Anthropology of Latin America and the Caribbean

by Sanabria; Harry

• ISBN13: 9780205380992
• ISBN10: 0205380999
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2005-09-30
• Publisher: ROUTLEDGE

Summary

The text provides broad and historically informed coverage of Latin American and Caribbean societies, their cultural and historical development, as well as the role of power and inequality in this development. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments and Thanks	xii
Preface	xiii
Analytical Approach	xiv
Strengths and Features	xv
Organization and Themes	xv
Anthropology, Latin America, and the Caribbean	1	(16)
Why Study the Anthropology of Latin America and the Caribbean?	1	(5)
Doing Cultural Anthropology and Documenting Everyday Life	6	(1)
Controversies: The Culture of Poverty and Perspectives on the Poor	7	(8)
Oscar Lewis and the ``Culture of Poverty''	8	(2)
Dying and Weeping in Brazilian Favelas	10	(5)
Summary	15	(1)
Issues and Questions	15	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	15	(1)
Endnotes	16	(1)
Introducing Latin America and the Caribbean	17	(33)
Delimiting and Imagining Latin America: Ideas, Spaces, and Places	17	(5)
Countries and Population	22	(2)
Migration and Cities	24	(1)
Languages	25	(2)
Landscapes, Culture, and Society	27	(1)
Major Landscapes	28	(15)
Structural Zones	29	(3)
Physiographic Regions	32	(1)
South America	32	(7)
Mexico	39	(3)
Central America	42	(1)
Caribbean	43	(1)
Landscape Transformations Before and After the Europeans	43	(2)
Controversies: Is the Culture Area Concept Still Useful?	45	(2)
Summary	47	(1)
Issues and Questions	48	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	48	(1)
Endnotes	49	(1)
Society and Culture Before the Europeans	50	(26)
Anthropological Perspectives on the Evolution of Social Complexity	50	(2)
Phases in the Emergence of Societal Complexity in Latin America and the Caribbean	52	(13)
Paleo-Indian	53	(2)
Archaic	55	(6)
Formative	61	(2)
Horizon	63	(2)
The Inca and Aztec States	65	(5)
The Andean and Mesoamerican Highlands: Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries	65	(1)
The Inca and Aztec Expansions	66	(4)
Controversies: The Peopling of the Americas	70	(4)
Summary	74	(1)
Issues and Questions	74	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	74	(1)
Endnote	75	(1)
Conquest, Colonialism, and Resistance	76	(34)
The European Conquests	76	(9)
Voyages, Exploration, and Expenditions	76	(2)
How Did (and Could) It Happen?	78	(6)
The Columbian Exchange	84	(1)
The Colonial Period	85	(14)
Mechanisms of Rule	86	(1)
Encomiendas, Repartimientos, and Tribute	86	(1)
Reducciones	87	(1)
Expansion of the State Bureaucracy	88	(1)
Local Elites as Power and Cultural Brokers	89	(2)
Rituals and Ceremonies	91	(1)
Pillars of the Colonial Economy: Haciendas, Plantations, and Mines	92	(1)
Haciendas	92	(1)
Plantations and Slavery	93	(1)
Mines	94	(1)
Resisting the Colonial Order	95	(1)
Rebellions	95	(2)
Evasive, ``Everyday'' Forms of Resistance	97	(2)
Ethnogenesis	99	(3)
Colonial Legacies, Independence, and the Coalescence of Nation-States	102	(2)
Controversies: The Quincentennial, or Remembering Columbus	104	(3)
Summary	107	(1)
Issues and Questions	108	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	108	(1)
Endnotes	109	(1)
Cultural Politics of Race and Ethnicity	110	(36)
Racial Categories and Racial Fluidity in Latin America	110	(4)
Colonialism, Empire, and the Invention of Race	114	(11)
Marriage and Race in the Eighteenth Through Early Twentieth Centuries	115	(3)
