Applied Hydrogeology

by Fetter, C.W., Jr.

• ISBN13: 9780130882394
• ISBN10: 0130882399
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-11-16
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This best selling book,Applied Hydrogeologygives readers a balanced examination of all facets of hydrogeology. It text stresses the application of mathematics to problem solving rather than derivation of theory. It provides a balance between physical and chemical hydrogeology. Numerous case studies cultivate reader understanding of the occurrence and movement of ground water in a variety of geologic settings.This valuable reference includes five new case histories: The Dakota Aquifer, Fractures Sedimentary RocksNewark basin, Faults as Aquifer Boundaries, Desert HydrologyAzraq basin, Jordan. Uses the Internet to obtain hydrogeologic data and information. Includes well-developed case studies in most of the chapters. Contains tables covering various functions, unit conversions, and additional data for solving well hydraulics, water chemistry, and contaminant transport problems.For readers interested in advanced hydrology, groundwater hydrology, hydrogeology, and civil engineering.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvi
About the Author	xviii
Water
Water	1	(2)
Hydrology and Hydrogeology	3	(1)
The Hydrologic Cycle	4	(1)
Energy Transformations	5	(3)
The Hydrologic Equation	8	(3)
Mono Lake	9	(2)
Hydrogeologists	11	(1)
Applied Hydrogeology	11	(1)
The Business of Hydrogeology (What Do Hydrogeologists Do All Day?)	12	(4)
Application of Hydrogeology to Human Concerns	12	(2)
Business Aspects of Hydrogeology	14	(1)
Ethical Aspects of Hydrogeology	15	(1)
Sources of Hydrogeological Information	16	(2)
American Society of Testing and Materials Standards	18	(1)
Working the Problems	18	(2)
Solving Problems Using Spreadsheets	20	(4)
Notation	22	(1)
Analysis	22	(1)
Problems	22	(2)
Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle
Evaporation	24	(3)
Transpiration	27	(1)
Evapotranspiration	28	(4)
Condensation	32	(1)
Formation of Precipitation	32	(1)
Measurement of Precipitation and Snow	32	(1)
Effective Depth of Precipitation	33	(4)
Events During Precipitation	37	(5)
Stream Hydrographs	42	(6)
Baseflow Recessions	42	(2)
Storm Hydrograph	44	(2)
Gaining and Losing Streams	46	(2)
Rainfall-Runoff Relationships	48	(2)
Duration Curves	50	(1)
Determining Ground-Water Recharge from Baseflow	51	(4)
Seasonal Recession Method (Meyboom Method)	51	(2)
Recession Curve Displacement Method (Rorabaugh Method)	53	(2)
Measurement of Streamflow	55	(3)
Stream Gauging	55	(2)
Weirs	57	(1)
Manning Equation	58	(8)
Notation	60	(1)
Analysis	61	(1)
Problems	61	(5)
Properties of Aquifers
Matter and Energy (A Brief Review of Physics)	66	(3)
Porosity of Earth Materials	69	(9)
Definition of Porosity	69	(1)
Porosity and Classification of Sediments	70	(5)
Porosity of Sedimentary Rocks	75	(2)
Porosity of Plutonic and Metamorphic Rocks	77	(1)
Porosity of Volcanic Rocks	78	(1)
Specific Yield	78	(3)
Hydraulic Conductivity of Earth Materials	81	(9)
Darcy's Experiment	81	(1)
Hydraulic Conductivity	82	(2)
Permeability of Sediments	84	(4)
Hydraulic Conductivity Estimates in Glacial Outwash	88	(1)
Permeability of Rocks	89	(1)
Permeameters	90	(3)
Water Table	93	(2)
Aquifers	95	(3)
Water-Table and Potentiometric Surface Maps	98	(2)
Aquifer Characteristics	100	(2)
Compressibility and Effective Stress	102	(2)
Homogeneity and Isotropy	104	(3)
Gradient of the Potentiometric Surface	107	(6)
Notation	109	(1)
Analysis	109	(1)
