American Nation, The: A History of the United States to 1877, Volume I

by Carnes, Mark C.; Garraty, John A.

• ISBN13: 9780321316332
• ISBN10: 0321316339
• Edition: 12th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

Using the political history of the nation as the framework on which social, economic, and cultural developments depend, co-authors Carnes and Garraty describe how the voices and actions of many peoples have produced a particular political structurethe United States, a single nationand how that nation has in turn influenced the lives of everyone. Long renowned for its elegant narrative style,The American Nationin this Twelfth Edition retains its most significant strengthits rich and memorable prose.In this revision, the authors have revised each chapter to incorporate recent research and scholarship, refined the prose style, greatly expanded the number of maps, selected many new illustrations to engage students visually, and written informative, new captions to encourage students to reflect on the information conveyed in the illustration. In each chapter, a new feature, "Debating the Past" presents the varying views of historians on a question related to the chapter content. The final chapter (33) carries the story of the American nation to the present with coverage of the war in Iraq and the election of 2004.

Table of Contents

Maps and Graphs	xix
Features	xxi
American Lives
Re-Viewing the Past
Mapping the Past
Debating the Past
Preface	xxiii
About the Authors	xxviii
Prologue Beginnings	2	(1)
Passage to Alaska	3	(2)
The Demise of the Big Mammals	5	(1)
The Archaic Period: A World Without Big Mammals, 9000 B.C.E.--1000 B.C.E.	5	(2)
The First Sedentary Communities, 1000 B.C.E.	7	(2)
Corn Transforms the Southwest	9	(2)
The Diffusion of Corn	11	(1)
Population Growth After 800	11	(1)
Cahokia: The Hub of Mississippian Culture	12	(1)
The Collapse of Urban Centers	13	(1)
American Beginnings in Eurasia and Africa	14	(1)
Europe in Ferment	15
Debating the Past Who---or what---killed the big mammals?	6	(12)
Alien Encounters: Europe in the Americas	18	(30)
Columbus	20	(2)
Spain's American Empire	22	(1)
Indians and Europeans	23	(1)
Relativity of Cultural Values	23	(2)
Disease and Population Losses	25	(2)
Spain's European Rivals	27	(1)
The Protestant Reformation	27	(2)
English Beginnings in America	29	(1)
The Settlement of Virginia	30	(2)
``Purifying'' the Church of England	32	(1)
Bradford and Plymouth Colony	33	(3)
Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay Colony	36	(2)
Troublemakers: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson	38	(1)
Other New England Colonies	39	(1)
French and Dutch Settlements	39	(1)
Maryland and the Carolinas	40	(2)
The Middle Colonies	42	(1)
Indians and Europeans as ``Americanizers''	43
American Lives Tisquantum	34
Debating the Past How many Indians perished with European settlement?	26	(22)
American Society in the Making	48	(30)
What Is an American?	50	(1)
Spanish Settlement	50	(1)
The Chesapeake Colonies	51	(2)
The Lure of Land	53	(1)
``Solving'' the Labor Shortage: Slavery	54	(2)
Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco	56	(1)
Bacon's Rebellion	57	(1)
The Carolinas	58	(2)
Home and Family in the South	60	(1)
Georgia and the Back Country	61	(1)
Puritan New England	62	(1)
The Puritan Family	62	(1)
Puritan Women and Children	62	(1)
Visible Puritan Saints and Others	63	(1)
Democracies Without Democrats	64	(1)
The Dominion of New England	65	(1)
Salem Bewitched	65	(1)
Higher Education in New England	66	(4)
Prosperity Undermines Puritanism	70	(2)
A Merchant's World	72	(1)
The Middle Colonies: Economic Basis	72	(1)
