Archetypes of Wisdom : An Introduction to Philosophy,9780534524432

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Archetypes of Wisdom : An Introduction to Philosophy

by SOCCIO

Edition:

3rd

ISBN13:

9780534524432

ISBN10:

0534524435

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

8/22/1997

Publisher(s):

Wadsworth Publishing

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Summary

Intended for the Introduction to Philosophy course at primarily two- and four-year schools where the focus is on the use of a text as opposed to readings and where students have limited knowledge of philosophy.

Organized historically, this text successfully incorporates its theme of searching for wisdom using a story-telling approach that takes students from where they are in their own experience and draws them into the world of philosophy. Topics and selected passages touch upon fundamental human issues that are of concern to today's diverse group of students.

Chapter 1 PHILOSOPHY AND THE SEARCH FOR WISDOM

(51)

Why Study Philosophy?

(1)

Philosophy in a Technological Age

(6)

Timely Questions

(2)

Timeless Questions

(1)

Areas of Philosophy

(1)

Philosophical Archetypes

(5)

Are Philosophers Always Men?

(2)

The Pursuit of Wisdom

(1)

Knowledge, Belief, and Ignorance

(4)

"Isn't It All Really Just a Matter of Opinion?"

(2)

Wisdom and Knowledge

(1)

Learning Wisdom

(3)

The Pursuit of Wisdom Can Be Dangerous

(2)

Summary of Main Points

(1)

Study Questions

(2)

Overview of Classical Themes

(6)

Nature and Convention

(1)

Contemporary Lessons from the Past

(1)

The Search for Excellence

(1)

The Search for Happiness

(1)

Philosophy as a Way of Life

(1)

First Interlude: The Presocratic Sophos

(21)

Philo-Sophia: Strangeness and Wonder

(2)

First Philosophers

(1)

The Search for a Common Principle

(3)

The Problem of Change

(1)

Parmenides

(3)

What Is Not, Is Not, and What Is, Is

(1)

Being and Change

(2)

The Pluralists

(1)

Mind

(2)

The Atomists

(2)

Atoms and the Void

(1)

Reason and Necessity

(1)

Nature and Convention

(1)

Heraclitus of Ephesus

(4)

The Logos

(1)

Appearance and Reality

(1)

War and Strife

(2)

From Sophos to Sophist

(2)

Chapter 2 THE SOPHIST: PROTAGORAS

(23)

The Advent of Professional Educators

(1)

The Sophists

(2)

Power and Education

(1)

Relativism

(2)

Protagoras the Pragmatist

(7)

Moral Realism: Might Makes Right

(1)

The Doctrine of the Superior Intellectual

(2)

Commentary

(2)

Summary of Main Points

(1)

Study Questions

(2)

Chapter 3 THE WISE MAN: SOCRATES

(40)

The General Character of Socrates

(9)

The Ugliest Man in Athens

(2)

Barefoot in Athens

(2)

A Most Unusual Father and Husband

(1)

The Archetypal Individual

(3)

The Teacher and His Teachings

(3)

The Dialectic

(1)

Socratic Irony

(2)

Dialectic in Action: Socrates versus Thrasymachus

(6)

Thrasymachus's Moral Realism

(1)

Encounter with a Sophos

(4)

The Unexamined Life

(5)

Socratic Ignorance

(2)

The Power of Human Wisdom

(2)

The Physician of the Soul

100

(6)

No One Knowingly Does Evil

101

(1)

Virtue Is Wisdom

102

(2)

All Evil Is Ignorance

104

(2)

The Trial and Death of Socrates

106

(5)

The Death of Socrates

108

(3)

Commentary

111

(2)

Summary of Main Points

113

(1)

Study Questions

114

(1)

Chapter 4 THE PHILOSPHER-KING: PLATO

115

(40)

Plato's Life and Work

117

(5)

The Aristocrat

118

(2)

Plato's Disillusionment

120

(2)

The Academy

122

(1)

Plato's Epistemology

122

(2)

Plato's Dualistic Solution

123

(1)

Knowledge and Being

124

(1)

The Theory of Forms

124

(6)

What Are Forms?

125

(2)

Why Did Plato Need the Forms?

127

(1)

Knowledge and Opinion

128

(1)

What Happens When People Disagree About Knowledge?