Problems	109	(4)
Principles of Ground-Water Flow
Introduction	113	(1)
Mechanical Energy	114	(1)
Hydraulic Head	115	(3)
Head in Water of Variable Density	118	(3)
Force Potential and Hydraulic Head	121	(1)
Darcy's Law	122	(3)
Darcy's Law in Terms of Head and Potential	122	(1)
The Applicability of Darcy's Law	123	(1)
Specific Discharge and Average Linear Velocity	124	(1)
Equations of Ground-Water Flow	125	(4)
Confined Aquifers	125	(4)
Unconfined Aquifers	129	(1)
Solution of Flow Equations	129	(1)
Gradient of Hydraulic Head	129	(2)
Relationship of Ground-Water-Flow Direction to Grad h	131	(1)
Flow Lines and Flow Nets	132	(4)
Refraction of Flow Lines	136	(2)
Steady Flow in a Confined Aquifer	138	(2)
Steady Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer	140	(10)
Notation	146	(1)
Analysis	147	(1)
Problems	148	(2)
Ground-Water Flow to Wells
Introduction	150	(1)
Basic Assumptions	151	(1)
Radial Flow	151	(2)
Computing Drawdown Caused by a Pumping Well	153	(13)
Flow in a Completely Confined Aquifer	153	(3)
Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquifer	156	(8)
Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer	164	(2)
Determining Aquifer Parameters from Time-Drawdown Data	166	(24)
Introduction	166	(1)
Steady-State Conditions	166	(3)
Nonequilibrium Flow Conditions	169	(14)
Nonequilibrium Radial Flow in a Leaky Aquifer with Storage in the Aquitard	183	(1)
Nonequilibrium Radial Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer	184	(4)
Effect of Partial Penetration of Wells	188	(2)
Slug Tests	190	(15)
Determination of Aquifer Parameters with Slug Tests	190	(1)
Overdamped Response Slug Tests	190	(10)
Underdamped Response Slug Test	200	(4)
General Observations on Slug-Test Analysis	204	(1)
Estimating Aquifer Transmissivity from Specific Capacity Data	205	(2)
Intersecting Pumping Cones and Well Interference	207	(1)
Effect of Hydrogeologic Boundaries	208	(2)
Aquifer-Test Design	210	(9)
Single-Well Aquifer Tests	210	(2)
Aquifer Tests with Observation Wells	212	(2)
Notation	214	(1)
Computer Notes	214	(1)
Analysis	215	(1)
Problems	215	(4)
Soil Moisture and Ground-Water Recharge
Introduction	219	(1)
Porosity and Water Content of Soil	220	(3)
Capillarity and the Capillary Fringe	223	(2)
Pore-Water Tension in the Vadose Zone	225	(1)
Soil Water	225	(3)
Theory of Unsaturated Flow	228	(3)
Water-Table Recharge	231	(5)
Notation	234	(1)
Analysis	235	(1)
Problems	235	(1)
Regional Ground-Water Flow
Introduction	236	(1)
Steady Regional Ground-Water Flow in Unconfined Aquifers	237	(10)
Recharge and Discharge Areas	237	(1)
Ground-Water Flow Patterns in Homogeneous Aquifers	237	(6)
Effect of Buried Lenses	243	(1)
Nonhomogeneous and Anisotropic Aquifers	244	(3)
Transient Flow in Regional Ground-Water Systems	247	(1)
Noncyclical Ground Water	248	(1)
Springs	248	(2)
Geology of Regional Flow Systems	250	(22)
Regional Flow Systems in the Great Basin	250	(5)
Regional Flow Systems in the Coastal Zone of the Southeastern United States	255	(8)
Regional Flow System of the High Plains Aquifer	263	(5)
The Dakota Aquifer	268	(4)
Interactions of Ground Water and Lakes or Wetlands and Streams	272	(11)
Computer Notes	279	(1)
Notation	280	(1)
Analysis	280	(1)
Problems	280	(3)
Geology of Ground-Water Occurrence
Introduction	283	(1)
Unconsolidated Aquifers	284	(13)
Glaciated Terrane	285	(4)
Hydrogeology of a Buried Valley Aquifer at Dayton, Ohio	289	(1)
Alluvial Valleys	289	(2)
Alluvium in Tectonic Valleys	291	(3)
Tectonic Valleys---San Bernardino Area	294	(3)
Lithified Sedimentary Rocks	297	(22)
