Architecture: Residential Drafting and Design

by Kicklighter, Clois E.; Kicklighter, Joan C.

• ISBN13: 9781590701959
• ISBN10: 159070195X
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-04-01
• Publisher: Goodheart-Willcox Pub

Summary

Provides comprehensive instruction for preparing architectural working dawings using traditional and computer-based methods.

Table of Contents

Section I The World of Architecture
The World of Architecture	17	(20)
People and Their Structures	17	(7)
The Cape Colonials
The New England Gambrel
The Garrison
The Salt Box
The Southern Colonial
Contemporary Structures	24	(5)
The Contemporary Style
The Ranch Design
Trends In Architecture	29	(3)
Multifamily Housing	32	(2)
Cooperatives
Condominiums
Rental Apartments
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)	34	(1)
Internet Resources	35	(1)
Review Questions	35	(1)
Suggested Activities	36	(1)
Basic House Designs	37	(14)
One-Story Ranch Designs	37	(4)
One-and-One-Half-Story Designs	41	(1)
Two-Story Designs	42	(2)
Split-Level Designs	44	(3)
Traffic Circulation	47	(2)
Internet Resources	49	(1)
Review Questions	49	(1)
Suggested Activities	49	(2)
Primary Considerations	51	(16)
Site Considerations	51	(1)
The Community	52	(1)
Cost and Restrictions	53	(1)
Zoning and Codes	54	(1)
Topographical Features	54	(1)
Family Needs	54	(3)
Budgeting for Housing	57	(1)
Other Considerations	57	(1)
Modular Aspects
Quality of Living
Drawings Included in a Set of Plans	58	(6)
Brief Plan Descriptions
Other Plans
Internet Resources	64	(1)
Review Questions	64	(1)
Suggested Activities	65	(2)
Section II Architectural Drafting Fundamentals
Drawing Instruments and Techniques	67	(24)
Orthographic Projection	67	(1)
Three Principal Views	67	(1)
Architectural Drafting Equipment	68	(9)
Pencils
Erasers
Erasing Shields
Paper
Drawing Boards
T-Square
Triangles
Protractors
Scales
How to Use a Scale
Dividers
The Compass
Lettering Guides
Irregular Curves
Case Instruments
Lettering Devices
Technical Pens
Templates
Grids
Freehand Sketching	77	(4)
Sketching Technique
Sketching Horizontal Lines
Sketching Vertical Lines
Sketching Inclined Lines and Angles
Sketching Circles and Arcs
Sketching Ellipses
Sketching Irregular Curves
Proportion in Sketching
Computer-Aided Drafting and Design	81	(2)
CADD Hardware
CADD Software
Output Devices
Lines Used In Architectural Drawing	83	(4)
Border Lines
Object Lines
Hidden Lines
Centerlines
Extension Lines
Dimension Lines
Long and Short Break Lines
Cutting-Plane Lines
Section Lines
Guidelines
Construction Lines
Line Type Application
Architectural Lettering	87	(1)
Some Notes On Developing a Style of Lettering
Letter Spacing
Word Spacing
Letter Size
CADD Symbols Library	88	(1)
Internet Resources	89	(1)
Review Questions	89	(1)
Suggested Activities	90	(1)
Introduction to Computer-Aided Drafting and Design	91	(18)
What Is CADD?	91	(1)
Why Use CADD?	92	(3)
Productivity
Flexibility
Uniformity
Scale Architectural CADD Applications	95	(4)
Schedule Automation
Renderings
Animations
CADD Workstation	97	(2)
Computer Components
Storage Devices
Display Types and Sizes
Input Devices
Output Devices
Selecting a CADD Package	99	(9)
General Purpose CADD Packages
AEC CADD Packages
Internet Resources	108	(1)
Review Questions	108	(1)
Suggested Activities	108	(1)
CADD Commands and Functions	109	(20)
Drawing Commands	110	(3)
Line
Double Line
Circle
Arc
Rectangle
