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Approaching Democracy

by Berman, Larry; Murphy, Bruce

Edition:

5th

ISBN13:

9780131744011

ISBN10:

0131744011

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

1/1/2007

Publisher(s):

Prentice Hall

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What version or edition is this?

This is the 5th edition with a publication date of 1/1/2007.

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The Used copy of this book is not guaranteed to inclue any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included.

Summary

The Teaching and Learning Classroom Edition of Approaching Democracy offers an exciting new approach for learning American government. Its highly visual presentation, focused pedagogical support, and inquiry-based approach will engage and inspire students' appreciation of the American political landscape. And, with an extensive teaching and learning package, instructors and students will be able to maximize class preparation and teaching time.

Boxed Features	p. xv
Preface	p. xvii
About the Authors	p. xxv
Supplemental Texts and Readings for American Government	p. xxvii
Student Tool Kit	p. xxix
Foundations of American Democracy
Approaching Democracy	p. 2
Approaching Democracy: Si Se Puede-"It Can Be Done"	p. 4
Introduction: Democracy as an Evolutionary Process	p. 6
Forming a Picture of Democracy	p. 8
Direct and Indirect Democracy	p. 9
The Roots of Democracy	p. 12
The Ideals of Democracy	p. 13
Freedom and Equality	p. 13
Order and Stability	p. 14
Majority Rule and Protection of Minority Rights	p. 15
Participation	p. 16
The Elements of Democracy	p. 16
Summary	p. 20
Review Questions	p. 22
Key Terms	p. 22
Suggested Readings	p. 22
The Founding and the Constitution	p. 24
Approaching Democracy: The Senate Almost "Goes Nuclear"	p. 26
Introduction: The Road to Democracy	p. 28
The Seeds of American Democracy	p. 28
Early Colonial Governments	p. 28
Social Contract Theorists	p. 30
First Moves Toward a Union	p. 31
Rebellion: Causes and Consequences	p. 32
The Sugar and Stamp Acts	p. 33
The Townshend Revenue Acts	p. 33
The Boston Massacre	p. 34
Committees of Correspondence	p. 35
The Boston Tea Party	p. 35
Revolution and the Stirrings of a New Government	p. 36
The First Continental Congress	p. 36
The Shot Heard 'Round the World	p. 36
The Second Continental Congress	p. 37
Common Sense	p. 37
The Declaration of Independence	p. 37
The First New Government: A Confederation of States	p. 39
The Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)	p. 39
The Need for a More Perfect Union	p. 41
The Constitutional Convention	p. 42
The Task	p. 42
The Participants	p. 43
The Major Players	p. 44
Plans for a New Government	p. 44
Debate and Compromise: The Turning Point of the Convention	p. 46
The Issue of Slavery	p. 48
The Nature of the Presidency	p. 49
The Miracle: Results of the Convention	p. 52
A Republican Form of Government	p. 52
The Governmental Powers	p. 53
Horizontal Powers	p. 53
Vertical Powers	p. 55
The Articles of the Constitution	p. 56
Ratification: The Battle for the Constitution	p. 60
The Federalist Papers	p. 60
Federalists versus Antifederalists	p. 61
Ratification by Way of Compromise: A Bill of Rights	p. 62
Politics the Old-Fashioned Way: A Look at the Battle for Ratification	p. 62
Adoption of the Bill of Rights	p. 64
Updating the Constitution	p. 65
Updating the Constitution through the Amendment Process	p. 65
Updating the Constitution by Judicial Interpretation	p. 67
The Gettysburg Address and America's Approach to Democracy	p. 68
Summary	p. 69
Review Questions	p. 70
Key Terms	p. 71
Suggested Readings	p. 71
The Constitution of the United States	p. 72
Federalism	p. 88
Approaching Democracy: From Wheat to Marijuana	p. 90
Introduction: Federalism and Democracy	p. 92
Federalism Defined	p. 92
Federalism: Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 93
Federalism in the Constitution	p. 95
The Triad of Powers	p. 95
The Division of Powers	p. 97
The Development of Federalism	p. 100
Debating the National Role: Hamilton Versus Jefferson	p. 100
Asserting National Power: McCulloch v. Maryland	p. 101
