal Numbers	31	(2)
Page Numbers	33	(4)
Initial Pages	33	(1)
Pinpoint Pages	33	(2)
Importance of Using Pinpoint References	35	(1)
Citing Consecutive Pages	35	(1)
Citing Scattered Pages	35	(1)
Using Hyphens, En Dashes, and ``to'' for Spans	36	(1)
``Passim''	36	(1)
Citing Sections and Paragraphs	37	(6)
General Rules	37	(1)
Spacing	37	(1)
Inserting the Symbols for Sections and Paragraphs	38	(1)
Unnumbered Paragraphs	38	(1)
Subsections and Subparagraphs	38	(1)
Distinguishing Sections from Subsections	39	(1)
Citing Consecutive Sections or Paragraphs	39	(1)
Citing Scattered Sections or Paragraphs	40	(1)
Citing Consecutive Subdivisions within a Single Section or Paragraph	40	(1)
Citing Scattered Subdivisions within a Single Section or Paragraph	41	(1)
Citing Multiple Subdivisions within Multiple Sections or Paragraphs	41	(1)
Referring to Sections and Paragraphs in Textual Material	41	(2)
Citing Footnotes and Endnotes	43	(2)
Supplements	45	(2)
Citing Material Found Only in a Supplement	45	(1)
Citing Material Found Only in the Main Volume	45	(1)
Citing Material in Both the Main Volume and a Supplement	45	(2)
Graphical Material, Appendices, and Other Subdivisions	47	(2)
Citing Graphical Material	47	(1)
Citing Appendices	47	(1)
Other Subdivisions	48	(1)
Internal Cross-References	49	(4)
Definition	49	(1)
Material That May Be Cross-Referenced	49	(1)
Supra and Infra	49	(1)
Format for Internal Cross-References	50	(3)
The Two Uses of Supra	51	(2)
Introduction to Full and Short Citation Formats	53	(8)
Full Citation Format	53	(1)
Short Citation Format	53	(1)
Id. as a Short Citation	54	(3)
Id. Versus Ibid.	54	(3)
Supra as a Short Citation	57	(4)
Part 3 Citing Specific Print Sources	61	(2)
Fast Formats: Cases	63	(40)
Cases	65	(38)
Full Citation Format	65	(1)
Case Name	65	(10)
Distinguishing Case Names from Party Names	66	(6)
Public Official Named as a Party	72	(2)
Explanation of Commonly Used Procedural Phrases	74	(1)
Reporter Volume	75	(1)
Reporter Abbreviation	76	(4)
Common Reporter Abbreviations	76	(2)
Early Supreme Court Reporters	78	(1)
Locating Parallel Citations	79	(1)
Page Numbers	80	(1)
Court Abbreviation	81	(3)
Date	84	(1)
Subsequent History	85	(3)
Information about Denials of Certiorari	86	(2)
Prior History	88	(1)
Additional Rules Concerning Subsequent and Prior History	88	(2)
Parenthetical Information	90	(2)
Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Other Judicial Officials	91	(1)
Cases Published Only on LEXIS or Westlaw	92	(1)
Cases Not Yet Reported	93	(1)
Table Cases and Federal Appendix Cases	93	(1)
Cases on the Internet	94	(1)
Neutral Citations	95	(1)
Cases Published Only in a Looseleaf Service	96	(1)
Unreported Cases	96	(1)
Early Federal Circuit Cases	96	(2)
Court Rules Prohibiting or Limiting Citation of Unreported Cases in Briefs	97	(1)
Court Documents, Transcripts, and Records	98	(1)
Short Citation Format	98	(5)
Fast Formats: Constitutions	103	(4)
Constitutions	104	(3)
Which Source to Cite	104	(1)
Full Citation Format for Constitutions Currently in Force	104	(1)
Full Citation Format for Constitutions No Longer in Force	105	(1)
Short Citation Format	105	(2)
Referring to Constitutions in Text	106	(1)
Fast Formats: Statutory Codes, Session Laws, and Slip Laws	107	(13)
Statutory Codes, Session Laws, and Slip Laws	108	(12)
Which Source to Cite	108	(1)
Full Citation, Print Format for Federal Statutes Currently in Force	108	(4)
Date of United States Code	111	(1)
Full Citation, Print Format for Federal Statutes No Longer in Force	112	(1)
Full Citation, Print Format for State Statutes	112	(1)
Statutes Available on Electronic Databases	112	(1)
Short Citation, Print Format for Federal and State Statutes	113	(2)
Referring to Statutes in Text	114	(1)
Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws Currently in Force	115	(2)
Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws No Longer in Force	117	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Session Laws	117	(1)
Short Citation Format for Federal and State Session Laws	117	(1)
Full Citation Format for Federal Slip Laws	118	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Slip Laws	118	(1)
Short Citation Format for Federal and State Slip Laws	118	(2)
Fast Formats: Other Federal Legislative Materials	120	(18)
Other Federal Legislative Materials	121	(17)
Full Citation Format for Unenacted Bills and Resolutions	121	(3)