The Middle Colonies: An Intermingling of Peoples	73	(1)
``The Best Poor Man's Country''	74	(1)
The Politics of Diversity	75	(1)
Rebellious Women	76
Re-Viewing the Past The Crucible	68	(3)
Debating the Past Were puritan communities peaceable?	71	(7)
America in the British Empire	78	(32)
The British Colonial System	80	(1)
Mercantilism	81	(1)
The Navigation Acts	82	(1)
The Effects of Mercantilism	83	(1)
The Great Awakening	84	(2)
The Rise and Fall of Jonathan Edwards	86	(1)
The Enlightenment in America	86	(2)
Colonial Scientific Achievements	88	(1)
Repercussions of Distant Wars	89	(3)
The Great War for the Empire	92	(2)
The Peace of Paris	94	(1)
Putting the Empire Right	95	(1)
Tightening Imperial Controls	96	(1)
The Sugar Act	97	(2)
American Colonists Demand Rights	99	(1)
The Stamp Act: The Pot Set to Boiling	99	(2)
Rioters or Rebels?	101	(1)
Taxation or Tyranny?	101	(1)
The Declaratory Act	102	(1)
The Townshend Duties	102	(1)
The Boston Massacre	103	(1)
The Pot Spills Over	104	(1)
The Tea Act Crisis	104	(2)
From Resistance to Revolution	106
American Lives Eunice Williams/Gannenstenhawi	90
Debating the Past Was economic gain the colonists' main motivation?	87	(23)
The American Revolution	110	(30)
``The Shot Heard Round the World''	112	(1)
The Second Continental Congress	112	(1)
The Battle of Bunker Hill	113	(1)
The Great Declaration	114	(2)
1776: The Balance of Forces	116	(2)
Loyalists	118	(1)
Early British Victories	118	(1)
Saratoga and the French Alliance	119	(3)
The War Moves South	122	(1)
Victory at Yorktown	123	(3)
The Peace of Paris	126	(2)
Forming a National Government	128	(1)
Financing the War	129	(1)
State Republican Governments	130	(1)
Social Reform	130	(2)
Effects of the Revolution on Women	132	(1)
Growth of a National Spirit	133	(1)
The Great Land Ordinances	134	(3)
National Heroes	137	(1)
A National Culture	137
Re-Viewing the Past The Patriot	124	(4)
Debating the Past Was the American Revolution rooted in class struggle?	128	(12)
The Federalist Era: Nationalism Triumphant	140	(28)
Border Problems	142	(1)
Foreign Trade	143	(1)
The Specter of Inflation	143	(1)
Daniel Shays's ``Little Rebellion''	144	(1)
To Philadelphia, and the Constitution	145	(1)
The Great Convention	145	(1)
The Compromises That Produced the Constitution	146	(3)
Ratifying the Constitution	149	(2)
Washington as President	151	(3)
Congress Under Way	154	(1)
Hamilton and Financial Reform	155	(2)
The Ohio Country: A Dark and Bloody Ground	157	(1)
Revolution in France	158	(1)
Federalists and Republicans: The Rise of Political Parties	159	(1)
1794: Crisis and Resolution	160	(1)
Jay's Treaty	160	(1)
1795: All's Well That Ends Well	161	(1)
Washington's Farewell	162	(1)
The Election of 1796	162	(1)
The XYZ Affair	163	(2)
The Alien and Sedition Acts	165	(1)
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolves	165
Mapping the Past Depicting History with Maps	152
Debating the Past What ideas shaped the Constitution?	148	(20)
Jeffersonian Democracy	168	(22)
The Federalist Contribution	170	(1)
Thomas Jefferson: Political Theorist	170	(2)
Jefferson as President	172	(1)
Jefferson's Attack on the Judiciary	173	(1)
The Barbary Pirates	174	(1)
The Louisiana Purchase	175	(2)
The Federalists Discredited	177	(1)
Lewis and Clark	178	(4)
Jeffersonian Democracy	182	(1)
The Burr Conspiracy	182	(2)
Napoleon and the British	184	(1)
The Impressment Controversy	185	(1)
The Embargo Act	186
Mapping the Past A Water Route to the Pacific?	180
Debating the Past Did Thomas Jefferson father a child by his slave?	171	(19)
National Growing Pains	190	(32)
Madison in Power	191	(1)
Tecumseh and Indian Resistance	192	(1)
Depression and Land Hunger	193	(2)
Opponents of War	195	(1)