Expanding National Power Further: Gibbons v. Ogden	p. 101
Asserting State Power: Nullification	p. 102
Developing a System of Separation: Dual Federalism	p. 102
Creating a Cooperative System: The New Deal Era	p. 103
Seeking Uniformity: Federalism in the Post-New Deal Era	p. 105
Federal Grants and Federal Mandates: Federalism since 1930	p. 105
Balancing Federal-State Relations: Policy Innovation and Protecting Rights	p. 109
State Policy Initiatives	p. 109
Protection of Rights	p. 112
Presidents and Federalism	p. 112
Roosevelt, Truman, and Eisenhower: The Era of Cooperative Federalism, 1930-1963	p. 112
Lyndon Johnson: The Era of Creative Federalism, 1963-1968	p. 113
Richard Nixon's New Federalism, 1969-1974	p. 114
Creative Federalism Returns under Jimmy Carter, 1977-1980	p. 115
Ronald Reagan's New New Federalism, 1981-1988	p. 115
The George H. W. Bush Years, 1989-1992	p. 117
Bill Clinton and New(t) Federalism, 1993-2001	p. 117
George W. Bush, 2001-Present	p. 118
The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Federalism	p. 119
Federalism and Approaching Democracy in the Twenty-First Century	p. 121
Summary	p. 122
Review Questions	p. 122
Key Terms	p. 123
Suggested Readings	p. 123
Visualizing Democracy/From Cesar Chavez to Antonio Villaraigosa	p. 124
Institutions of American Democracy
Congress	p. 126
Approaching Democracy: Negotiating the Legislative Labyrinth	p. 128
Introduction: Congress and Democracy	p. 130
The Structure and Powers of Congress	p. 130
What the Framers Had in Mind	p. 130
Limits on Congress's Power	p. 132
The Members of Congress	p. 133
Who Are the Members?	p. 133
Congressional Districts	p. 135
Majority-Minority Districts and the Approach to Democracy	p. 138
Delegates Versus Trustees	p. 140
Name Recognition and the Incumbency Factor	p. 141
The Two Congresses: The Public's View of Congress	p. 143
How Congress Organizes Itself	p. 143
Congressional Leadership	p. 144
Congressional Committees: The Laboratories of Congress	p. 147
Why Does Congress Use Committees?	p. 148
The Rise of Subcommittees	p. 149
Decline of the Congressional Committees	p. 151
Congress in Session	p. 152
The Rules and Norms of Congress	p. 152
How Members Make Voting Decisions	p. 158
How a Bill Becomes a Law	p. 160
The Congressional Agenda	p. 160
Congress Considers the Bill	p. 161
Obstacles to Passage of a Bill	p. 164
Overcoming the Legislative Obstacles	p. 165
Additional Functions of Congress	p. 166
The Republican Revolution of 1994 and Beyond	p. 167
Congress Toward the 2006 Election	p. 168
Summary	p. 171
Review Questions	p. 171
Key Terms	p. 172
Suggested Readings	p. 172
The Presidency	p. 174
Approaching Democracy: The Presidency of George W. Bush	p. 176
Introduction: The Presidency and Democracy	p. 178
The Constitutional Design	p. 178
Who Is Eligible to Be President?	p. 179
Presidential Powers	p. 179
Functional Roles of the President	p. 185
Two Views of Executive Power	p. 189
Expanding Presidential Power: Moving Beyond the Constitution	p. 193
Conducting Foreign Policy and Making War	p. 193
Going Public	p. 196
The Institutionalized Presidency	p. 198
The White House Office	p. 198
The Executive Office of the President	p. 200
The Cabinet	p. 201
The Vice Presidency	p. 202
Summary	p. 203
Review Questions	p. 204
Key Terms	p. 204
Suggested Readings	p. 205
The Judiciary	p. 206
Approaching Democracy: Changing of the Guard?	p. 208
Introduction: The Courts and Democracy	p. 210
The Origins and Development of Judicial Power	p. 210
Creating the "Least Dangerous Branch"	p. 210
Marbury v. Madison: The Source of Judicial Power	p. 211
Judicial Review: The Court's Ultimate Power	p. 212
Other Powers of the Supreme Court	p. 212
Independence of the Judiciary	p. 213
The Organization of the American Court System	p. 215
Types of Courts	p. 215
Types of Cases	p. 217
Organization of the Federal Courts	p. 217
Court Appointments: The Process and the Politics	p. 219
The Supreme Court Appointment Process	p. 219
The Impact of Presidential Appointments on the Supreme Court	p. 223
Staffing the Lower Federal Courts	p. 224
How the Supreme Court Operates	p. 227
Selecting Cases	p. 228