Sandstone Aquifer of Northeastern Illinois-Southeastern Wisconsin	297	(3)
Complex Stratigraphy	300	(2)
Folds and Faults	302	(1)
Faults as Aquifer Boundaries	303	(4)
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks	307	(2)
Newark Basin Hydrogeology	309	(1)
Carbonate Rocks	310	(9)
Coal and Lignite	319	(1)
Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks	319	(4)
Intrusive Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks	319	(2)
Volcanic Rocks	321	(1)
Volcanic Plateaus---Columbia River Basalts	321	(1)
Volcanic Domes---Hawaiian Islands	322	(1)
Ground Water in Permafrost Regions	323	(3)
Alluvial Aquifers---Fairbanks, Alaska	326	(1)
Ground Water in Desert Areas	326	(1)
Desert Hydrology---Azraq Basin, Jordan	327	(1)
Coastal-Plain Aquifers	327	(4)
Fresh-Water-Saline-Water Relations	331	(6)
Coastal Aquifers	331	(4)
Oceanic Islands	335	(2)
Tidal Effects	337	(1)
Ground-Water Regions of the United States	338	(8)
Western Mountain Ranges	338	(2)
Alluvial Basins	340	(1)
Columbia Lava Plateau	341	(1)
Colorado Plateau and Wyoming Basin	341	(1)
High Plains	341	(1)
Nonglaciated Central Region	342	(1)
Glaciated Central Region	342	(1)
Piedmont---Blue Ridge Region	343	(1)
Northeast and Superior Uplands	343	(1)
Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain	343	(1)
Southeast Coastal Plain	344	(1)
Alluvial Valleys	344	(1)
Hawaiian Islands	344	(1)
Alaska	344	(1)
Puerto Rico	344	(1)
Notation	345	(1)
Problems	345	(1)
Water Chemistry
Introduction	346	(1)
Units of Measurement	347	(1)
Types of Chemical Reactions in Water	348	(1)
Law of Mass Action	348	(2)
Common-Ion Effect	350	(1)
Chemical Activities	350	(3)
Ionization Constant of Water and Weak Acids	353	(2)
Carbonate Equilibrium	355	(6)
Carbonate Reactions	356	(2)
Carbonate Equilibrium in Water with Fixed Partial Pressure of CO2	358	(1)
Carbonate Equilibrium with External pH Control	359	(2)
Thermodynamic Relationships	361	(1)
Oxidation Potential	362	(4)
Ion Exchange	366	(2)
Isotope Hydrology	368	(5)
Statble Isotopes	368	(3)
Radioactive Isotopes Used in Age Dating	371	(2)
Major Ion Chemistry	373	(1)
Presentation of Results of Chemical Analyses	374	(11)
Piper Diagram	374	(2)
Stiff Pattern	376	(1)
Schoeller Semilogarithmic Diagram	377	(1)
Chemical Geohydrology of the Floridan Aquifer System	377	(4)
Notation	381	(1)
Analysis	382	(1)
Problems	383	(2)
Water Quality and Ground-Water Contamination
Introduction	385	(3)
Water-Quality Standards	388	(1)
Collection of Water Samples	389	(2)
Ground-Water Monitoring	391	(6)
Planning a Ground-Water Monitoring Program	391	(1)
Installing Ground-Water Monitoring Wells	391	(5)
Withdrawing Water Samples from Monitoring Wells	396	(1)
Vadose-Zone Monitoring	397	(3)
Mass Transport of Solutes	400	(15)
Introduction	400	(1)
Diffusion	400	(1)
Advection	401	(1)
Mechanical Dispersion	401	(1)
Hydrodynamic Dispersion	402	(5)
Retardation	407	(8)
Degradation of Organic Compounds	415	(1)
Ground-Water Contamination	415	(11)
Introduction	415	(1)
Septic Tanks and Cesspools	416	(2)
Landfills	418	(2)
Chemical Spills and Leaking Underground Tanks	420	(3)
Mining	423	(1)
Contamination from Uranium Tailings Ponds	424	(1)
Other Sources of Ground-Water Contamination	425	(1)
Ground-Water Restoration	426	(2)
Risk-Based Corrective Action	426	(1)
Source-Control Measures	426	(1)
Plume Treatment	427	(1)
Natural and Enhanced Bioremediation	428	(1)
Case History: Ground-Water Contamination at a Superfund Site	428	(8)
Background	428	(2)
Geology	430	(1)
Hydrogeology	431	(1)
Ground-Water Contamination	432	(2)
Site Remediation	434	(2)