Scientific Racisms of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries	118	(2)
Culture and Race	120	(2)
Decency, Hygiene, and Race	122	(3)
Mestizos and Mestizaje: Class, Race, and Nation	125	(5)
The Rise of Ethnicity and Ethnic Movements	130	(7)
Indian versus Indigenous	130	(2)
Ethnicity, Culture, and Class	132	(1)
Indigenous Movements and the Politics of Difference	133	(2)
Land, Ethnicity, and Indianness	135	(2)
Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Gender	137	(2)
Nationalism	137	(2)
Gender	139	(1)
Controversies: Intellectual Property Rights and Indigenous Peoples	139	(2)
In the United States: Race and Respect in the Streets of New York City	141	(3)
Summary	144	(1)
Issues and Questions	145	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	145	(1)
Cultural Constructions of Gender and Sexuality	146	(35)
Pre-European Gender Systems	146	(4)
Sexuality, Parallelism, and Complementarity	147	(1)
Gender and State Expansion	148	(2)
The Conquest and Colonial Period	150	(1)
Gender and the Consolidation of Nation-States	151	(1)
Femininity and Masculinity: Rethinking Marianismo and Machismo	152	(16)
Contesting Marianismo: Women and Gender in Revolutionary Settings	153	(1)
Cuba	153	(1)
Chile	154	(1)
Nicaragua	155	(1)
Contesting Marianismo: Sexuality and Female-Headed Households	156	(1)
Sexuality	156	(3)
Matrifocality: Female-Headed Households	159	(2)
Real ``Machos'' or Contingent Masculinities?	161	(4)
Contesting Machismo: Alcohol and Fatherhood	165	(1)
Alcohol	165	(1)
Fathering	165	(2)
Models of Behavior or Lived Experience?	167	(1)
Shifting Contours of Masculinity, Femininity, and Sexual Identities	168	(4)
Controversies: Gender, Masculinity, and Violence in Amazonian Societies	172	(4)
In the United States: Courtship, Sexuality, and Love Across the Border	176	(3)
Summary	179	(1)
Issues and Questions	180	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	180	(1)
Religion and Everyday Life	181	(33)
Popular Catholicism	181	(15)
Major Attributes of Popular Catholicism	183	(3)
Facets of Popular Catholicism	186	(1)
The Virgin Mary	186	(4)
Working with the Devil	190	(2)
Todos Santos: The Days of the Dead	192	(4)
The Spread of Protestantism	196	(5)
Maya Women in Mexico	197	(3)
Andean Villagers in Highland Ecuador	200	(1)
The African Heritage: Candomble, Santeria, and Vodou	201	(6)
Controversies: Mesoamerican Civil--Religious Cargo Systems	207	(4)
In the United States: Re-Creating Vodou in Brooklyn	211	(1)
Summary	212	(1)
Issues and Questions	213	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	213	(1)
Striving for Health and Coping with Illness	214	(36)
Medical Anthropology	214	(1)
The Poor Health of Latin America and the Caribbean	215	(14)
Mortality, Access to Biomedicine, and Malnutrition	215	(3)
Poverty, Inequality, and Disease	218	(2)
Tuberculosis	220	(4)
AIDS	224	(4)
Gender and Health	228	(1)
Folk Illnesses: Susto, Mal de Ojo, and Nervios	229	(3)
The Expressive and Healthy Body	232	(4)
Bodies, Communities, and Mountains in the Andes	233	(1)
Body and Knowledge in Lowland South America	234	(1)
Jamaican Bodies: Health, Sexuality, and Gender	234	(2)
Religion and Healing	236	(5)
Shamanism, Ritual Poetics, and Hallucinogenic Healing	236	(4)
Medicine and Religious Pluralism	240	(1)
Controversies: Marijuana and Coca, Health and Politics	241	(6)
Marijuana in Jamaica and Costa Rica	242	(3)
Coca in the Andes	245	(2)
In the United States: Susto and Mal de Ojo Among Florida Framworkers	247	(2)
Summary	249	(1)