The Solicitor General: "The Government's Lawyer"	p. 230
The Process of Deciding Cases	p. 231
Marshaling the Court: The Opinion-Drafting Process	p. 233
The Announcement of Opinions	p. 234
Law Clerks: The Real Tenth Justices?	p. 234
Analyzing Supreme Court Decisions	p. 236
The Use of Precedent and Other Legal Factors	p. 236
The Mind-Set of Individual Justices	p. 237
Judicial Character	p. 239
Voting Blocs	p. 239
Limitations of Court Analysis	p. 241
Implementing Supreme Court Decisions	p. 242
The President and the Court	p. 242
Congress and the Court	p. 242
Court Impact at State and Local Levels	p. 243
Public Opinion and the Supreme Court	p. 243
The Court's Independence in Approaching Democracy	p. 244
Summary	p. 245
Review Questions	p. 246
Key Terms	p. 246
Suggested Readings	p. 246
The Bureaucracy	p. 248
Approaching Democracy: The Department of Homeland Security and the War on Terrorism	p. 250
Introduction: Bureaucracy and Democracy	p. 252
Background on the Bureaucracy	p. 252
Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy	p. 254
Evolution of the Bureaucracy: Creating the Civil Service	p. 256
Meet the Bureaucracy	p. 259
What the Bureaucracy Does	p. 259
The Structure of the Federal Bureaucracy	p. 263
Constraints on the Bureaucracy and Bureaucratic Culture	p. 265
Bureaucratic Accountability	p. 267
Presidential Control	p. 269
Congressional Control	p. 270
What the Public Thinks of the Bureaucracy	p. 271
Are the Criticisms Justified?	p. 272
Reforming the Bureaucracy	p. 273
Summary	p. 275
Review Questions	p. 276
Key Terms	p. 276
Suggested Readings	p. 276
Visualizing Democracy/Presidential Wars, Crises and Their Challenge to Democracy	p. 278
Processes of American Democracy
Public Opinion	p. 280
Approaching Democracy: Landon Defeats Roosevelt	p. 282
Introduction: Public Opinion and Democracy	p. 284
What Is Public Opinion?	p. 284
Measuring Public Opinion	p. 286
Political Socialization	p. 289
The Role of Family	p. 289
Schooling	p. 291
Peers	p. 291
Television	p. 292
Social Variables that Influence Opinion Formation	p. 292
Class	p. 293
Income	p. 293
Race and Ethnicity	p. 293
Religion	p. 294
Region	p. 295
Gender	p. 296
American Political Culture	p. 297
Core Values	p. 298
Political Ideology	p. 299
Culture and Lifestyle	p. 301
The State of American Public Opinion	p. 301
Political Awareness and Involvement	p. 301
How Are Political Opinions Formed?	p. 303
Stability and Change in Public Opinion	p. 305
How Changeable Is Public Opinion?	p. 306
From Public Opinion to Public Policy	p. 307
Summary	p. 308
Review Questions	p. 308
Key Terms	p. 308
Suggested Readings	p. 309
Political Parties	p. 310
Approaching Democracy: Evangelicals and the 2004 Election	p. 312
Introduction: Political Parties and Democracy	p. 314
A Brief History of the American Party System	p. 314
The First Party System (1790s-1820s)	p. 315
The Second Party System (1820s-1850s)	p. 316
The Third Party System (1850s-1890s)	p. 317
The Fourth Party System (1896-1932)	p. 317
The Fifth Party System (1932-1968)	p. 318
A Sixth Party System? 1968 to Present	p. 318
"Red v. Blue": The Current Balanced Political Party System	p. 319
Functions of American Political Parties	p. 322
Parties Organize the Election Process	p. 322
Parties Represent Group Interests	p. 323
Parties Simplify Political Choices	p. 323
Parties Organize Government and Policy Making	p. 323
Party Organization	p. 324
Parties at the Grass Roots	p. 324
The Party Machine	p. 325
National Party Organization	p. 326
Party Similarities and Differences	p. 327
Nominating a President: Parties and Elections	p. 330
Nominating Candidates	p. 330
Reforming the Nominating Process	p. 333
Why a Two-Party System?	p. 338
Institutional Factors	p. 338
Cultural Factors	p. 339
Party Identification	p. 339
Minor Parties	p. 340
Why Minor Parties Appear	p. 340
Minor Party Performance	p. 340
Functions of Minor Parties	p. 342
The Party in Government	p. 342
The Importance of Party Ideology	p. 343
Political Parties and the 2008 Election	p. 344
Summary	p. 346
Review Questions	p. 347
Key Terms	p. 347
Suggested Readings	p. 348
Participation, Voting, and Elections	p. 350
Approaching Democracy: The Motor-Voter Law, 1995-2005	p. 352