Polygon
Text
Hatch
Editing and Inquiry Commands	113	(4)
Erase
Undo
Move
Copy
Mirror
Rotate
Scale
Fillet
Chamfer
Extend
Array
List/Properties
Distance
Area
Display Control Commands	117	(2)
Zoom
Pan
View
Redraw / Regenerate
Dimensioning Commands	119	(1)
Drawing Aids	119	(2)
Grid
Snap
Ortho
Layers	121	(1)
Colors and Linetypes	122	(1)
Blocks and Attributes	122	(1)
3D Drawing and Viewing Commands	123	(2)
Isometric Drawing
3D Modeling
3D Views
3D Animation and Rendering Commands	125	(2)
Internet Resources	127	(1)
Review Questions	127	(1)
Suggested Activities	127	(2)
Section III Room and Space Planning
Room Planning---Sleeping Area and Bath Facilities	129	(20)
Areas of a Residence	129	(1)
Designing with CADD	130	(1)
Sleeping Area	131	(15)
Bedrooms
Bathrooms
Internet Resources	146	(1)
Review Questions	146	(1)
Suggested Activities	147	(2)
Room Planning---Living Area	149	(40)
Designing With CADD	150	(1)
Living Rooms	150	(8)
Size
Location
Windows and Doors
Decor
Dining Rooms	158	(6)
Plan
Size
Location
Decor
Entryway and Foyer	164	(5)
Entryway
Foyer
Family Recreation Room	169	(6)
Size
Decor
Applications
Special-Purpose Rooms	175	(2)
Patios, Porches, Courts, and Gazebos	177	(10)
Patios
Porches
Courts and Gazebos
Applications
Internet Resources	187	(1)
Review Questions	187	(1)
Suggested Activities	187	(2)
Room Planning---Service Area	189	(28)
Designing with CADD	189	(1)
Kitchen	189	(16)
Kitchen Planning
Straight-Line Kitchen
L-Shaped Kitchen
Corridor Kitchen
U-Shaped Kitchen
Peninsula Kitchen
Island Kitchen
Cabinets and Appliances
Location and Ventilation
Decor
Applications
Kitchen Eating Areas
Clothes Care Center	205	(2)
Garage or Carport	207	(7)
Size and Location
Design
Doors
Driveway
Applications
Internet Resources	214	(1)
Review Questions	214	(1)
Suggested Activities	214	(3)
Section IV Plot Plans and Foundations
Plot Plans	217	(16)
Property Lines	217	(2)
Contour Lines	219	(1)
Topographical Features	220	(2)
Location of the Structure on the Site	222	(1)
Procedure For Drawing a Plot Plan---Manual Drafting	223	(1)
Landscape Plans	224	(1)
Procedure For Drawing a Plot Plan---CADD	225	(6)
Internet Resources	231	(1)
Review Questions	231	(1)
Suggested Activities	231	(2)
Footings, Foundations, and Concrete	233	(26)
Staking Out House Location	233	(2)
Excavation	235	(1)
Footing Shapes and Specifications	236	(1)
Foundation Walls	237	(8)
T-Foundations
Slab Foundations
Pier and Post Foundations
Wood Foundations
Concrete and Masonry Basement Walls	245	(3)
Beams and Girders	248	(5)
Weight Calculations
Beam Calculations
Post Calculations
Lintels
Concrete and Masonry	253	(1)
Concrete Blocks	254	(1)
Paving	255	(1)
Internet Resources	256	(1)
Review Questions	257	(1)
Suggested Activities	257	(2)
The Foundation Plan	259	(14)
Preliminary Steps to Drawing a Foundation Plan	260	(1)
Drawing a Foundation Plan	261	(1)
The Basement/Foundation Plan	262	(3)
Procedure For Drawing a Basement Plan	265	(2)
Using CADD to Draw a Foundation and Basement Plan	267	(4)
Internet Resources	271	(1)
Review Questions	271	(1)
Suggested Activities	271	(2)
Section V Construction Systems
Sill and Floor Construction	273	(24)
Platform Framing	273	(1)
Balloon Framing	274	(1)
Joists and Beams	275	(3)
Floor Trusses	278	(2)
Subfloor	280	(2)
Cantilevered Joists	282	(1)
Framing Under Slate or Tile	283	(1)
Engineered Wood Products	283	(7)
Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
