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9780155051898

Archaeology : Down to Earth

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780155051898

  • ISBN10:

    015505189X

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 1998-10-22
  • Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

David Hurst Thomas presents a welcome alternative to the third person accounts found in archaeology texts on the market, with his passionate, down-to-earth introduction to archaeological method and theory. By including his own fieldwork among the many examples, the author with a "voice" gives students real insights into the practice of archaeology. This text emphasizes the importance of seeking multiple perspectives and explanations to understand the past. The author's vast experience discovering and excavating hundreds of archaeological sites provides students with an exciting look at the practice of archaeology today.

Table of Contents

Preface v
How This Book Evolved vi
Why a New Edition? viii
So What's New Here? ix
Who Helped Out? xi
What Is Archaeology?
1(28)
The Western World Discovers Its Past
2(6)
A.D./B.C./B.P. . . . Archaeology's Alphabet Soup
3(5)
Founders of Americanist Archaeology
8(11)
America's First Prehistoric Archaeologist
8(2)
Thomas Jefferson
A Genteel Digger
10(1)
C. B. Moore
America's First-Generation ``Working'' Archaeologist
11(2)
Nels Nelson
Founder of Anthropological Archaeology
13(2)
A. V. ``Ted'' Kidder
A Master of Time
15(2)
James A. Ford
Americanist Archaeology at Mid-Century
17(1)
Archaeology's Unrecognized Working Women
18(1)
Mary Ann Levine
Revolution: Archaeology's Angry Young Men
19(8)
Moses in the Wilderness
20(2)
W. W. Taylor
Visionary With a Message
22(2)
Lewis R. Binford
Neither Angry nor a Young Man
24(3)
Kathleen A. Deagan
Summary
27(1)
Archaeology on the Internet
28(1)
Anthropology, Science, and the Humanities
29(31)
What's an Anthropological Approach?
30(1)
What Is Culture?
31(3)
The Emic Vesus the Etic
32(1)
Ideational Versus Adaptive Research Strategies
33(1)
Current Theoretical Approaches in Archaeology
34(1)
What's a Scientific Approach?
34(7)
Science as an Archaeological Method
35(1)
How Science Explains Things: The Maize Maze
36(5)
What's a Humanistic Approach?
41(2)
Levels of Archaeological Theory
43(4)
Low-Level Archaeological Theory
44(2)
Theory at the Middle Level
46(1)
General Theory in Archaeology
47(1)
Understanding Archaeology's Primary -isms and -ologies
47(9)
High-Level Theory: Cultural Materialism
48(1)
The Processual Agenda: Cultural Materialism at Work in Archaeology
49(2)
High-Level Theory: Postmodern Interpretivism
51(1)
Postmodern Interpretive Anthropology
52(2)
The Postprocessual Critique: Postmodern Interpretivism at Work
54(2)
Contemporary Archaeology: Seeking a Middle Ground
56(1)
In His Own Words: On Multiple Perspectives in Archaeology
56(1)
Robert W. Preucel
Summary
57(1)
Anthropology on the Internet
58(2)
Chronology Building: How to Get a Date
60(27)
Tree-Ring Dating
61(8)
Year-by-Year Chronology Becomes a Reality
63(2)
Dating a Viking Queen
65(4)
Radiocarbon Dating
69(8)
Kinds of Carbon
70(1)
What the Radiocarbon Laboratory Can Tell You
70(2)
Can You Handle the Uncertainty?
72(1)
Tree Rings Incite the Second Radiocarbon Revolution
72(2)
Is the Shroud of Turin the Burial Cloth of Christ?
