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Mark C. Carnes
Mark C. Carnes received his undergraduate degree from Harvard and his Ph.D in history from Columbia University. He has chaired both the history and American studies departments at Barnard College and Columbia University, where he serves as the Ann Whitney Olin professor of history. He is also the general editor of the American National Biography, whose 27th volume will appear in 2011. Carnes has published numerous books on American social and cultural history, including Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America (1989), Past Imperfect: History According to the Movies (1995), Novel History: Historians and Novelists Confront America’s Past (2001) and Invisible Giants: 50 Americans That Shaped the Nation but Missed the History Books (2002). Carnes also pioneered the Reacting to the Past pedagogy, which won the Theodore Hesburgh Award as the top outstanding pedagogical innovation in the nation (2004). In Reacting to the Past, college students play elaborate games, set in the past, their roles informed by classic texts. (For more on Reacting, see: www.barnard.edu/reacting.) In 2005 the American Historical Association named Carnes the recipient of the William Gilbert Prize for the best article on teaching history. His Mind Games: Rethinking Higher Education will be published in 2012.
John A. Garraty
John A. Garraty held a Ph.D from Columbia University and an L.H.D. from Michigan State University. He was the Gouverneur Morris professor emeritus of history at Columbia. He was also the author, co-author and editor of scores of books and articles, among them biographies of Silas Wright, Henry Cabot Lodge, Woodrow Wilson, George W. Perkins and Theodore Roosevelt. With Carnes, he co-edited the American National Biography. Garraty also contributed a volume — The New Commonwealth — to the New American Nation series and published a pioneering comparative study of the Great Depression.
Maps, Graphs, and Features | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xv |
Supplements for Instructors and Students | p. xviii |
Acknowledgments | p. xxii |
About the Authors | p. xxiv |
Prologue: Beginnings | p. 1 |
First Peoples | p. 1 |
The Demise of the Big Mammals | p. 2 |
The Archaic Period: Surviving without Big Mammals | p. 2 |
The Maize Revolution | p. 4 |
The Diffusion of Corn | p. 5 |
Population Growth after AD 800 | p. 6 |
Cahokia: The Hub of Mississippian Culture | p. 7 |
The Collapse of Urban Centers | p. 8 |
Eurasia and Africa | p. 9 |
Europe in Ferment | p. 11 |
Alien Encounters: Europe in the Americas | p. 14 |
Columbus's Great Triumph-and Error | p. 15 |
Spain's American Empire | p. 17 |
Extending Spain's Empire to the North | p. 19 |
Disease and Population Losses | p. 20 |
Ecological Imperialism | p. 21 |
Spain's European Rivals | p. 24 |
The Protestant Reformation | p. 24 |
English Beginnings in America | p. 25 |
The Settlement of Virginia | p. 27 |
ôPurifyingö the Church of England | p. 30 |
Bradford and Plymouth Colony | p. 31 |
Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay Colony | p. 32 |
Troublemakers: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson | p. 34 |
Other New England Colonies | p. 35 |
Pequot War and King Philip's War | p. 36 |
Maryland and the Carolinas | p. 37 |
French and Dutch Settlements | p. 38 |
The Middle Colonies | p. 39 |
Cultural Clisions | p. 40 |