Glue-Laminated Lumber
Wood I-Beams or Joists
Post and Beam Construction	290	(4)
Internet Resources	294	(1)
Review Questions	294	(2)
Suggested Activities	296	(1)
Wall and Ceiling Construction	297	(22)
Frame Wall Construction	297	(5)
Plates
Headers
Exterior Corners and Bracing
Interior Walls
Steel Framing	302	(4)
Advantages of Steel Framing
Disadvantages of Steel Framing
Steel Framing Components
Wall and Roof Systems
Ceiling Construction	306	(1)
General Framing Considerations	306	(1)
Masonry Wall Construction	306	(6)
Stonework
Masonry Veneer
Brick Names and Sizes	312	(1)
Traditional Three-Coat Stucco	312	(5)
Preparing for Stucco
Moisture Barrier and Flashing
Lath (Reinforcement)
Scratch or Foundation Coat
Brown Coat
Finish Coat
Internet Resources	317	(1)
Review Questions	317	(1)
Suggested Activities	318	(1)
Doors and Windows	319	(34)
Designing With CADD	319	(1)
Interior and Exterior Doors	320	(7)
Interior Doors
Exterior Doors
Specifying Doors	327	(1)
Door Details	327	(3)
Windows	330	(20)
Window Types
Window Schedules
Internet Resources	350	(1)
Review Questions	350	(1)
Suggested Activities	350	(3)
Stairs	353	(16)
Types of Stairs	353	(2)
Stair Terminology	355	(4)
Designing With CADD	359	(1)
Stair Design	359	(3)
Stringers
Treads and Risers
Stair Calculations and Drawing Procedure	362	(1)
Structural Details	363	(1)
Code Requirements For Handrails and Guardrails	364	(2)
Adaptations for Special Needs	366	(1)
Stairlifts/Elevators
Ramps
Internet Resources	367	(1)
Review Questions	367	(1)
Suggested Activities	368	(1)
Fireplaces, Chimneys, and Stoves	369	(20)
Fireplace Design Considerations	369	(1)
Fireplace/Chimney Terms	370	(1)
Designing With CADD	371	(1)
Hearth and Fire Chamber	371	(3)
Damper and Smoke Shelf	374	(1)
Flue	374	(1)
Framing Around Fireplace and Chimney	375	(2)
Fireplace Specifications	377	(3)
Single-Face Fireplace
Two-Face Opposite Fireplace
Two-Face Adjacent Fireplace
Three-Face Fireplace
Prefabricated Metal Fireplaces and Stoves
Stoves	380	(6)
Internet Resources	386	(1)
Review Questions	387	(1)
Suggested Activities	387	(2)
Section VI Formulating a Design
The Floor Plan	389	(20)
Required Information	391	(5)
Location and Size of Walls
Location and Size of Windows and Doors
Cabinets, Appliances, and Permanent Fixtures
Stairs and Fireplaces
Walks, Patios, and Decks
Room Names and Material Symbols
Dimensioning
Scale and Sheet Identification
Metric System of Dimensioning
Drawing a Floor Plan	396	(11)
Procedure---Manual
Drafting Procedure---CADD
Internet Resources	407	(1)
Review Questions	408	(1)
Suggested Activities	408	(1)
Roof Designs	409	(22)
Types of Roofs	409	(4)
Gable Roof
Winged Gable
Hip Roof
Dutch Hip
Flat Roof
Shed Roof
Mansard Roof
Gambrel Roof
Butterfly Roof
A-Frame Roof
Folded Plate Roof
Curved Panel Roof
Contemporary Roof Types
Traditional Frame Roof Construction	413	(13)
Rafters
Cornice
Rake or Gable End
Roof Trusses
Ventilation
Flashing
Gutters and Downspouts
Roof Sheathing and Roofing
New Roofing Materials	426	(3)
Asphalt Laminate Shingles
Metal Roofing
Internet Resources	429	(1)
Review Questions	429	(1)
Suggested Activities	429	(2)
Elevations	431	(18)
Required Information	431	(5)
Elevation Identification
Grade Line, Floors, and Ceilings
Walls, Windows, and Doors
Roof Features
Dimensions, Notes, and Symbols
Drawing a Typical Wall Section	436	(3)
Procedure For Drawing an Elevation---Manual Drafting	439	(3)