74(1)
Accelerator Dating: The Third Radiocarbon Revolution
75(2)
Obsidian Hydration
77(3)
Some Rocks Are Wetter Than Others
78(1)
Estimating Absolute Age With Obsidian Hydration Dating
78(2)
Radiometric Dating of Potassium
80(2)
Dating Ancient Ostrich Egg Shells
82(2)
A Brief Warning About Arguments of Relevance
84(1)
Summary
84(1)
Dating Techniques on the Internet
85(2)
Chronology Building: Low-Level Archaeological Theory in Action
87(34)
Fossil Footprints at Laetoli: The Law of Superposition in Action
89(5)
Finding the Famous Fossil Footprints
89(1)
Mary Leakey
Let's Start With the Facts
90(3)
Fine, but How Old Are the Footprints?
93(1)
Unlocking the Stratigraphy at Gatecliff Shelter
94(5)
Physical Stratigraphy at Gatecliff Shelter
98(1)
The Index Fossil Concept
99(3)
Diagnostic Artifacts: Archaeology's Version of Index Fossils
99(2)
Kidder Does Nelson One Better
101(1)
Types of Types
102(2)
Morphological Types
104(1)
Temporal Types in Prehistoric Archaeology
105(1)
Southwestern Ceramic Time-Markers
105(1)
Seriation
106(3)
Time-Markers in Historical Archaeology
109(5)
Pipe Stem Dating
109(2)
Documentary Evidence to Define Time-Markers
111(3)
Basic Units of Regional Archaeology
114(3)
Culture Chronology Versus Culture History
117(1)
Summary
118(2)
Chronology Building on the Internet
120(1)
Fieldwork: Why Archaeologists Walk Straight Lines and Dig Square Holes
121(36)
Good Old Gumshoe Survey
122(4)
What Archaeological Survey Was Like in 1907
124(2)
A. V. Kidder
How to Find a Lost Spanish Mission
126(8)
A Randomized Transect Approach
127(1)
A Power Auger Approach
128(1)
A Proton Magnetometer Approach
128(2)
How Kathleen Deagan Found Old St. Augustine
130(4)
Data at a Distance
134(1)
High Altitude Imagery
135(3)
The Ancient Roads of Chaco Canyon
136(2)
A Soil Resistivity Approach
138(2)
A Ground-Penetrating Radar Approach
140(7)
Ceren: The New World Pompeii?
141(3)
The Emperor's Secrets Are Buried: No Digging Allowed
144(3)
The Potential of Noninvasive Archaeology
147(1)
Some Basic Excavation Strategies
148(3)
Some Rules and Principles Guiding Archaeological Excavation
151(3)
Sifting the Evidence
151(1)
Flotation
152(1)
Archaeology's Conservation Ethic: Dig Only What You Must
153(1)
How Do People Learn How to Dig?
154(1)
Summary
155(1)
Archaeological Fieldwork on the Internet: How Can I Get on a Dig?
156(1)
Middle-Range Research: Ethnoarchaeology and Experimental Archaeology
157(27)
Formation Processes That Create the Archaeological Record
158(3)
Depositional Processes
159(1)
Reclamation Processes
159(1)
Disturbance Processes
160(1)
Reuse Processes
160(1)
Middle-Range Research: What Is It?
161(4)
The Linkage Problem
161(1)
Some Bones of Contention
162(3)
What Is Ethnoarchaeology?
165(3)
Lewis Binford Takes Off for Points North
166(1)
Why I Began Doing Ethnoarchaeology
167(1)
Lewis R. Binford
The Garbage Project: The Archaeology of Yesterday's Lunch
168(7)
Quantifying Today's Material Reality
168(2)
Examining Social Issues
170(1)
Linking Past to Present
171(1)
Looking at America's Landfills
172(2)
Garbage and Our Future
174(1)
William L. Rathje
Experimental Archaeology as Middle-Range Research
175(7)
Stone Tools: How Were They Made?
176(2)
How Does George Frison Hunt Extinct Mammoths?
178(3)
What Does Replicative Experimentation Prove?
181(1)
Summary
182(1)