129

(1)

The Divided Line

130

(3)

Levels of Awareness

132

(1)

The Simile of the Sun

133

(2)

The Allegory of the Cave

135

(3)

The Rule of the Wise

138

(2)

The Republic

140

(5)

The Search for Justice

141

(1)

Function and Happiness

141

(1)

The Ideal State

142

(1)

The Parts of the Soul

143

(1)

The Cardinal Virtues

144

(1)

Societies and Individuals

145

(6)

The Origin of Democracy

145

(2)

The Pendulum of Imbalance

147

(3)

The Tyranny of Excess

150

(1)

Commentary

151

(1)

Summary of Main Points

152

(2)

Study Questions

154

(1)

Chapter 5 THE NATURALIST: ARISTOTLE

155

(58)

Works

157

(1)

Aristotle's Life

157

(2)

The Lyceum

159

(1)

The Naturalist

160

(1)

Natural Changes

161

(4)

Form (Whatness)

162

(1)

Matter (Thisness)

163

(1)

Change

164

(1)

Aristotle's Hierarchy of Whys

165

(1)

The Four Causes

166

(3)

Material Cause

166

(1)

Formal Cause

167

(1)

Efficient Cause

168

(1)

Final Cause

168

(1)

Entelechy

169

(3)

Psyche

170

(1)

The Hierarchy of Souls

170

(2)

Natural Happiness

172

(6)

The Good

172

(1)

Teleological Thinking

173

(1)

The Science of the Good

174

(2)

Eudaimonia

176

(1)

The Good Life Is a Process

177

(1)

Hitting the Mark

178

(5)

The Principle of the Mean

178

(2)

Character and Habit

180

(1)

Application of the Mean

181

(2)

Contemporary Self-Realization

183

(3)

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

183

(2)

Thomas Merton

185

(1)

Commentary

186

(1)

Summary of Main Points

187

(1)

Study Questions

188

(2)

Second Interlude: The Hedonist

190

(23)

The Hedonistic Vision

192

(3)

Cyrenaic Hedonism

195

(4)

The Meaning of Life Is Pleasure

195

(2)

Knowledge and Pleasure

197

(1)

The Self Is Utterly Free

198

(1)

Epicurus

199

(3)

The Garden

200

(1)

Epicurus the Sage

201

(1)

Epicurean Philosophy

202

(6)

Freedom from Religion

204

(2)

Quality versus Quantity

206

(1)

Less Is More

207

(1)

Friendship

208

(1)

The Epicurean Fallacy

208

(1)

Commentary

209

(4)

Chapter 6 THE STOIC: EPICTETUS AND MARCUS AURELIUS

213

(34)

The Cynical Origins of Stoicism

215

(3)

The Slave and the Emperor

218

(4)

Epictetus: From Slave to Sage

219

(1)

Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher-King

220

(2)

The Fated Life

222

(5)

The Stoic Logos

224

(1)

The Disinterested Rational Will

225

(2)

Stoic Wisdom

227

(10)

Control versus Influence

227

(3)

Some Things Are Not in Our Control

230

(1)

Some Things Are in Our Control

230

(2)

Relationships

232

(1)

Everything Has a Price

233

(2)

Suffering and Courage

235

(2)

Stoicism Today

237

(5)

Reality Therapy: William Glasser

237

(1)

Rational-Emotive Therapy: Albert Ellis

238

(1)

Logotherapy: Viktor E. Frankl

239

(1)

Epictetus in Vietnam

240

(2)

Commentary

242

(2)

Summary of Main Points

244

(1)

Study Questions

245

(2)

Chapter 7 THE SCHOLAR: THOMAS AQUINAS

247

(38)

The God-Centered Universe

249

(4)

The Seeds of Change

250

(1)

The Need to Reconcile Faith and Reason

251

(2)

The Life of Thomas Aquinas

253

(5)

The Dominican

253

(1)

The University of Paris

254

(3)

Albertus Magnus: The Universal Teacher

257

(1)

The Task of the Scholar

257

(1)

The Wisdom of the Scholar

258

(2)

Why Do People Argue About Spiritual Matters?

260

(1)

God and Natural Reason

261

(1)

Proving the Existence of God

261

(9)

The First Way: Motion

262

(1)

The Second Way: Cause

263

(1)

The Third Way: Necessity

264

(1)

The Fourth Way: Degree

265

(2)

The Fifth Way: Design

267

(1)

Commentary on the Five Ways

268

(2)

Complications for Natural Theology

270

(4)

The Problem of Evil

271

(3)

Commentary

274

(1)

Summary of Main Points

275

(1)

Study Questions

276

(1)

Overview of Modern Themes

277

(8)

Reason, Reformation, and Revolution

278

(7)

The Reformation

278

(2)

The Copernican Revolution

280

(3)

Where Are We, Then?

283

(2)

Chapter 8 THE RATIONALIST: RENE DESCARTES

285

(54)

Rene Descartes: The Solitary Intellect

287

(2)

Descartes' Proposal

289

(4)

Rationalism

290

(1)

Against Authoritarian Thinking

290

(3)

The Method of Doubt

293

(4)

The Cartesian "I"

294

(1)

Methodic Doubt

294

(1)

Standard of Truth

295

(1)

Innate Ideas

296

(1)

The Cartesian Genesis

297

(6)

The Doubting Self

297

(2)

Maybe It's All a Dream?