Issues and Questions	249	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	249	(1)
Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Expression	250	(31)
Food and Culture	250	(4)
Historical and Cultural Sketch of Latin American Food	254	(6)
Food, Consumption, and Ritual	260	(4)
Guinea Pigs and Ritual in the Andes	260	(2)
Juthaa: Sharing Polluting Food in Trinidad	262	(2)
Communicating Gender and Sexuality Through Food	264	(6)
Highland Ecuador	265	(2)
Jamaica	267	(2)
Brazil	269	(1)
Cuisine, Cookbooks, and Nation-Building	270	(4)
Globalization and National Cuisine in Belize	270	(2)
Cookbooks, Tamales, and Mexican Nation-Building	272	(2)
Controversies: ``Hot'' and ``Cold'' Foods	274	(3)
In the United States: Tamales, Gender, and Survival	277	(2)
Summary	279	(1)
Issues and Questions	280	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	280	(1)
Endnotes	280	(1)
Perspectives on Globalization	281	(33)
Globalization	281	(2)
Tourism, Crafts, and Cultural Authenticity	283	(5)
In Search of the ``Authentic'' and the Timeless	284	(1)
Producing ``Ethnic'' Handicrafts	285	(3)
Transnational Production and Labor	288	(10)
The North American Free Trade Agreement	290	(2)
Transnational Migrants in the United States and Canada	292	(1)
Labor and Gender in Mexican and Guatemalan Maquilas	293	(4)
Lurking Danger on the Borderlands: Women, Maquilas, and Death	297	(1)
Global Interests and the Environment	298	(7)
Sustainable Development and Bioprospecting	299	(2)
Deforestation and Degradation	301	(2)
The Amazon	303	(1)
Central America	304	(1)
Controversies: Global Interests and Ethnographic Representations in the Amazon	305	(4)
In the United States: Domestic Workers in the Midst of Affluence	309	(3)
Summary	312	(1)
Issues and Questions	312	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	313	(1)
Endnote	313	(1)
Manifestations of Popular Culture	314	(37)
What Is Popular Culture?	314	(2)
Sports	316	(7)
Soccer	316	(1)
The Central American Soccer War	317	(1)
Nationalism, Masculinity, and Party Politics in Argentine Soccer	318	(1)
Popular Discontent and Soccer in Urban Chile	319	(1)
Baseball	320	(1)
The Dominician Republic	320	(2)
Cuba	322	(1)
Carnaval and Popular Celebrations	323	(9)
The Origins of Carnaval	323	(1)
Understanding Carnaval	324	(3)
Tourism and Violence in Brazilian Carnaval	327	(3)
Fertility, Community, and the Supernatural in Bolivian Carnaval	330	(2)
Music and Dance	332	(7)
Tango	332	(3)
Salsa	335	(2)
Reggae	337	(2)
Television and Telenovelas	339	(5)
Why Are Telenovelas so Popular?	340	(2)
The Cultural Impact of Telenovelas and Television Programming	342	(2)
Controversies: Tango and Sexuality	344	(3)
In the United States: Quinceaneras, Gender, and Tradition	347	(2)
Summary	349	(1)
Issues and Questions	350	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	350	(1)
Endnote	350	(1)
Violence, Memory, and Striving for a Just World	351	(35)
Violence and Memory	351	(2)
The Central American Civil Wars	353	(8)
Nicaragua and El Salvador	355	(1)
Nicaragua	355	(1)
El Salvador	356	(1)
Guatemala's Despotic State	357	(4)
Chile's Pinochet	361	(3)
Argentina's Dirty War	364	(4)
Colombia's Violencia	368	(3)
Mexico's Zapatistas	371	(3)
Peru's Shining Path	374	(4)
Controversies: Rigoberta Menchu, and the Politics of Memory and Culture	378	(3)
In the United States: Fleeing War and Reconstituting New Lives	381	(3)
Summary	384	(1)
Issues and Questions	385	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	385	(1)
Bibliography	386	(31)
Glossary	417	(6)
Index	423