Analyzing English Grammar

by Klammer, Thomas P.; Schulz, Muriel R.; Volpe, Angela Della; Della Volpe, Angela

• ISBN13: 9780205305681
• ISBN10: 0205305687
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-08-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Advanced Grammar text which encourages the readers to think critically about grammar and exposes them to a variety of linguistic theories. Supports and assists readers in learning about the structure of the English language. Teaches use of phase marker tree decisions. Includes traditional Reed-Kellogg diagrams, extensive discussion of language acquisition. Includes examples of American regional and social dialects. General interest; grammar

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1	(18)
What Is Grammar?	2	(4)
Grammar versus Usage	6	(2)
Descriptive Grammars	8	(1)
Grammatical Prototypes	9	(4)
Learning about Grammar	13	(2)
Aids to Learning about Language	15	(2)
Diagramming	15	(1)
IC Analysis	16	(1)
Phrase Structure Trees	16	(1)
Suggestions for Reading This Book	17	(1)
Key Terms	18	(1)
Endnotes	18	(1)
CHAPTER 2 VARIETIES OF ENGLISH	19	(18)
Regional Dialects	21	(2)
Social Dialects	23	(2)
Standard American English	25	(3)
Styles	28	(2)
Second-Language Acquisition	30	(2)
English in an International Context	32	(3)
Summary	35	(1)
Key Terms	36	(1)
Endnotes	36	(1)
CHAPTER 3 THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH	37	(20)
Morphemes	38	(5)
Allomorphs	42	(1)
Inflectional Morphemes	43	(6)
Noun Inflections	45	(2)
Verb Inflections	47	(1)
Adjective and Adverb Inflections	48	(1)
Functional Shift	49	(1)
Derivational Morphemes	49	(3)
Form Classes and Structure Classes	52	(3)
Summary	55	(1)
Review Exercises	55	(1)
Key Terms	56	(1)
CHAPTER 4 FORM-CLASS WORDS	57	(32)
Form and Function	58	(2)
Forms with Overlapping Functions	59	(1)
Nouns	60	(4)
Prototypes and Peripheral Cases	63	(1)
Subclasses and Features	64	(4)
Noun Subclasses	66	(2)
Verbs	68	(3)
Verb Subclasses	70	(1)
Adjectives	71	(4)
Adjective Subclasses	73	(2)
Adverbs	75	(4)
Adverb Subclasses	79	(1)
Analyzing Form and Function	79	(7)
Comments and Suggestions	83	(3)
Summary	86	(1)
Review Exercises	86	(1)
Key Terms	87	(1)
Endnote	87	(2)
CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURE-CLASS WORDS	89	(58)
Structure-Class versus Form-Class Words	89	(3)
Determiners	92	(8)
Diagrams and Trees	98	(2)
Auxiliaries	100	(5)
Modal Auxiliaries	100	(2)
Have	102	(1)
Be	103	(1)
Do	104	(1)
Diagrams and Trees	105	(1)
Qualifiers	105	(6)
Diagrams and Trees	108	(3)
Prepositions	111	(7)
Diagrams and Trees	114	(1)
Differences between Prepositions and Adverbs	114	(1)
Differences between Prepositions and Verb Particles	115	(1)
Differences between Verb Particles and Adverbs	116	(2)
Pronouns	118	(10)
Pronouns as Noun-Phrase Substitutes	118	(1)
Personal Pronouns	119	(3)
Reflexive Pronouns	122	(2)
Reciprocal Pronouns	124	(1)
Indefinite Pronouns	125	(3)
Conjunctions	128	(9)
Coordinating Conjunctions	128	(3)
Conjunctive Adverbs	131	(1)
Subordinating Conjunctions	132	(5)
Relatives	137	(4)
Interrogatives	141	(2)
Summary	143	(1)
Review Exercises	143	(2)
Key Terms	145	(2)
CHAPTER 6 PHRASES	147	(42)
Subjects and Predicates	147	(6)
Form and Function	153	(1)
Recognizing Phrase Types	154	(5)
The Main Verb Phrase	159	(26)
Creating Verb Phrases	165	(8)
Time, Tense, and Aspect	173	(1)
Simple Tenses	174	(1)
Compound Verb Forms--Perfect and Progressive	174	(6)
The Meaning of Modals	180	(2)
Other Auxiliaries	182	(1)
Have and Be as Main Verbs	183	(2)
Summary	185	(1)
Review Exercises	186	(1)
Key Terms	187	(1)
Endnotes	187	(2)
CHAPTER 7 FIVE BASIC SENTENCE TYPES	189	(44)
Binary Structure	190	(2)
Type I--The Intransitive Type	192	(7)
Types II, III, and IV--Linking (Copular) Verbs	199	(13)
Type II--The Verb Be Requiring Adverbs of Time or Place	199	(5)
Type III--The Linking Verb Type with Adjectival Subject Complement	204	(5)
Type IV--The Linking Verb Type with Nominal Subject Complement	209	(3)
Type V--The Transitive Type	212	(15)
Transitive Verbs with Reflexive and Reciprocal Direct Objects	217	(1)
Transitive Verbs with Object Complements	218	(2)
Distinguishing between Transitive and Linking Verb Sentence Types	220	(2)