The War of 1812	195	(4)
Britain Assumes the Offensive	199	(1)
``The Star Spangled Banner''	199	(1)
The Treaty of Ghent	200	(1)
The Hartford Convention	201	(1)
The Battle of New Orleans	201	(1)
Victory Weakens the Federalists	202	(1)
Anglo-American Rapprochement	203	(1)
The Transcontinental Treaty	204	(1)
The Monroe Doctrine	204	(2)
The Era of Good Feelings	206	(2)
New Sectional Issues	208	(2)
Northern Leaders	210	(2)
Southern Leaders	212	(1)
Western Leaders	213	(1)
The Missouri Compromise	214	(1)
The Election of 1824	215	(1)
John Quincy Adams as President	216	(1)
Calhoun's Exposition and Protest	217	(3)
The Meaning of Sectionalism	220
Mapping the Past North--South Sectionalism Intensifies	218
Debating the Past How did Indians and settlers interact?	194	(28)
Toward a National Economy	222	(26)
Gentility and the Consumer Revolution	223	(1)
Birth of the Factory	224	(4)
An Industrial Proletariat?	228	(1)
Lowell's Waltham System: Women as Factory Workers	228	(2)
Irish and German Immigrants	230	(1)
The Persistence of the Household System	230	(1)
Rise of Corporations	231	(1)
Cotton Revolutionizes the South	232	(1)
Revival of Slavery	233	(2)
Roads to Market	235	(2)
Transportation and the Government	237	(1)
Development of Steamboats	237	(3)
The Canal Boom	240	(2)
New York City: Emporium of the Western World	242	(2)
The Marshall Court	244
Mapping the Past The Making of the Working Class	226	(12)
Debating the Past Was early nineteenth-century America transformed by a ``market revolution''?	238	(10)
Jacksonian Democracy	248	(24)
``Democratizing'' Politics	250	(1)
1828: The New Party System in Embryo	251	(1)
The Jacksonian Appeal	252	(1)
The Spoils System	253	(1)
President of All the People	253	(1)
Sectional Tensions Revived	254	(1)
Jackson: ``The Bank . . . I Will Kill It!''	254	(1)
Jackson's Bank Veto	255	(2)
Jackson Versus Calhoun	257	(1)
Indian Removals	258	(2)
The Nullification Crisis	260	(2)
Boom and Bust	262	(1)
Jacksonianism Abroad	263	(1)
The Jacksonians	263	(2)
Rise of the Whigs	265	(1)
Martin Van Buren: Jacksonianism Without Jackson	265	(2)
The Log Cabin Campaign	267	(1)
American Lives Horace Greeley	268
Debating the Past For whom did Jackson fight?	264	(8)
The Making of Middle-Class America	272	(22)
Tocqueville and Beaumont in America	273	(1)
Tocqueville in Judgment	274	(1)
A Restless People	275	(1)
The Family Recast	276	(1)
The Second Great Awakening	277	(2)
The Era of Associations	279	(1)
Backwoods Utopias	280	(2)
The Age of Reform	282	(2)
``Demon Rum''	284	(1)
The Abolitionist Crusade	285	(4)
Women's Rights	289
American Lives Sojourner Truth	286
Debating the Past Did the antebellum reform movement improve society?	283	(11)
An American Culture	294	(22)
In Search of Native Grounds	295	(2)
The Romantic View of Life	297	(1)
Emerson and Thoreau	298	(2)
Edgar Allan Poe	300	(1)
Nathaniel Hawthorne	300	(1)
Herman Melville	301	(1)
Walt Whitman	302	(2)
The Wider Literary Renaissance	304	(1)
Domestic Tastes	305	(1)
Education for Democracy	306	(1)
Reading and the Dissemination of Culture	307	(2)
The State of the Colleges	309	(3)
Civic Cultures	312	(1)
American Humor	312
Mapping the Past Nature as a Civilizing Force	310
Debating the Past Was there an ``American Renaissance''?	303	(13)
Westward Expansion	316	(24)
Tyler's Troubles	317	(1)
The Webster-Ashburton Treaty	318	(1)
The Texas Question	319	(2)
Manifest Destiny	321	(1)
Life on the Trail	321	(3)
California and Oregon	324	(1)
The Election of 1844	325	(1)
Polk as President	326	(1)
War with Mexico	327	(2)
To the Halls of Montezuma	329	(2)
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	331	(1)
The Fruits of Victory: Further Enlargement of the United States	332	(1)