299

(1)

The Evil Genius

300

(2)

Cogito, ergo sum

302

(1)

The Innate Idea of God

303

(4)

The Perfect Idea of Perfection

304

(2)

Reconstructing the World

306

(1)

The Cartesian Bridge

307

(4)

Cartesian Dualism

308

(1)

The Mind-Body Problem

309

(2)

The Epistemological Turn

311

(1)

Commentary

311

(2)

Summary of Main Points

313

(1)

Study Questions

314

(1)

Third Interlude: The Buddha

315

(24)

The Buddha

315

(8)

Siddhartha the Seeker

316

(1)

The Long Search

317

(3)

The Enlightened Vision

320

(1)

The Bodhisattva

320

(1)

The Death of the Buddha

321

(2)

Buddha's Philosophy Lab

323

(2)

Unsatisfactoriness

325

(2)

Karma

326

(1)

The Four Noble Truths

327

(1)

The Eightfold Path

328

(2)

Buddha Now

330

(2)

Buddha's Dharma Family

331

(1)

The Buddha's Legacy

332

(4)

Five Precepts

333

(3)

What the Buddha Did Not Explain

336

(3)

Chapter 9 THE SKEPTIC: DAVID HUME

339

(41)

John Locke

342

(8)

Experience Is the Origin of All Ideas

344

(1)

Locke's Rejection of Innate Ideas

344

(2)

Locke's Dualism

346

(1)

Primary and Secondary Qualities

347

(1)

Locke's Egocentric Predicament

348

(2)

George Berkeley

350

(2)

David Hume: The Scottish Skeptic

352

(5)

The Skeptical Masterpiece

353

(2)

An Honest Man

355

(2)

Hume's Skeptical Empiricism

357

(6)

Impressions and Ideas

358

(1)

The Empirical Criterion of Meaning

359

(1)

The Self

360

(1)

Personal Immortality

361

(2)

The Limits of Reason

363

(2)

The Limits of Science

365

(1)

The Limits of Theology

366

(3)

The Limits of Rationalistic Ethics

369

(6)

The Facts, Just the Facts

371

(1)

Moral Sentiments

372

(1)

The Limits of Egoism

373

(2)

Commentary

375

(2)

Summary of Main Points

377

(2)

Study Questions

379

(1)

Chapter 10 THE UNIVERSALIST: IMMANUEL KANT

380

(36)

The Little Professor

383

(3)

The Solitary Scholar

383

(1)

The Writer

384

(2)

Seeds of Revolution

386

(1)

From Enlightenment to Despair

386

(3)

A Scandal in Philosophy

389

(3)

Kant's Copernican Revolution

392

(7)

Critical Philosophy

393

(1)

Phenomena and Noumena

394

(1)

Transcendental Ideas

395

(2)

The Objectivity of Experience

397

(2)

The Metaphysics of Morals

399

(4)

Practical Reason

399

(1)

The Moral Law Within

400

(1)

The Good Will

401

(1)

Inclinations, Wishes, Acts of Will

402

(1)

Moral Duty

403

(8)

Hypothetical Imperatives

405

(1)

The Categorical Imperative

405

(4)

The Kingdom of Ends

409

(2)

Commentary

411

(2)

Summary of Main Points

413

(1)

Study Questions

414

(2)

Chapter 11 THE MATERIALIST: KARI MARX

416

(58)

The Prophet

418

(5)

Soaring with the Intellectual Spirit of the Age

418

(2)

Back Down to Earth

420

(1)

The Wanderer

421

(1)

Vindication

422

(1)

Friedrich Engels

423

(1)

Dialectical Materialism

424

(6)

Mystification and Materialism

427

(1)

Economic Determinism

428

(2)

Critique of Capitalism

430

(9)

The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat

431

(6)

Class Struggle

437

(2)

Alienation

439

(7)

Psychic Alienation

441

(2)

One-Dimensional Man

443

(2)

Alienated Love

445

(1)

Commentary

446

(2)

Summary of Main Points

448

(1)

Study Questions

449

(1)

Fourth Interlude: The Utilitarians

450

(24)

Philosophy and Social Reform

451

(2)

Simple Utilitarianism

453

(4)

The Principle of Utility

454

(1)

The Hedonistic Calculus

455

(1)

The Egoistic Foundation of Social Concern

456

(1)

John Stuart Mill

457

(5)

Mill's Crisis

459

(1)

Redemption and Balance

460

(2)

Refined Utilitarianism

462

(4)

Higher Pleasures

463

(2)

Lower Pleasures

465

(1)

Altruism and Happiness

466

(4)

Selfishness and Contentment

468

(1)

"A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste"

469

(1)

Mill's Vision

470

(4)

Chapter 12 THE EXISTENTIALIST: SOREN KIERKEGAARD AND JEAN-PAUL SARTRE

474

(39)