Capture-Zone Analysis	436	(5)
Notation	439	(1)
Analysis	440	(1)
Problems	440	(1)
Ground-Water Development and Management
Introduction	441	(1)
Dynamic Equilibrium in Natural Aquifers	442	(1)
Deep Sandstone Aquifer of Northeastern Illinois	443	(1)
Ground-Water Budgets	443	(2)
Management Potential of Aquifers	445	(2)
Paradox of Safe Yield	447	(2)
Water Law	449	(10)
Legal Concepts	449	(1)
Law Regulating Quantity of Surface Water	449	(3)
Laws Regulating Quantity of Ground Water	452	(2)
Arizona's Ground-Water Code	454	(1)
Laws Regulating the Quality of Water	455	(3)
Wisconsin's Ground-Water Protection Law	458	(1)
Artificial Recharge	459	(1)
Protection of Water Quality in Aquifers	460	(3)
Ground-Water Mining and Cyclic Storage	463	(1)
Conjunctive Use of Ground and Surface Water	464	(1)
Global Water Issues	465	(3)
Analysis	467	(1)
Field Methods
Introduction	468	(1)
Fracture-Trace Analysis	469	(5)
Surficial Methods of Geophysical Investigations	474	(18)
Direct-Current Electrical Resistivity	474	(5)
Electromagnetic Conductivity	479	(4)
Seismic Methods	483	(7)
Ground-Penetrating Radar and Magnetometer Surveys	490	(1)
Gravity and Aeromagnetic Methods	491	(1)
Geophysical Well Logging	492	(13)
Caliper Logs	495	(1)
Temperature Logs	495	(1)
Single-Point Resistance	495	(3)
Resistivity	498	(1)
Spontaneous Potential	498	(1)
Nuclear Logging	499	(3)
Use of Multiple Geophysical Methods to Determine the Extent and Thickness of a Critical Confining Layer	502	(3)
Hydrogeologic Site Evaluations	505	(3)
Responsibilities of the Field Hydrogeologist	508	(2)
Project Reports	510	(4)
Notation	512	(1)
Problems	512	(2)
Ground-Water Models
Introduction	514	(2)
Applications of Ground-Water Models	516	(1)
Data Requirements for Models	517	(2)
Finite-Difference Models	519	(5)
Finite-Difference Grids	519	(1)
Finite-Difference Notation	519	(1)
Boundary Conditions	520	(1)
Methods of Solution for Steady-State Case for Square Grid Spacing	521	(2)
Methods of Solution for the Transient Case	523	(1)
Finite-Element Models	524	(1)
Use of Published Models	525	(3)
Modflow Basics	528	(2)
Visual Modflow	530	(1)
Geographical Information Systems	530	(4)
Analysis	531	(3)
Appendices	534	(18)
1. Values of the function W(u) for various values of u	535	(1)
2. Values of the function F(&eeacgr;μ) for various values of &eeacgr; and μ	536	(1)
3. Values of the functions W(μ,r/B) for various values of μ	537	(1)
4. Values of the function H(μβ)	538	(1)
5. Values of the functions KO(x) and exp (x)KO(x)	539	(1)
6. Values of the function W(uA, Γ), and W(uB, Γ) for water-table aquifers	540	(2)
7. Table for length conversion	542	(1)
8. Table for area conversion	542	(1)
9. Table for volume conversion	543	(1)
10. Table for time conversion	543	(1)
11. Solubility products for selected minerals and compounds	544	(1)
12. Atomic weights and numbers of naturally occurring elements	545	(2)
13. Table of values of erf (x) and erfc (x)	547	(1)
14. Absolute density and absolute viscosity of water	548	(1)
15. Loading and running computer programs	549	(3)
Glossary	552	(10)
Answers	562	(5)
References	567	(21)
Index	588

Excerpts