Middle-Range Research on the Internet
182(2)
How People Get Their Groceries: Reconstructing Human Subsistence and Ecology
184(32)
Ancient Bison Hunting at Olsen-Chubbuck
186(2)
Joe Ben Wheat
What's an Archaeofauna?
188(5)
The Basic Problem: What to Count?
189(4)
Taphonomy
193(1)
Reconstructing Human Diet From Animal Bones
194(1)
Reconstructing Early Californian Cuisine
195(3)
What Archaeologists Learn From Ancient Plant Remains
198(1)
Applying Palynology to Archaeology
199(4)
Star Carr: Assessing Human Impact on Postglacial Forests
200(1)
Shanidar Cave: Pointing Up the Need for Controls
201(2)
Analyzing Plant Phytoliths
203(2)
High Altitude Archaeology
204(1)
Thomas Jefferson's Elusive Garden
204(1)
Estimating Seasonality
205(4)
Excavating and Interpreting Seasonal Diagnostics
205(2)
Defining Seasonality at Star Carr
207(2)
``Reading the Fuel'' in the Ancient Andes
209(5)
How Can These Patterns Be Explained?
211(2)
Moving Beyond Econo-Think
213(1)
Relating Ideology to the Past
213(1)
Summary
214(1)
Ancient Subsistence and Paleoecology on the Internet
215(1)
Some Bioarchaeological Perspectives on the Past
216(27)
Paleopathology and Skeletal Analysis
217(1)
Reconstructing Diet by Analyzing Stable Isotopes in Human Bones
218(7)
Maize in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico
219(3)
Maize in the Chavin Civilization of Peru
222(3)
Looking for Indicators of Stress
225(2)
Paleodemography
227(3)
Exploring the Frontiers of Molecualr Archaeology
230(1)
Hair as Data?
230(1)
The Case of the Missing Russian Czar
231(3)
Where's the Last Romanov Ruler?
232(1)
British Royalty Clinches the Case
233(1)
A Little Background on DNA
234(2)
How Is DNA Inherited?
234(1)
What Is PCR?
235(1)
Prospecting for Ancient DNA
236(1)
The Story of African Eve
237(1)
Tracking the First American
238(2)
Tracking the First Americans Through Historical Linguistics
240(1)
Summary
240(1)
Bioarchaeology on the Internet
241(2)
Understanding Social Systems of the Past
243(28)
The Nature of Social Groups
244(1)
The Nature of Social Status
244(2)
Engendering the Human Past
246(7)
The Man-the-Hunter Myth
247(1)
Seeking Archaeology's Amazingly Invisible Woman
247(1)
The Real Flintstones?
248(3)
Diane Gifford-Gonzalez
The Difference Between Sex and Gender
251(1)
Bioarchaeology: The ``Smoking Gun'' of Gender Studies?
251(1)
Gender Attribution: Do We Really Need It?
252(1)
The Origins of Social Inequality
253(6)
Egalitarian Societies
253(1)
Ranked Societies
253(1)
Community-Level Inequity: Rank and Status Markers at Moundville
254(1)
Local and Supralocal Symbolism
255(1)
Two Axes of Social Patterning
256(2)
Quantitative Distribution of Moundville Grave Goods
258(1)
Alternative Interpretations of Mortuary Patterning
259(1)
Life and Death Among the Hohokam
260(6)
The Hohokam: Egalitarian or Socially Complex?
260(2)
Conflicting Evidence in Hohokam Archaeology
262(1)
McGuire's Contextual Approach
263(1)
Marxist Approaches in Anglo-American Archaeology
264(2)
Randall H. McGuire
A Larger Postprocessual Context
266(5)
The Issue of Human Agency
266(1)
The Importance of Power
267(2)
Summary
269(1)
Ancient Social Systems on the Internet
270(1)
General Theory in Archaeology: Some Neo-Evolutionary Approaches
271(29)
The Rise and Fall of Unilinear Evolution
272(2)
Morgan's Unilinear Evolution
272(1)
How ``Evolution'' Became a Dirty Word