Virtual Existence, Virtual Identity

475

(2)

Existentialism Was Bound to Happen

477

(1)

Soren Kierkegaard

478

(5)

The Family Curse

479

(1)

The Universal Formula

480

(1)

The Christian

481

(1)

That Individual

482

(1)

Truth as Subjectivity

483

(7)

Objectivity as Untruth

485

(2)

The Present Age

487

(1)

An Age of Virtual Equality

488

(2)

Sartre and the Age of Forlornness

490

(1)

Jean-Paul Sartre

491

(5)

Nausea

492

(1)

Existence Is Absurd

493

(2)

The Celebrity Philosopher

495

(1)

Freedom and Anguish

496

(12)

Inauthenticity

497

(1)

Forlornness

498

(2)

Condemned to Be Free

500

(2)

The Self as Project

502

(1)

Anguish

503

(2)

Despair

505

(1)

Optimistic Toughness

506

(2)

Commentary

508

(2)

Summary of Main Points

510

(1)

Study Questions

511

(2)

Chapter 13 THE PRAGMATIST: WILLIAM JAMES

513

(43)

An American Original

515

(5)

The Education of a Philosopher

515

(2)

The Philosopher as Hero

517

(2)

The Philosopher as Advocate

519

(1)

Charles Sanders Peirce

520

(2)

Peirce's Pragmaticism

520

(1)

Pragmatic Theory of Meaning

521

(1)

Pragmatism

522

(14)

Pragmatic Method and Philosophy

522

(2)

The Temper of Belief

524

(2)

The Will to Believe

526

(1)

Truth Happens to an Idea

527

(3)

The Dilemma of Determinism

530

(1)

The Inner Sense of Freedom

531

(2)

Morality and the Good

533

(2)

The Heroic Life

535

(1)

Pragmatic Religion

536

(5)

A Religious Dilemma

537

(1)

Ultramarginal Life

538

(1)

Saintliness and Mysticism

539

(2)

Truth Is Always Personal

541

(3)

Danger Signs

542

(2)

Commentary

544

(3)

Summary of Main Points

547

(1)

Study Questions

548

(1)

Overview of Postmodern Themes

549

(7)

What Is Philosophy? (continued)

550

(1)

Of Metaphors and Margins

551

(2)

Is Objectivity Possible?

553

(1)

Is Objectivity Desirable?

553

(3)

Chapter 14 THE ANTI-PHILOSOPHER FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

556

(37)

The Outsider

558

(8)

Beyond the Academy

559

(2)

Tragic Optimism

561

(1)

Zarathustra Speaks

561

(2)

The Last Philosopher

563

(3)

Truth Is a Matter of Perspective

566

(1)

Attack on Objectivity

567

(1)

The Will to Power

568

(2)

The World as the Will to Power

570

(1)

The Diseases of Modernity

570

(5)

The Problem of Morality

571

(1)

The Problem of Being Moralistic

572

(1)

The Problem of Utilitarianism

573

(1)

The Problem of Altruism

574

(1)

The Problem of Generalized Accounts

574

(1)

God Is Dead

575

(2)

Nihilism

577

(1)

Overman

578

(2)

Slave Morality

580

(4)

Ressentiment

582

(2)

Master Morality

584

(3)

The Eternal Recurrence

587

(1)

Amor Fati

588

(1)

Commentary

589

(2)

Summary of Main Points

591

(1)

Study Questions

592

(1)

Chapter 15 EMERGING ARCHETYPES

593

(53)

Public and Private Philosophy

595

(4)

Can Experiences of Oppression Be Generalized?

597

(2)

Toward an Inclusive Feminism

599

(2)

The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought

601

(5)

Philosophical Reconstruction and Anxiety

602

(3)

From Cosmos to Machine

605

(1)

The Reemergence of Other Voices

606

(2)

A Masculine Theory of Justice

608

(1)

Justice and Gender

609

(4)

A Look Behind the Veil of Ignorance

611

(2)

Philosophizing in a Different Voice

613

(4)

The Need for Caring Justice

615

(2)

Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Prophet for Today

617

Tracked Down by the Zeitgeist

618

Character Is Destiny

Moral Courage

621

(8)

The Need to Practice What We Preach

623

(3)

"If Not Now, When?"

626

(1)

Creative Moral Tension

627

(2)

A Prophetic Framework for Today

629

(2)

Commentary

631

(2)

Summary of Main Points

633

(2)

Study Questions

635

(1)

Continuative

636

(10)

The Unifying Function of Wisdom

638

(2)

Philosophy as a Way of Life

640

(3)

Philosophical Remembering

641

(2)

Let Philosophy Touch Your Heart

643

(3)

Notes

646

(10)

Glossary

656

(9)

Bibliography of Interesting Sources

665

(4)

Margin Quote Index

669

(2)

Index

671

(10)

Credits

681

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