Types of Proposed Laws	122	(2)
Short Citation Format for Unenacted Bills and Resolutions	124	(1)
Enacted Bills and Joint Resolutions	124	(1)
Full Citation Format for Enacted Simple and Concurrent Resolutions	124	(1)
Short Citation Format for Enacted Simple and Concurrent Resolutions	125	(1)
Proposed House and Senate Amendments	125	(1)
Full Citation Format for Congressional Hearings	126	(2)
Short Citation Format for Congressional Hearings	128	(1)
Full Citation Format for Numbered Congressional Reports, Documents, and Prints	129	(3)
Short Citation Format for Numbered Congressional Reports, Documents, and Prints	132	(1)
Unnumbered Reports, Documents, and Prints	132	(1)
Full Citation Format for Congressional Debates Occurring after 1873	132	(2)
Short Citation Format for Congressional Debates Occurring after 1873	134	(1)
Full Citation Format for Congressional Debates through 1873	135	(1)
Short Citation Format for Congressional Debates through 1873	135	(1)
Congressional Journals	136	(1)
United States Code Congressional and Administrative News	136	(1)
Declaration of Independence	137	(1)
Other Legislative Materials	137	(1)
Fast Formats: Other State Legislative Materials	138	(13)
Other State Legislative Materials	139	(12)
Full Citation Format for State Unenacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions	139	(3)
Short Citation Format for State Unenacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions	142	(1)
State Enacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions	142	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Legislative Hearings	142	(2)
Short Citation Format for State Legislative Hearings	144	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Legislative Reports, Documents, and Prints	145	(2)
Short Citation Format for State Legislative Reports, Documents, and Prints	147	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Legislative Debates	148	(2)
Short Citation Format for State Legislative Debates	150	(1)
State Legislative Journals	150	(1)
Other State Legislative Materials	150	(1)
Fast Formats: Rules of Court, Procedure, Evidence, and Ethics	151	(7)
Court Rules, Ethics Rules and Opinions, and Jury Instructions	153	(5)
Full Citation Format for Rules Currently in Force	153	(1)
Full Citation Format for Rules No Longer in Force	154	(1)
Short Citation Format	154	(1)
Full Citation Format for Ethics Opinions	154	(2)
Short Citation Format for Ethics Opinions	156	(1)
Full Citation Format for Jury Instructions	156	(1)
Short Citation Format for Jury Instructions	157	(1)
Fast Formats: Local Ordinances	158	(5)
Local Ordinances	159	(4)
Full Citation Format for Codified Ordinances	159	(1)
Locating Ordinances on the Internet	160	(1)
Full Citation Format for Uncodified Ordinances	160	(2)
Short Citation Format for Codified and Uncodified Ordinances	162	(1)
Fast Formats: Federal Administrative and Executive Materials	163	(13)
Federal Administrative and Executive Materials	164	(12)
Full Citation Format for Code of Federal Regulations	164	(1)
Determining the Date of Current C.F.R. Volumes	165	(1)
Short Citation Format for Code of Federal Regulations	165	(1)
Full Citation Format for Federal Register	166	(1)
Short Citation Format for Federal Register	167	(1)
Full Citation Format for Agency Decisions	167	(2)
Short Citation Format for Agency Decisions	169	(1)
Full Citation Format for Attorney General Opinions and Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel Opinions	169	(2)
Purpose of Attorney General Opinions	170	(1)
Short Citation Format for Attorney General Opinions and Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel Opinions	171	(1)
Full Citation Format for Executive Orders, Proclamations, Determinations, and Reorganization Plans	171	(2)
Short Citation Format for Executive Orders, Proclamations, Determinations, and Reorganization Plans	173	(1)
Executive Agreements	174	(1)
Other Presidential Documents	174	(1)
Other Administrative and Executive Materials	174	(2)
Citing Tax Materials	175	(1)
Fast Formats: State Administrative and Executive Materials	176	(5)
State Administrative and Executive Materials	177	(4)
Full Citation for State Administrative Codes	177	(1)
Short Citation Format for State Administrative Codes	177	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Administrative Registers	177	(1)