Slavery: The Fire Bell in the Night Rings Again	332	(1)
The Election of 1848	333	(1)
The Gold Rush	334	(1)
The Compromise of 1850	335
Mapping the Past Fertility and the Frontier	322	(4)
Debating the Past Did the frontier change women's roles?	326	(14)
The Sections Go Their Ways	340	(24)
The South	341	(1)
The Economics of Slavery	342	(2)
Antebellum Plantation Life	344	(1)
The Sociology of Slavery	345	(3)
Psychological Effects of Slavery	348	(1)
Manufacturing in the South	348	(1)
The Northern Industrial Juggernaut	349	(1)
A Nation of Immigrants	350	(1)
How Wage Earners Lived	351	(3)
Progress and Poverty	354	(1)
Foreign Commerce	355	(1)
Steam Conquers the Atlantic	355	(2)
Canals and Railroads	357	(1)
Financing the Railroads	358	(1)
Railroads and the Economy	359	(2)
Railroads and the Sectional Conflict	361	(1)
The Economy on the Eve of Civil War	362
Mapping the Past Irish and German Immigration	352
Debating the Past Did slaves and masters form emotional bonds?	349	(15)
The Coming of the Civil War	364	(26)
The Slave Power Comes North	365	(1)
Uncle Tom's Cabin	366	(2)
Diversions Abroad: The ``Young America'' Movement	368	(2)
Stephen Douglas: ``The Little Giant''	370	(1)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act	371	(2)
Know-Nothings, Republicans, and the Demise of the Two-Party System	373	(1)
``Bleeding Kansas''	374	(2)
Senator Sumner Becomes a Martyr for Abolitionism	376	(1)
Buchanan Tries His Hand	377	(1)
The Dred Scott Decision	377	(2)
The Lecompton Constitution	379	(1)
The Emergence of Lincoln	379	(2)
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates	381	(2)
John Brown's Raid	383	(1)
The Election of 1860	383	(3)
The Secession Crisis	386
Mapping the Past Runaway Slaves: Hard Realities	368	(6)
Debating the Past Was the Civil War avoidable?	374	(16)
The War to Save the Union	390	(34)
Lincoln's Cabinet	392	(1)
Fort Sumter: The First Shot	392	(1)
The Blue and the Gray	393	(2)
The Test of Battle: Bull Run	395	(1)
Paying for the War	396	(1)
Politics as Usual	397	(1)
Behind Confederate Lines	398	(1)
War in the West: Shiloh	399	(1)
McClellan: The Reluctant Warrior	400	(1)
Lee Counterattacks: Antietam	401	(1)
The Emancipation Proclamation	402	(1)
The Draft Riots	403	(1)
The Emancipated People	404	(1)
African American Soldiers	405	(3)
Antietam to Gettysburg	408	(2)
Lincoln Finds His General: Grant at Vicksburg	410	(1)
Economic and Social Effects, North and South	411	(1)
Women in Wartime	412	(2)
Grant in the Wilderness	414	(1)
Sherman in Georgia	415	(2)
To Appomattox Court House	417	(2)
Winners, Losers, and the Future	419
Re-Viewing the Past Glory	406	(14)
Re-Viewing the Past Cold Mountain	420
Debating the Past Why did the South lose the Civil War?	418	(6)
Reconstruction and the South	424
Presidential Reconstruction	425	(2)
Republican Radicals	427	(1)
Congress Rejects Johnsonian Reconstruction	428	(2)
The Fourteenth Amendment	430	(1)
The Reconstruction Acts	430	(1)
Congress Supreme	431	(1)
The Fifteenth Amendment	431	(4)
``Black Republican'' Reconstruction: Scalawags and Carpetbaggers	435	(1)
The Ravaged Land	436	(2)
Sharecropping and the Crop-Lien System	438	(2)
The White Backlash	440	(1)
Grant as President	441	(1)
The Disputed Election of 1876	442	(1)
The Compromise of 1877	443
Mapping the Past The Politics of Reconstruction	432	(2)
Debating the Past Were Reconstruction governments corrupt?	434
Appendix	1	(1)
The Declaration of Independence	3	(2)
The Articles of Confederation	5	(4)
The Constitution of the United States of America	9	(5)
Amendments to the Constitution	14	(5)
Presidential Elections, 1789--2004	19	(13)
Present-day United States	32	(2)
Present-day World	34
Picture Credits	1	(1)
Index	1