Applied Aspects of Optical Communication and LIDAR

by Blaunstein; Nathan

• ISBN13: 9781420090406
• ISBN10: 1420090402
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-12-28
• Publisher: Auerbach Public

Summary

Exploring the practical aspects of atmospheric optical communication and light detection and ranging (LIDAR), Applied Aspects of Optical Communication and LIDAR details the role of atmospheric structures on propagation phenomena that influence the transmission of optical signals through perturbed atmospheric communication channels. It examines numerous situations in over-the-terrain atmospheric communication channels, including the effects of natural phenomena and the corresponding features (turbulences and hydrometeors) on optical ray propagation.Bridging the gap between the parameters of optical communication links and signal information data streams, this concise reference addresses line-of-sight (LOS) as well as obstructive non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation conditions. It also:Details the main characteristics of optical communication channelsIntroduces the quasi-regular gaseous atmosphereDescribes numerous situations in the atmospheric communication channelExplains the main characteristics of optical communication channelsComplete with parameters for information data streams, the text also provides time-saving suggestions for determining which optical devices will work best for minimizing the deleterious effects of natural atmospheric phenomena. Whether you're a researcher, an engineer, or student'”this book provides you with the practical understanding required to use LIDAR to investigate all forms of atmospheric phenomena and to learn how to accurately predict primary parameters of atmospheric optical channels.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
About the Authors	p. xv
Atmosphere: Structure and Processes	p. 1
Vertical Profiles of Temperature, Pressure, and Number Density	p. 1
Aerosols	p. 2
Aerosol Loading	p. 4
Aerosol Size Distribution and Spectral Extinction	p. 7
Hydrometeors	p. 12
Fog	p. 12
Rain	p. 13
Clouds	p. 13
First Cloud Cover Model	p. 14
Second Cloud Cover Model	p. 14
Third Cloud Cover Model	p. 15
Ceiling Cloud Model	p. 15
Snow	p. 15
Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 16
Energy Cascade Theory	p. 16
Spectral Characteristics	p. 21
C2n Altitude Distribution	p. 24
L0 Altitude Distribution	p. 26
Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence	p. 28
Generalized Power Spectrum	p. 31
References	p. 33
Optical Wave Propagation in the Atmosphere	p. 41
Refraction Phenomena	p. 41
Effects of Aerosols	p. 43
Attenuation of Aerosols	p. 44
Scattering by Aerosol	p. 45
Aerosol Effects on Optical Wave Propagation	p. 46
Atmospheric Transmission	p. 9
Aerosol Beam Widening	p. 50
Effects of Hydrometeors	p. 53
Effects of Clouds and Fog	p. 53
Effects of Rain	p. 54
Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence on Optical Propagation	p. 55
Scintillations	p. 57
Beam Wander and Angle of Arrival of Optical Wave	p. 63
Measurements of Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 80
Modeling of Atmospheric Optical Turbulence	p. 82
Analytical Models	p. 82
Empirical and Semi-Empirical Models	p. 83
Concept and Applications of Thiermann (MOS) Model	p. 84
Macroscale Meteorological Model	p. 87
Extension of the Macroscale Meteorological Model	p. 92
Line-of-Sight Bending Caused by Strong Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 97
Modeling of Line-of-Sight Bending	p. 99
Boundary Layer Turbulence Modeling	p. 100
Fluctuations of the Refractive Index	p. 104
Line-of-Sight Bending Prediction	p. 107
References	p. 114
Applied Aspects of Lidar	p. 123
Turbulence Profile Measurement with Lidar	p. 125
Imaging Lidar Principle	p. 126
Practical Considerations	p. 131
Lidar Inaccuracy	p. 134
C2n Retrieval Technique	p. 141
Lidar Research of Passive Scalar Field Fluctuations	p. 144
Lidar Method for Turbulence Spectrum Estimation	p. 145
Lidar Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosol Paramecers	p. 152
References	p. 162
Optical Communication Channels	p. 171
Main Characteristics	p. 171
Block Diagram of the Communication System	p. 173
Link Budget	p. 176
Key Parameters Prediction	p. 180
Mathematical and Statistical Description of Signal Fading	p. 181
Lognormal Probability Density Function	p. 183
Gamma-Gamma Density Distribution Function	p. 184
K Probability Density Distribution Function	p. 186
Modulation Methods	p. 186
On-Off Keying Modulation	p. 188
Pulse Amplitude Modulation	p. 193
Pulse Position Modulation	p. 194
The Effect of Turbulence on OOK System Analysis	p. 195
Mitigating Atmospheric Turbulence Effects	p. 198
Performance of an OWC as a Function of Wavelength	p. 198
References	p. 201
Channel and Signal Data Parameters in Atmospheric Optical Communication Links	p. 205
Irrfadiance PDF	p. 206
Gamma-Gamma Distribution	p. 207
Ricean Distribution	p. 208
Key Parameters of Data Stream in Optical Channels with Fading	p. 210
BER of Optical Channel	p. 210
Channel Capacity and Spectral Efficiency	p. 211
Classical Approach	p. 212
Approximate Approach	p. 213
Modeling of Key Parameters of the Channel and Information Data	p. 218
Summary	p. 235
References	p. 236
Abbreviations	p. 241
Index	p. 245
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