Short Citation Format for State Administrative Registers	178	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Agency Decisions	178	(1)
Short Citation Format for State Agency Decisions	178	(1)
Full Citation Format for State Attorney General Opinions	178	(1)
Short Citation Format for State Attorney General Opinions	179	(1)
State Executive Materials	179	(1)
Other State Administrative and Executive Materials	179	(2)
Fast Formats: Treaties and Conventions	181	(6)
Treaties and Conventions to Which the United States Is a Party	183	(4)
Full Citation Format for Treaties and Conventions Currently in Force	183	(2)
Full Citation Format for Treaties and Conventions No Longer in Force	185	(1)
Internet Access to International Materials	185	(1)
Short Citation Format	186	(1)
Other Foreign and International Materials	186	(1)
Fast Formats: Books, Treatises, and Other Nonperiodic Materials	187	(14)
Books, Treatises, and Other Nonperiodic Materials	188	(13)
Full Citation Format	188	(9)
Short Citation Format for Works Other Than Those in a Collection	197	(1)
Short Citation Format for Works in a Collection	198	(3)
Fast Formats: Legal and Other Periodicals	201	(8)
Legal and Other Periodicals	202	(7)
Full Citation Format	202	(5)
Identifying Student Authors	203	(4)
Short Citation Format	207	(2)
Fast Formats: A.L.R. Annotations	209	(4)
A.L.R. Annotations	210	(3)
Full Citation Format	210	(1)
Abbreviations for A.L.R. Series	211	(1)
Short Citation Format	211	(2)
Fast Formats: Legal Dictionaries	213	(2)
Legal Dictionaries	214	(1)
Full Citation Format	214	(1)
Short Citation Format	214	(1)
Fast Formats: Legal Encyclopedias	215	(5)
Legal Encyclopedias	216	(4)
Full Citation Format	216	(3)
Encyclopedia Abbreviations	217	(2)
Short Citation Format	219	(1)
Fast Formats: Restatements, Model Codes, and Uniform Laws, and Sentencing Guidelines	220	(6)
Restatements, Model Codes, and Uniform Laws	221	(5)
Full Citation Format for Restatements	221	(2)
Subject Matters of Restatements	222	(1)
Short Citation Format for Restatements	223	(1)
Model Codes and Acts	223	(1)
Uniform Laws	224	(1)
Sentencing Guidelines	225	(1)
Fast Formats: Looseleaf Services and Reporters	226	(7)
Looseleaf Services and Reporters	227	(6)
Full Citation Format for Cases and Administrative Decisions in Looseleaf Services	227	(4)
Abbreviations for Looseleaf Publishers	229	(1)
Understanding Paragraphs in Looseleaf Services	230	(1)
Short Citation Format for Cases and Administrative Decisions in Looseleaf Services	231	(1)
Full Citation Format for Noncase Material in Looseleaf Services	231	(1)
Short Citation Format for Noncase Material in Looseleaf Services	232	(1)
Fast Formats: Practitioner and Court Documents, Transcripts, and Appellate Records	233	(6)
Practitioner and Court Documents, Transcripts, and Appellate Records	234	(5)
Scope of Rule	234	(1)
Full Citation Format for Practitioner and Court Documents	234	(2)
Full Citation Format for Transcripts	236	(1)
Short Citation Format for Practitioner and Court Documents and for Transcripts	237	(1)
Full Citation Format for Appellate Records	237	(1)
Short Citation Format for Appellate Records	238	(1)
Inserting Document Names and Record Cites in Memoranda and Court Documents	238	(1)
Fast Formats: Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations	239	(5)
Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations	240	(4)
Full Citation Format for Unpublished Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations	240	(2)
Short Citation Format for Unpublished Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations	242	(1)
Published Presentations	242	(2)
Fast Formats: Interviews	244	(4)
Interviews	245	(3)
Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by the Author	245	(1)
Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by Another	246	(1)
Short Citation Format	246	(2)
Fast Formats: Letters and Memoranda	248	(4)
Letters and Memoranda	249	(3)
Full Citation Format for Unpublished Letters and Memoranda	249	(1)
Short Citation Format for Unpublished Letters and Memoranda	250	(1)
Published Letters and Memoranda	251	(1)
Fast Formats: Video and Visual Recordings and Broadcasts	252	(5)
Video and Visual Recordings and Broadcasts	253	(4)
Full Citation Format	253	(3)
Short Citation Format	256	(1)
Fast Formats: Sound Recordings	257	(3)
Sound Recordings	258	(2)