Procedure For Drawing an Elevation---CADD	442	(4)
Internet Resources	446	(1)
Review Questions	447	(1)
Suggested Activities	447	(2)
Section VII Electrical, Plumbing, and Climate Control
Residential Electrical	449	(16)
Electrical Terms	449	(1)
Service Entrance and Distribution Panel	450	(2)
Branch Circuits	452	(2)
Lighting Circuits
Special Appliance Circuits
Individual Appliance Circuits
Circuit Requirement Calculations	454	(1)
Outlets and Switches	454	(4)
Outlets
Switches
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)	458	(1)
Low Voltage Exterior Lighting	459	(3)
Planning Low Voltage Exterior Lighting
Low Voltage Wiring Considerations
Internet Resources	462	(1)
Review Questions	462	(1)
Suggested Activities	463	(2)
Information, Communication, and Security Wiring	465	(18)
Introduction	465	(2)
Monitoring Functions
Switching (Activating) Functions
Programming Functions
Communication/Recording Functions
Alarm Functions
Information and Communication Wiring	467	(1)
Signaling Circuits	467	(1)
Data and Video Conductors	468	(2)
Structured Wiring
Radio Grade 6 Cable
Security Wiring	470	(2)
Systems to Protect Property
Systems to Protect Occupants and Property
Wiring for Security
Home Automation	472	(7)
Types of Home Automation Systems
Home Automation Summary Questions
Low-Voltage Switching	479	(1)
Internet Resources	480	(1)
Review Questions	480	(1)
Suggested Activities	481	(2)
The Electrical Plan	483	(8)
Required Information	483	(4)
Service Entrance
Switches
Convenience Outlets
Lighting
Other Devices
Branch Circuits
Procedure For Drawing an Electrical Plan---Manual Drafting	487	(1)
Procedure For Drawing an Electrical Plan---CADD	488	(2)
Internet Resources	490	(1)
Review Questions	490	(1)
Suggested Activities	490	(1)
Residential Plumbing	491	(14)
Water Supply System	491	(4)
In-House Water Treatment Devices	495	(1)
Water and Waste Removal	495	(3)
Plumbing Fixtures	498	(1)
Water Conservation	498	(1)
Private Sewage Disposal System	499	(4)
Septic Tank
Disposal Field
Disposal Field Soil Tests
Calculation of Disposal Field Size
Internet Resources	503	(1)
Review Questions	503	(1)
Suggested Activities	504	(1)
The Plumbing Plan	505	(10)
Required Information	505	(4)
Waste Lines and Vent Stacks
Water Supply Lines
Drain Locations
Size and Type of Pipe
Plumbing Fixture Schedule
Symbols and Legend
Notes
Procedure For Drawing Plumbing Plan---Manual Drafting	509	(2)
Procedure For Drawing Plumbing Plan---CADD	511	(2)
Internet Resources	513	(1)
Review Questions	514	(1)
Suggested Activities	514	(1)
Residential Climate Control	515	(24)
Temperature Control	515	(3)
Humidity Control	518	(2)
Air Circulation and Cleaning	520	(1)
Programmable Thermostats	520	(2)
Cooling Systems	522	(1)
Types of Heating Systems	523	(7)
Forced-Air Systems
Hydronic Systems
Electric Radiant Systems
Heat Pumps
Ground-Source Heat Pumps	530	(1)
Carbon Monoxide Detectors	530	(1)
Heat Loss Calculations	531	(5)
Calculation Procedure
Example of Heat Loss Calculation
True Window R-Value	536	(1)
CADD Heat Loss Calculations	536	(1)
Internet Resources	537	(1)
Review Questions	537	(1)
Suggested Activities	537	(2)
Climate Control Plan	539	(10)
Required Information	539	(1)
Distribution System	539	(3)
Planning Outlet and Inlet Locations
Planning Ductwork
Planning Piping for a Hydronic System
Thermostats and Climate Control Equipment	542	(1)