Cultural Fusions | p. 44 |
American Society in the Making | p. 48 |
Settlement of New France | p. 49 |
Society in New Mexico, Texas, and California | p. 49 |
The English Prevail on the Atlantic Seaboard | p. 52 |
The Chesapeake Colonies | p. 53 |
The Lure of Land | p. 54 |
ôSolvingö the Labor Shortage: Slavery | p. 55 |
Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco | p. 57 |
Bacon's Rebellion | p. 59 |
The Carolinas | p. 60 |
Home and Family in the South | p. 61 |
Georgia and the Back Country | p. 62 |
Puritan New England | p. 63 |
Democracies without Democrats | p. 65 |
The Dominion of New England | p. 66 |
Salem Bewitched | p. 66 |
A Merchant's World | p. 68 |
The Middle Colonies: Economic Basis | p. 70 |
The Middle Colonies: An Intermingling of Peoples | p. 71 |
ôThe Best Poor Man's Countryö | p. 73 |
The Politics of Diversity | p. 73 |
Becoming Americans | p. 77 |
America in the British Empire | p. 79 |
The British Colonial System | p. 80 |
Mercantilism | p. 81 |
The Navigation Acts | p. 82 |
The Effects of Mercantilism | p. 83 |
The Great Awakening | p. 85 |
The Rise and Fall of Jonathan Edwards | p. 87 |
The Enlightenment in America | p. 88 |
Colonial Scientific Achievements | p. 89 |
Repercussions of Distant Wars | p. 90 |
The Great War for the Empire | p. 91 |
Britain Victorious: The Peace of Paris | p. 95 |
Burdens of an Expanded Empire | p. 95 |
Tightening Imperial Controls | p. 97 |
The Sugar Act | p. 99 |
American Colonists Demand Rights | p. 100 |
The Stamp Act: The Pot Set to Boiling | p. 100 |
Rioters or Rebels? | p. 102 |
The Declaratory Act | p. 103 |
The Townshend Duties | p. 104 |
The Boston Massacre | p. 105 |
The Boiling Pot Spills Over | p. 106 |
The Tea Act Crisis | p. 106 |
From Resistance to Revolution | p. 108 |
The American Revolution | p. 112 |
The Shot Heard Round the World | p. 113 |
The Second Continental Congress | p. 114 |
The Battle of Bunker Hill | p. 115 |
The Great Declaration | p. 116 |
1776: The Balance of Forces | p. 119 |
Loyalists | p. 120 |
The British Take New York City | p. 120 |
Saratoga and the French Alliance | p. 123 |
The War Moves South | p. 125 |
Victory at Yorktown | p. 126 |
Negotiating a Favorable Peace | p. 128 |
National Government under the Articles of Confederation | p. 130 |
Financing the War | p. 131 |
State Republican Governments | p. 131 |
Social Reform and Antislavery | p. 132 |
Women and the Revolution | p. 134 |
Growth of a National Spirit | p. 135 |
The Great Land Ordinances | p. 136 |
National Heroes | p. 140 |
The Federalist Era: Nationalism Triumphant | p. 143 |
Inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation | p. 144 |
Daniel Shays's ôLittle Rebellionö | p. 145 |
To Philadelphia, and the Constitution | p. 146 |
The Great Convention | p. 147 |
The Compromises That Produced the Constitution | p. 148 |
Ratifying the Constitution | p. 151 |
Washington as President | p. 153 |
Congress under Way | p. 155 |
Hamilton and Financial Reform | p. 155 |
The Ohio Country: A Dark and Bloody Ground | p. 159 |
Revolution in France | p. 159 |
Federalists and Republicans: The Rise of Political Parties | p. 161 |
1794: Crisis and Resolution | p. 162 |
Jay's Treaty | p. 163 |
1795: All's Well That Ends Well | p. 164 |
Washington's Farewell | p. 165 |
The Election of 1796 | p. 165 |
The XYZ Affair | p. 166 |
The Alien and Sedition Acts | p. 167 |