Peripheral Cases	222	(5)
Summary	227	(3)
Review Exercises	230	(1)
Key Terms	231	(2)
CHAPTER 8 BASIC SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS	233	(46)
The Indirect Object Transformation	233	(7)
Indirect Objects and Object Complements	237	(3)
The Passive Transformation	240	(11)
Direct and Indirect Objects	244	(7)
Other Transformations	251	(1)
Negative Sentences	252	(8)
Negative Sentences with Auxiliary Verbs	253	(1)
Negative Sentences with Be	254	(1)
Negative Sentences without Auxiliary Verbs or Be	254	(6)
Interrogative Sentences	260	(12)
Yes/No Questions	260	(3)
Wh-Questions	263	(9)
Imperative Sentences	272	(4)
Verbs in Imperative Sentences	274	(2)
Summary	276	(1)
Review Exercises	276	(1)
Key Terms	277	(2)
CHAPTER 9 FINITE VERB CLAUSES, PART I: Adverbial and Adjectival Clauses	279	(36)
Sentence Varieties	281	(3)
Subordinate Clauses	284	(8)
Diagramming Subordinate Clauses	289	(2)
Peripheral Cases--Subordinate Clauses That Can Function Adverbially or Adjectivally	291	(1)
Relative Clauses	292	(20)
Relative Clauses within Prepositional Phrases	295	(1)
Diagramming Relative Clauses	296	(6)
The Omission of Relative Pronouns	302	(1)
Relative Adverbs	303	(3)
Relative Clauses Contrasted with Adverbial Subordinate Clauses	306	(3)
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses	309	(3)
Summary	312	(2)
Review Exercises	314	(1)
Key Terms	314	(1)
CHAPTER 10 FINITE VERB CLAUSES, PART II: Nominal Clauses	315	(28)
That Clauses	315	(15)
Differences between Relative Clauses and Nominal That Clauses	317	(3)
Appositive That Clauses	320	(1)
Relative Clauses and Deletion Transformations: Appositives	321	(5)
Functions of Nominal That Clauses	326	(1)
Diagramming Nominal That Clauses	326	(4)
Interrogative Clauses	330	(6)
Diagramming Interrogative Clauses	333	(3)
Rhetorical Problems in Using Dependent Clauses	336	(5)
Elliptical Dependent Clauses	339	(1)
Nominal Clauses--The Omission of That	340	(1)
Summary	341	(1)
Review Exercises	341	(1)
Key Terms	342	(1)
CHAPTER 11 NONFINITE VERB PHRASES, PART I: Infinitive Phrases	343	(22)
Infinitive Phrases	345	(11)
Diagramming Infinitive Phrases	348	(3)
Clauses Embedded within Infinitive Phrases	351	(1)
Passive Infinitives	352	(2)
Infinitives without To	354	(2)
Functions of Infinitive Phrases	356	(4)
Adverbial Infinitives	356	(1)
Adjectival Infinitives	357	(2)
Nominal Infinitives	359	(1)
Differences between Infinitives and Prepositional Phrases	360	(2)
Peripheral Cases--Ought to	362	(1)
Summary	362	(1)
Review Exercises	363	(1)
Key Terms	363	(2)
CHAPTER 12 NONFINITE VERB PHRASES, PART II: Participle and Gerund Phrases	365	(36)
Present-Participle Phrases	365	(11)
Diagramming Present-Participle Phrases	368	(2)
Functions of Present-Participle Phrases	370	(4)
Differences between Present Participles and Adjectives	374	(2)
Gerunds	376	(9)
Functions of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases	378	(2)
Differences between Gerunds and Present Participles	380	(2)
Differences between Gerunds and Nouns	382	(1)
Peripheral Cases--Gerunds and Participles	383	(2)
Past-Participle Phrases	385	(12)
Functions of Past-Participle Phrases	387	(1)
Peripheral Cases--Adjectival and Adverbial Past Participles	387	(1)
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Participle Phrases	388	(3)
Differences between Past Participles and Adjectives	391	(6)
Nominative Absolutes	397	(2)
Summary	399	(1)
Review Exercises	399	(1)
Key Terms	400	(1)
CHAPTER 13 STYLISTIC TRANSFORMATIONS AND SENTENCE ANALYSIS	401	(24)
Transitive Phrasal Verbs and the Particle Movement Transformation	402	(6)
The There Transformation	408	(9)
Diagramming Sentences with the Expletive There	413	(4)
The Cleft Sentence Transformations	417	(6)
What Cleft Sentences	417	(2)
It Cleft Sentences	419	(4)
Summary	423	(1)
Review Exercises	423	(1)
Key Terms	424	(1)
APPENDIX: The Sounds of American English	425	(20)
Consonants of English	426	(3)
Allophones	429	(2)
Vowels of English	431	(5)
American Pronunciation	436	(1)
Pronunciation and Spelling	437	(2)
Sound Changes	439	(4)
Summary	443	(1)
Review Exercises	443	(1)
Key Terms	443	(2)
Glossary	445	(8)
Index	453