PREFACEHydrogeology is now considered to be a core course in the curriculum of undergraduate geology programs as well as many fields of engineering. There is ongoing demand for persons with training in hydrogeology by consulting organizations, state and federal regulatory agencies, and industrial firms. Most of the employment in hydrogeology is in the environmental area. This is a book that will help prepare students for either a career in hydrogeology or in other areas of environmental science and engineering where a strong background in hydrogeology is needed.Applied Hydrogeologyis intended as a textbook for an introductory course in hydrogeology taught either at the advanced undergraduate level, or as a dual-level undergraduate/graduate course. It is also useful in helping individuals who are preparing to take state examinations for professional registration as a hydrologist or hydrogeologist. It can be found as a reference book in the personal library of many working professionals.The reader is expected to have a working knowledge of college algebra, and calculus is helpful, but not necessary, for practical understanding of the material. A background in college chemistry is necessary to understand the chapter on water chemistry. The book stresses the application of mathematics to problem-solving rather than the derivation of theory. To this end you will find many example problems with step-by-step solutions. Case studies in many chapters enhance understanding of the occurrence and movement of ground water in a variety of geological settings. A glossary of hydrogeological terms makes this book a valuable reference.The fourth edition contains new case studies and end-of-chapter problems. In most cases the problems are paired. An odd-numbered problem will have the answer given in a section in the back of the book, followed by an even-numbered problem without the answer. Step-by-step solutions to the odd-numbered problems can also be found at theApplied Hydrogeologyweb page: http://www.appliedhydrogeology.com. Many chapters in the fourth edition also contain a section called Analysis, with non-numerical questions. The use of spreadsheet programs, such as Microsoft Excel, in hydrogeology is introduced here.Included with the text are working student versions of three computer programs that are used by ground-water professionals. They have been furnished free of charge by the software publishers. No technical support is furnished for these programs, either by the author or the software publisher. However, they are easy to use and come with tutorials and documentation on the CD-ROM.The following reviewers provided helpful suggestions for the fourth edition: Gary S. Johnson, University of Idaho; Larry Murdoch, Clemson University; Claude Epstein, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey; David L. Brown, California State University at Chico; F. Edwin Harvey, University of Nebraska at Lincoln; Edward L. Shuster, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Willis D. Weight, Montana Tech. of the University of Montana; Larry D. McKay, University of Tennessee at Knoxville; Laura L. Sanders, Northwestern Illinois University; Jean Hoff, St. Cloud State University; and Jim Butler, Kansas Geological Survey.I am grateful to Larry Murdoch and Rex Hodges of Clemson University for introducing me to the use of spreadsheet ground-water flow models. I would especially like to thank Glenn Duffield of Hydrosolve, Inc. for furnishing the student version of AQTESOLV, Pat Delaney of Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc. for furnishing the student version of Visual MODFLOW and Kirk Hemker for the use of FLOWNETLT. Todd Rayne of Hamilton College has prepared the solution manual for the problems, which course instructors can request from their Prentice Hall sales representative. Patrick Lynch, Senior Editor for Geology at Prentice Hall, has been very supportive through the course of my