273(1)
Neo-Evolutionism: What Is It?
274(3)
Neo-Evolution and the Processual Agenda
275(1)
A Sample Evolutionary Sequence
275(2)
Evolving Frameworks for Understanding Hunter-Gatherers
277(3)
Why Were Plants and Animals Domesticated?
280(7)
Childe's Oasis Theory: Symbiosis
280(1)
Braidwood's ``Hilly Flanks'' Theory: Culture Was Ready for It
281(1)
Stress Models: Domestication for Survival
282(2)
A Selectionist Perspective
284(1)
Why Did People Domesticate Plants?
284(3)
Kent V. Flannery
How Did the Archaic State Arise?
287(6)
What Is the Archaic State?
287(1)
Wittfogel's ``Irrigation Hypothesis''
288(2)
Carneiro's ``Warfare and Circumscription Hypothesis''
290(2)
Multicausal Theories of State Formation
292(1)
Ideational Explanations of Cultural Evolution
293(2)
Neo-Evolutionism: Pros and Cons
295(3)
Criticisms of the Neo-Evolutionary Program
295(1)
An Emergent Middle Ground?
296(2)
Summary
298(1)
Neo-Evolution on the Internet
299(1)
An Archaeology of the Human Mind
300(28)
Contemporary Approaches in Cognitive Archaeology
302(2)
Cosmology
302(1)
Ritual and Religion
303(1)
Ideology
303(1)
Iconography
304(1)
Seeking the Origins of Iconography
304(9)
The La Marche Antler Under the 'Scope
305(3)
An Ancient Lunar Calendar?
308(1)
A Call for Middle-Range Controls
309(2)
The La Marche Antler, Revisited
311(2)
Exploring Ancient Chavin Cosmology
313(6)
Seeking the Catalyst of Chavin Civilization
313(1)
Animal Symbolism in Chavin Iconography
314(2)
Explaining Where Chavin Cosmology Came From
316(2)
The Role of Cosmology in Andean Civilization
318(1)
Blueprints for the Archaeology of the Mind
319(2)
Putting the ``I'' Back in the Archaeological Past: Defining an Empathetic Approach
321(5)
Human Agency, Revisited
321(1)
On Archaeology and Empathy
322(1)
Janet Spector
Reflexive Ethnography
322(2)
People in the Past-More Than Faceless Blobs
324(1)
Ruth E. Tringham
Reflexive Archaeology
325(1)
Thinking Yourself Into the Past
326(1)
Summary
326(2)
Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century
328(27)
Conservation Archaeology: Caring for America's Cultural Heritage
329(4)
What Is Cultural Resource Management (CRM)?
329(2)
The Structure of CRM in America
331(1)
Conservation Archaeology as a Career
332(1)
The Current Status of Women in Archaeology
333(4)
A History of Excluding Women From Professional Archaeology
333(1)
A History of Excluding Gender-Based Inquiry
334(2)
Modern Equity Issues for Women in Archaeology
336(1)
Some Other Unintended Consequences: An Exclusion of Minority-Based History
337(1)
The Rise of Historical Archaeology in America
338(1)
The Evolution of African American Archaeology
339(1)
The Archaeology of New York's African Burial Ground
339(7)
Why Are So Few African-Americans Doing African-American Archaeology?
340(1)
Theresa A. Singleton
Slavery in Old New York?
340(2)
Archaeology Becomes Contentious
342(2)
The African Burial Ground Today
344(2)
Archaeology in Indian Country
346(2)
Contrasting Views of ``Significance'' at Zuni Pueblo
346(2)
Roger Anyon
T. J. Ferguson
Who Owns America's Remote Past?
348(7)
Looking Ahead at the Past
352(1)
Summary
353(1)
More Archaeology on the Internet
354(1)
Glossary 355(13)
Bibliography 368(39)
Bibliographic Essay 407(13)
Illustration Credits 420(4)
Index 424

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