Full Citation Format for Entire Recordings	258	(1)
Full Citation Format for a Single Work in a Collection	259	(1)
Short Citation Format for Sound Recordings	259	(1)
Fast Formats: Microformed Materials	260	(2)
Microformed Materials	261	(1)
Full Citation Format for Microform Collections Containing Material Also Available in Print Format	261	(1)
Full Citation Format for Microform Collections Containing Material Not Otherwise Available	261	(1)
Short Citation Format	261	(1)
Fast Formats: Forthcoming Works	262	(2)
Forthcoming Works	263	(1)
Full Citation Format	263	(1)
Short Citation Format	263	(1)
Fast Formats: Unpublished Works	264	(3)
Unpublished Works	265	(2)
Full Citation Format	265	(1)
Short Citation Format	266	(1)
Part 4 Electronic Sources	267	(5)
General Information about Online and Electronic Citation Formats	269	(3)
Source Available in Print and Electronic Formats	269	(1)
Source Available Only in Electronic Format	270	(2)
Accessing and Preserving of Electronic Sources	271	(1)
Fast Formats: Westlaw and Lexis	272	(5)
Westlaw and LEXIS	273	(4)
Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier Is Available	273	(1)
Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier Is Not Available	273	(1)
Short Citation Format for Westlaw and Lexis Citations	274	(1)
Compilation of Materials from Electronic Databases	275	(2)
Fast Formats: World Wide Web Sites	277	(8)
World Wide Web Sites	278	(7)
Full Citation Format	278	(5)
Short Citation Format	283	(2)
Types of Web Sites and Indicia of Reliability	283	(2)
Fast Formats: Electronic Mail	285	(3)
Electronic Mail	286	(2)
Full Citation Format for Personal E-mail	286	(1)
Full Citation Format for E-mail Sent to a Discussion Group or Listserv	286	(1)
Short Citation Format for E-mail	287	(1)
Fast Formats: CD-ROM Material	288	(3)
CD-ROM Material	289	(2)
Full Citation Format	289	(1)
Short Citation Format	290	(1)
Part 5 Incorporating Citations into Documents	291	(22)
Citation Placement and Use	293	(6)
Placement Options	293	(3)
Using Your Word Processor to Format Footnotes	296	(1)
Frequency of Citation	296	(1)
Number of Sources to Cite	297	(1)
Guidelines for Determining Which Authorities to Cite in a Legal Memorandum or Court Document	298	(1)
Signals	299	(4)
Purpose of Signals	299	(1)
Use	299	(1)
Categories of Signals	300	(1)
Signals and Explanatory Parentheticals	301	(1)
Capitalizing Signals	301	(1)
Placement and Typeface of Signals	301	(1)
Repeating Signals	302	(1)
Order of Signals and Punctuation between Different Signals	302	(1)
Order of Cited Authorities	303	(6)
Applicability	303	(1)
Punctuation between Citations	303	(1)
General Ordering Rules	303	(2)
Specific Order of Authorities	305	(4)
Explanatory Parentheticals	309	(4)
Using Explanatory Parentheticals	309	(1)
Using Explanatory Parentheticals Effectively	309	(1)
Placement of Explanatory Parentheticals and Related Authority	310	(1)
Formatting Explanatory Parentheticals	311	(1)
Related Authority and Commentary	311	(2)
Part 6 Quotations	313	(148)
Quotations	315	(8)
Using Quotations	315	(1)
Accuracy	315	(1)
Relation to Text	315	(1)
Short Quotations	315	(3)
Longer Quotations	318	(2)
Epigraphs	320	(1)
Quotations within Quotations	320	(3)
Altering Quoted Material	323	(4)
Altering the Case of a Letter	323	(1)
Adding, Changing, or Deleting One or More Letters	323	(1)
Substituting or Adding Words	323	(1)
Altering Typeface	324	(1)
Mistakes within Original Quoted Material	325	(2)
Omissions within Quoted Material	327	(134)
General Considerations When Omitting Material within a Quotation	327	(1)
Indicating Omissions	327	(1)
When to Use an Ellipsis	327	(2)
How to Use Ellipses	329	(2)
Appendices
Appendix 1: Primary Sources by Jurisdiction	331	(46)
Appendix 2: Local Court Citation Rules	377	(28)
Appendix 3: General Abbreviations	405	(8)
Appendix 4: Court Abbreviations	413	(4)
Sidebar A4-1: Dissecting a Federal District Court Abbreviation	414	(3)
Appendix 5: Abbreviations for Legal Periodicals	417	(24)
Appendix 6: Legal Memorandum Example	441	(4)
Appendix 7: Federal Taxation Materials	445	(16)
Sidebar A7-1: Versions of the Internal Revenue Code	446	(2)
Sidebar A7-2: Case Names in Older Tax Authorities	448	(3)
Sidebar A7-3: Categories of Tax Regulations	451	(4)
Sidebar A7-4: Document Numbers Before and After 2000	455	(5)
Chart A7-1: Abreviations for Less Frequently Cited Tax Materials	460	(1)
Index	461