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolves | p. 168 |
Jeffersonian Democracy | p. 171 |
Jefferson Elected President | p. 172 |
The Federalist Contribution | p. 173 |
Thomas Jefferson: Political Theorist | p. 173 |
Jefferson as President | p. 174 |
Jefferson's Attack on the Judiciary | p. 176 |
The Barbary Pirates | p. 177 |
The Louisiana Purchase | p. 177 |
The Federalists Discredited | p. 181 |
Lewis and Clark | p. 183 |
The Burr Conspiracy | p. 184 |
Napoleon and the British | p. 185 |
The Impressment Controversy | p. 187 |
The Embargo Act | p. 187 |
Jeffersonian Democracy | p. 190 |
National Growing Pains | p. 193 |
Madison in Power | p. 194 |
Tecumseh and Indian Resistance | p. 194 |
Depression and Land Hunger | p. 196 |
Opponents of War | p. 196 |
The War of 1812 | p. 197 |
Britain Assumes the Offensive | p. 201 |
ôThe Star Spangled Bannerö | p. 202 |
The Treaty of Ghent | p. 203 |
The Hartford Convention | p. 203 |
The Battle of New Orleans and the End of the War | p. 204 |
Anglo-American Rapprochement | p. 206 |
The Transcontinental Treaty | p. 206 |
The Monroe Doctrine | p. 207 |
The Era of Good Feelings | p. 210 |
New Sectional Issues | p. 211 |
New Leaders | p. 214 |
The Missouri Compromise | p. 216 |
The Election of 1824 | p. 219 |
John Quincy Adams as President | p. 220 |
Calhoun's Exposition and Protest | p. 220 |
The Meaning of Sectionalism | p. 221 |
Toward a National Economy | p. 224 |
Gentility and the Consumer Revolution | p. 225 |
Birth of the Factory | p. 226 |
An Industrial Proletariat? | p. 227 |
Lowell's Waltham System: Women as Factory Workers | p. 229 |
Irish and German Immigrants | p. 230 |
The Persistence of the Household System | p. 231 |
Rise of Corporations | p. 231 |
Cotton Revolutionizes the South | p. 232 |
Revival of Slavery | p. 235 |
Roads to Market | p. 236 |
Transportation and the Government | p. 238 |
Development of Steamboats | p. 239 |
The Canal Boom | p. 240 |
New York City: Emporium of the Western World | p. 241 |
The Marshall Court | p. 243 |
Jacksonian Democracy | p. 247 |
ôDemocratizingö Politics | p. 248 |
1828: The New Party System in Embryo | p. 249 |
The Jacksonian Appeal | p. 250 |
The Spoils System | p. 251 |
President of All the People | p. 252 |
Sectional Tensions Revived | p. 253 |
Jackson: ôThe Bank … I Will Kill It!ö | p. 253 |
Jackson's Bank Veto | p. 255 |
Jackson versus Calhoun | p. 256 |
Indian Removals | p. 257 |
The Nullification Crisis | p. 260 |
Boom and Bust | p. 262 |
The Jacksonians | p. 263 |
Rise of the Whigs | p. 263 |
Martin Van Buren: Jacksonianism without Jackson | p. 265 |
The Log Cabin Campaign | p. 268 |
The Making of Middle-Class America | p. 271 |
Tocqueville: Democracy in America | p. 272 |
The Family Recast | p. 273 |
The Second Great Awakening | p. 274 |
The Era of Associations | p. 276 |
Backwoods Utopias | p. 277 |
The Age of Reform | p. 279 |
ôDemon Rumö | p. 281 |
The Abolitionist Crusade | p. 282 |
Women's Rights | p. 285 |
The Romantic View of Life | p. 288 |
Emerson and Thoreau | p. 289 |
Edgar Allan Poe | p. 290 |
Nathaniel Hawthorne | p. 291 |
Herman Melville | p. 292 |
Walt Whitman | p. 292 |
Reading and the Dissemination of Culture | p. 294 |
Education for Democracy | p. 294 |
The State of the Colleges | p. 296 |
Westward Expansion | p. 299 |
Tyler's Troubles | p. 299 |
The Webster-Ashburton Treaty | p. 300 |
The Texas Question | p. 301 |
Manifest Destiny | p. 303 |
Life on the Trail | p. 303 |