Schedules, Calculations, and Notes	543	(1)
Procedure For Drawing Climate Control Plan---Manual Drafting	543	(1)
Drawing Climate Control Plans Using CADD	543	(4)
Internet Resources	547	(1)
Review Questions	547	(1)
Suggested Activities	547	(2)
Section VIII Alternative Construction, Products, and Methods
Solar Space Heating	549	(16)
Insulation	549	(1)
Passive Solar Systems	549	(5)
Direct Gain Systems
Indirect Gain Systems
Isolated Gain Systems
Summary of Principles
Active Solar Systems	554	(5)
Warm Air Solar Systems
Warm Water Solar Systems
Advantages of Solar Heating	559	(1)
Disadvantages of Solar Heating	560	(1)
Calculation of Btus Possible for Any Given Location	560	(2)
Internet Resources	562	(1)
Review Questions	562	(1)
Suggested Activities	563	(2)
Nontraditional Structures	565	(14)
Earth-Sheltered Dwellings	565	(6)
Site Considerations
Design Variations of Earth-Sheltered Dwellings
Advantages of Earth-Sheltered Housing
Disadvantages of Earth-Sheltered Housing
Dome Structures	571	(6)
Dome Variations
Typical Dome Construction
Advantages of Domes
Disadvantages of Domes
Internet Resources	577	(1)
Review Questions	577	(1)
Suggested Activities	578	(1)
New Products and Methods of Construction	579	(18)
Introduction to Products and Methods	579	(1)
Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS)	580	(4)
Advantages of EIFS
Disadvantages of EIFS
Installation/Application
Structural Foam Sandwich Panels	581	(3)
Advantages of Structural Foam Sandwich Panels
Disadvantages of Structural Foam Sandwich Panels
Installation/Application
Concrete Wall Systems	584	(5)
Insulated Concrete Wall Forms
Insulated Concrete Wall Systems
Welded-Wire Sandwich Panels
Insulated Concrete Block Systems	589	(2)
Integra™
Therma-Lock™
Frost-Protected Shallow Foundation	591	(1)
Weather-Resistant Deck Materials	592	(3)
Weather-Resistant Tropical Hardwoods
Synthetic Decking
The Hebel Wall System	595	(1)
Internet Resources	595	(1)
Review Questions	596	(1)
Suggested Activities	596	(1)
Modular Applications	597	(10)
Standardization	597	(3)
Modular Components	600	(1)
Industrialized Housing	600	(4)
Internet Resources	604	(1)
Review Questions	604	(1)
Suggested Activities	604	(3)
Section IX Presentation Methods
Perspective Drawings	607	(30)
Perspectives	609	(22)
Terminology
Two-Point Perspectives
Two-Point Perspective Drawing Sequence
One-Point Perspectives
One-Point Perspective Drawing Sequence
Computer-Generated Perspectives
Perspective Grids	631	(1)
Complex Features in Perspective	632	(2)
Internet Resources	634	(1)
Review Questions	634	(1)
Suggested Activities	635	(2)
Presentation Drawings	637	(24)
Rendering	637	(8)
Pencil Rendering
Ink Rendering
Watercolor Rendering
Tempera Rendering
Colored Pencil Rendering
Felt-Tipped Pen Rendering
Scratchboard Rendering
Applique Rendering
Airbrush Rendering
Computer-Generated Renderings
Shading and Shadows	645	(1)
Entourage	646	(1)
Types of Presentation Plans	647	(12)
Exterior Perspectives
Rendered Elevations
Presentation Plot Plans
Presentation Floor Plans
Rendered Sections
Walkthrough Animation
Internet Resources	659	(1)
Review Questions	659	(1)
Suggested Activities	659	(2)
Architectural Models	661	(14)
Types of Models	661	(2)
Materials Used in Model Construction	663	(1)
Constructing a Balsa Model	664	(6)
Laser-Cut Model Parts	670	(1)
Internet Resources	671	(1)
Review Questions	671	(1)
Suggested Activities	672	(3)
Section X Specifications and Estimating