Introduction: Political Participation and Democracy	p. 354
Who Participates?	p. 354
A Brief History of Voting in the United States	p. 355
Voting	p. 357
Voter Turnout	p. 358
Explaining Turnout	p. 359
Nonvoting	p. 361
Who Votes?	p. 362
The Gender Gap	p. 363
A Voting Trend: Direct Democracy	p. 364
Voting Choice	p. 365
Party	p. 365
Candidate Appeal	p. 366
Policies and Issues	p. 366
Campaigns	p. 367
Other Forms of Political Participation	p. 368
Campaign and Election Activities	p. 368
Seeking Information	p. 369
Protest, Civil Disobedience, and Violence	p. 370
Congressional Elections	p. 370
Presidential Coattails	p. 371
Presidential Elections	p. 371
The Electoral College: The Framers' Intention	p. 372
The Electoral College and Strategies for Campaigning	p. 373
Electoral College Reform?	p. 374
Interpreting Presidential Elections	p. 375
Money and Elections	p. 376
Federal Matching Funds	p. 377
Campaign Finance Reform	p. 377
Summary	p. 380
Review Questions	p. 380
Key Terms	p. 381
Suggested Readings	p. 381
Interest Groups	p. 382
Approaching Democracy: Supreme Cyber-Battle	p. 384
Introduction: Interest Groups and Democracy	p. 386
Interest Groups: A Tradition in American Politics	p. 386
What Is an Interest Group?	p. 387
A Long History of Association	p. 388
Recent Trends	p. 389
Functions of Interest Groups	p. 391
Interest Groups Allow for Collective Action	p. 391
Interest Groups Provide Information	p. 394
Types of Interest Groups	p. 394
Economic Interest Groups	p. 394
Public Interest Groups	p. 397
Government Interest Groups	p. 398
Ideological Interest Groups	p. 399
Religious Interest Groups	p. 399
Civil Rights Interest Groups	p. 399
Single-Issue Interest Groups	p. 401
Characteristics of Interest Groups	p. 401
Interest Group Membership	p. 401
Other Characteristics of Interest Groups	p. 403
Interest Group Strategies	p. 404
Lobbying	p. 404
Grassroots Activity	p. 406
Using the Courts and Lobbying the Political Branches	p. 408
Political Action Committees	p. 408
Regulation of Interest Groups	p. 410
Assessing the Impact of Interest Groups	p. 411
Growth of the Evangelical Christian Lobbying Movement	p. 413
Lobbying in the Twenty-First Century	p. 414
Toward the 2006 Election: Interest Groups and 527s	p. 415
Summary	p. 417
Review Questions	p. 418
Key Terms	p. 418
Suggested Readings	p. 418
The Media	p. 420
Approaching Democracy: A New Web of Influence: Bloggers Rewrite the Rules of Journalism	p. 422
Introduction: The Media and Democracy	p. 424
The Emergence of the Media	p. 425
Newspapers	p. 426
Magazines	p. 427
Radio	p. 428
Television	p. 428
New Media Technologies	p. 429
Functions of the Media	p. 430
Surveillance	p. 430
Interpretation	p. 432
Socialization	p. 433
Limits on Media Freedom	p. 433
Regulating the Media	p. 434
Prior Restraint Versus the Right to Know	p. 435
Ideological Bias and Media Control	p. 437
Media Ownership and Control	p. 438
Media-Government Symbiosis	p. 439
The Media and Elections	p. 439
Press Coverage	p. 440
Talk Shows	p. 440
Television and Presidential Elections	p. 441
Political Advertising	p. 442
Summary	p. 444
Review Questions	p. 445
Key Terms	p. 445
Suggested Readings	p. 445
Visualizing Democracy/Straddling the Red State/Blue State Divide	p. 446
Liberties and Rights in American Democracy
Civil Liberties	p. 448
Approaching Democracy: Reconsidering the Patriot Act	p. 450
Introduction: Civil Liberties and Democracy	p. 452
Defining and Examining Civil Liberties and Civil Rights	p. 452
The Dawn of Civil Liberties and Civil Rights in America	p. 453
A History of the Application of Civil Liberties to the States	p. 454
The Fourteenth Amendment	p. 456
The Clear and Present Danger Test	p. 457
The Beginnings of Incorporation	p. 458
Selective Incorporation of the Bill of Rights	p. 458
Freedom of Religion	p. 459
Establishment of Religion	p. 460
Free Exercise of Religion	p. 462
Freedom of Speech	p. 464
Political Speech	p. 465
Public Speech	p. 466
Symbolic Speech	p. 466
Freedom of the Press	p. 467
Prior Restraint	p. 467
Libel	p. 468
Obscenity	p. 469
Confidentiality of Sources	p. 470
The Rights of Defendants	p. 471
The Fourth Amendment	p. 471