California and Oregon | p. 304 |
The Election of 1844 | p. 307 |
Polk as President | p. 307 |
War with Mexico | p. 308 |
To the Halls of Montezuma | p. 310 |
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | p. 312 |
The Fruits of Victory: Further Enlargement of the United States | p. 312 |
Slavery: Storm Clouds Gather | p. 313 |
The Election of 1848 | p. 314 |
The Gold Rush | p. 316 |
The Compromise of 1850 | p. 317 |
The Sections Go Their Own Ways | p. 323 |
The South | p. 324 |
The Economics of Slavery | p. 324 |
Antebellum Plantation Life | p. 327 |
The Sociology of Slavery | p. 328 |
Psychological Effects of Slavery | p. 330 |
Manufacturing in the South | p. 333 |
The Northern Industrial Juggernaut | p. 334 |
A Nation of Immigrants | p. 335 |
How Wage Earners Lived | p. 335 |
Progress and Poverty | p. 337 |
Foreign Commerce | p. 338 |
Steam Conquers the Atlantic | p. 339 |
Canals and Railroads | p. 339 |
Financing the Railroads | p. 340 |
Railroads and the Economy | p. 341 |
Railroads and the Sectional Conflict | p. 344 |
The Economy on the Eve of Civil War | p. 345 |
The Coming of the Civil War | p. 347 |
Slave-Catchers Come North | p. 348 |
Uncle Tom's Cabin | p. 350 |
Diversions Abroad: The ôYoung Americaö Movement | p. 351 |
Stephen Douglas: ôThe Little Giantö | p. 352 |
The Kansas-Nebraska Act | p. 353 |
Know-Nothings, Republicans, and the Demise of the Two-Party System | p. 355 |
ôBleeding Kansasö | p. 356 |
Senator Sumner Becomes a Martyr for Abolitionism | p. 358 |
Buchanan Tries His Hand | p. 359 |
The Dred Scott Decision | p. 360 |
The Proslavery Lecompton Constitution | p. 362 |
The Emergence of Lincoln | p. 363 |
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates | p. 364 |
John Brown's Raid | p. 366 |
The Election of 1860 | p. 367 |
The Secession Crisis | p. 371 |
The War to Save the Union | p. 375 |
Lincoln's Cabinet | p. 375 |
Fort Sumter: The First Shot | p. 376 |
The Blue and the Gray | p. 378 |
The Test of Battle: Bull Run | p. 380 |
Paying for the War | p. 381 |
Politics as Usual | p. 382 |
Behind Confederate Lines | p. 383 |
War in the West: Shiloh | p. 384 |
McClellan: The Reluctant Warrior | p. 385 |
Lee Counterattacks: Antietam | p. 387 |
The Emancipation Proclamation | p. 388 |
The Draft Riots | p. 391 |
The Emancipated People | p. 392 |
African American Soldiers | p. 392 |
Antietam to Gettysburg | p. 393 |
Lincoln Finds His General: Grant at Vicksburg | p. 395 |
Economic and Social Effects, North and South | p. 396 |
Women in Wartime | p. 397 |
Grant in the Wilderness | p. 398 |
Sherman in Georgia | p. 400 |
To Appomattox Court House | p. 403 |
Winners, Losers, and the Future | p. 403 |
Reconstruction and the South | p. 409 |
The Assassination of Lincoln | p. 410 |
Presidential Reconstruction | p. 411 |
Republican Radicals | p. 413 |
Congress Rejects Johnsonian Reconstruction | p. 413 |
The Fourteenth Amendment | p. 415 |
The Reconstruction Acts | p. 416 |
Congress Supreme | p. 416 |
The Fifteenth Amendment | p. 417 |
ôBlack Republicanö Reconstruction: Scalawags and Carpetbaggers | p. 419 |
The Ravaged Land | p. 421 |
Sharecropping and the Crop-Lien System | p. 422 |
The White Backlash | p. 424 |
Grant as President | p. 426 |
The Disputed Election of 1876 | p. 427 |
The Compromise of 1877 | p. 429 |
Appendix A-1 | |
Credits C-1 | |
Glossary G-1 | |
Index I-1 | |
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