Material and Tradework Specifications	675	(10)
Purpose of Specifications	675	(1)
Specification Formats	676	(1)
Examples of Specifications	676	(8)
Internet Resources	684	(1)
Review Questions	684	(1)
Suggested Activities	684	(1)
Estimating Building Cost	685	(10)
Preliminary Estimates	685	(1)
Square Foot Method
Cubic Foot Method
More Accurate Estimates	686	(7)
Internet Resources	693	(1)
Review Questions	693	(1)
Suggested Activities	693	(2)
Section XI Remodeling, Health, Safety, and Careers
Architectural Remodeling, Renovation, and Preservation	695	(20)
Choosing to Remodel	696	(1)
Types of Remodeling	697	(10)
Changing Lived-In Areas
Making Unused Space Livable
Adding On
Buying to Remodel
Renovation	707	(1)
Historic Preservation	707	(3)
Restoration
Preservation Through Remodeling
Adaptive Reuse
Preparing Remodeling, Renovation, and Preservation Plans	710	(3)
Interior Designer
Architect
Contractor
Internet Resources	713	(1)
Review Questions	713	(1)
Suggested Activities	713	(2)
Designing for Health and Safety	715	(24)
Introduction	715	(1)
Smoke and Fire Detection	715	(2)
Fire Prevention
Smoke Detectors
Fire Safety Code Requirements
Fire Extinguishers
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detection	717	(2)
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
CO Detectors
Radon Detection	719	(3)
Radon in the Home
Radon Testing
Radon Mitigation
Moisture and Mold Problems	722	(4)
Migration of Water Vapor
Sources of Water Vapor
Preventative Measures
Ventilation
Health Hazards Associated with Mold
Mold Prevention and Removal
Weather- and Nature-Related Safety	726	(10)
Earthquakes
Floods
Tornadoes
Hurricanes
General Home Safety	736	(1)
Internet Resources	737	(1)
Review Questions	737	(1)
Suggested Activities	738	(1)
Career Opportunities	739	(10)
Careers in Architecture and Construction	739	(4)
Architect
Architectural Drafters
Architectural Illustrators
Specifications Writer
Estimator
Surveyor
Teaching Architectural Drafting
Construction Technologist
Residential Designer
Keeping a Job and Advancing a Career	743	(2)
Model Ethics Code
Work Ethic
Job Site Safety
Leadership on the Job
Entrepreneurship	745	(2)
Internet Resources	747	(1)
Review Questions	747	(1)
Suggested Activities	747	(2)
Reference Section	749	(59)
Building Material Symbols
Topographical Symbols
Plumbing Symbols
Climate Control Symbols
Electrical Symbols
ANSI Architectural Symbols
Vanity Sizes and Designs
Wall Cabinet Sizes and Designs
Base Cabinet Sizes and Designs
Double-Hung Window Sizes
Horizontal Sliding Window Sizes
Casement Window Sizes
Awning Window Sizes
Hopper Window Sizes
Picture Window Sizes
Glass Sliding Door Sizes
Design Data for Trusses
Span Data
Beam Data
Resistivity to Heat Loss of Building Materials
Metric System
Conversion Tables
Weights of Building Materials
Brick and Block Courses
Rafter Conversion Diagram
Plywood Grades and Specs
Asphalt Roofing Products
Concrete Reinforcement
Gypsum Wallboard Data
Reinforcing Bar Sizes
Foot Candle Levels - Design Temperatures and Degree Days
Wood Foundations Fire and Sound Ratings
Wall System Selection
Clearance Requirements
Building Requirements
Abbreviations
TJI Joists, LVL Headers, and LVL Beams
Radon Detection
Carbon Monoxide Detection
Earthquake Zones
CSI Specification
Rigid Foam Comparison
International Residential Code
Acknowledgements	808	(2)
Glossary	810	(21)
Index	831