The Fifth and Sixth Amendments	p. 476
The Eighth Amendment	p. 479
The Expanding Nature of Implied Rights	p. 482
Privacy	p. 482
Gay Rights	p. 483
The New Battleground over Gay Rights	p. 485
Abortion	p. 487
The Right to Die	p. 489
Summary	p. 491
Review Questions	p. 492
Key Terms	p. 492
Suggested Readings	p. 492
Civil Rights and Political Equality	p. 494
Approaching Democracy: Divided We Stand: Whither Affirmative Action?	p. 496
Introduction: Civil Rights and Democracy	p. 498
Defining Civil Rights	p. 498
Establishing Constitutional Equality	p. 499
The Dred Scott Case	p. 500
The Civil War and Reconstruction	p. 500
Creating Legal Segregation	p. 501
Separate but Equal?	p. 502
The Disenfranchisement of African American Voters	p. 502
Establishing Legal Equality	p. 502
The White House and Desegregation	p. 503
Seeking Equality in the Schools	p. 503
State and Federal Responses	p. 505
The Civil Rights Movement	p. 506
The Civil Rights Acts	p. 508
The Supreme Court and Civil Rights	p. 508
De Jure Versus De Facto Discrimination	p. 509
Affirmative Action	p. 510
Seeking Full Equality: Opportunity or Result?	p. 511
Affirmative Action in the Reagan-Bush Era	p. 512
The Future of Civil Rights	p. 513
Women's Rights	p. 515
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back	p. 515
The Struggle for Suffrage	p. 516
The Road to Equality	p. 516
Seeking Equality Through the Courts	p. 517
Civil Rights and Other Minorities	p. 522
Hispanic Americans	p. 522
Native Americans	p. 523
Emerging Minority Groups Seek Prominence	p. 525
Americans with Disabilities	p. 525
Civil Rights and the War on Terrorism	p. 527
Civil Rights and Approaching Democracy	p. 528
Summary	p. 528
Review Questions	p. 529
Key Terms	p. 530
Suggested Readings	p. 530
Visualizing Democracy/Minority Rights in America	p. 532
Policy Making in American Democracy
Domestic and Economic Policy	p. 534
Approaching Democracy: The First Major Achievement of a New Era	p. 536
Introduction: Public and Economic Policy	p. 538
Types of Policies	p. 538
The Policy-Making Process	p. 539
The Life Cycle of Policy Making	p. 539
Joining the Public Agenda	p. 542
Reaching the Formal Agenda	p. 543
Implementing a Policy	p. 543
Evaluating a Policy	p. 544
Terminating a Policy	p. 544
Continuing a Policy	p. 545
Regulatory Policy	p. 545
Regulating the Environment	p. 546
Social Welfare Policy	p. 548
The Social Security Act	p. 548
The War on Poverty	p. 551
Economic Policy	p. 555
The Goals of Economic Policy	p. 556
The Politics of the Federal Budget	p. 556
The President Proposes, Congress Disposes	p. 556
How the Budget Is Prepared	p. 557
Taxing	p. 560
Sources of Tax Dollars	p. 560
Tax Reform	p. 561
Spending	p. 562
The Politics of International Economic Policy	p. 563
Summary	p. 565
Review Questions	p. 566
Key Terms	p. 566
Suggested Readings	p. 566
Foreign Policy	p. 568
Approaching Democracy: From Operation Enduring Freedom to Operation Iraqi Freedom	p. 570
Introduction: Foreign Policy and Democracy	p. 572
An Overview of American Foreign Policy	p. 573
Isolation and Regionalism	p. 573
World War I	p. 574
World War II	p. 574
Globalism and the Cold War	p. 575
The Post-Cold War Era	p. 580
The Constitution and Foreign Policy	p. 585
The President Versus Congress	p. 586
The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy	p. 588
The State Department	p. 588
The Defense Department	p. 589
The National Security Council	p. 589
The CIA and Intelligence Gathering	p. 590
The Agencies Behind Economic Policy Making	p. 590
Democratic Checks on Foreign Policy	p. 592
The Press	p. 592
The Public	p. 592
Summary	p. 596
Review Questions	p. 596
Key Terms	p. 597
Suggested Readings	p. 597
Visualizing Democracy/Living on Alert Since 9/11	p. 598
Introducing the Concept of Approaching Democracy	p. 603
Presidents and Congresses, 1789-2006	p. 605
Supreme Court Justices	p. 607
The Declaration of Independence	p. 609
The Federalist, No. 10, James Madison	p. 611
The Federalist, No. 51, James Madison	p. 615
Glossary	p. 617
Notes	p. 627
Photo Credits	p. 643
Student Guide: ABC News/Prentice Hall Videos in American Government	p. 645
Index	p. 655
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