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Marilyn Stokstad, teacher, art historian, and museum curator, has been a leader in her field for decades and has served as president of the College Art Association and the International Center of Medieval Art. In 2002, she was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the National Women’s Caucus for Art. In 1997, she was awarded the Governor’s Arts Award as Kansas Art Educator of the Year and an honorary degree of doctor of humane letters by Carleton College. She is Judith Harris Murphy Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of Kansas, Lawrence. She has also served in various leadership capacities at the University’s Spencer Museum of Art and is Consultative Curator of Medieval Art at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri
Michael W. Cothren is Scheuer Family Professor of Humanities at Swarthmore College, where he has also served as Art Department Chair, Coordinator of Medieval Studies, and Divisional Chair of the Humanities. Since arriving at Swarthmore in 1978, he has taught specialized courses on Medieval, Roman, and Islamic art and architecture, as well as seminars on visual narrative and on theory and method, but he particularly enjoys teaching the survey to Swarthmore beginners. His research and publications focus on French Gothic art and architecture, most recently in a book on the stained glass of Beauvais Cathedral entitled Picturing the Celestial City. Michael is a consultative curator at the Glencairn Museum in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania. He has served on the board of the International Center of Medieval Art and as President both of the American Committee of the International Corpus Vitrearum and of his local school board. When not teaching, writing, or pursuing art historical research, you can finding him hiking in the red rocks around Sedona, Arizona.
BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS vii
PREFACE xii
WHAT’S NEW xiv
FACULTY AND STUDENT RESOURCES FOR ART HISTORY xviii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND GRATITUDE xix
USE NOTES xxi
STARTER KIT xxii
INTRODUCTION xxvi
Chapter 1 PREHISTORIC ART 1
Chapter 2 ART OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 27
Chapter 3 ART OF ANCIENT EGYPT 49
Chapter 4 ART OF THE ANCIENT AEGEAN 81
Chapter 5 ART OF ANCIENT GREECE 101
Chapter 6 ETRUSCAN AND ROMAN ART 159
Chapter 7 JEWISH, EARLY CHRISTIAN, AND BYZANTINE ART 217
Chapter 8 ISLAMIC ART 261
Chapter 9 ART OF SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA BEFORE 1200 291
Chapter 10 CHINESE AND KOREAN ART BEFORE 1279 325
Chapter 11 JAPANESE ART BEFORE 1333 355
Chapter 12 ART OF THE AMERICAS BEFORE 1300 377
Chapter 13 EARLY AFRICAN ART 403
Chapter 14 EARLY MEDIEVAL ART IN EUROPE 423
Chapter 15 ROMANESQUE ART 453
Chapter 16 GOTHIC ART OF THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES 491
Chapter 17 FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE 529
DETAILED CONTENTS
CONTENTS vii
PREFACE xiv
WHAT’S NEW xv
FACULTY AND STUDENT RESOURCES FOR ART HISTORY xviii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND GRATITUDE xix
USE NOTES xxi
STARTER KIT xxii
INTRODUCTION xxvi
CHAPTER 1 PREHISTORIC ART 1
THE STONE AGE 2
THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD 2
Shelter or Architecture? 4
Artifacts or Works of Art? 5
Cave Painting 8
Cave Sculptures 12
THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD 13
Architecture 13
Sculpture and Ceramics 20
NEW METALLURGY, ENDURING STONE 22
The Bronze Age 22
Rock Carvings 23
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Power of Naming 6
Intentional House Burning 20
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Prehistoric Woman and Man 24
A CLOSER LOOK
A House in Çatalhöyük 15
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Early Construction Methods 16
TECHNIQUE
Prehistoric Wall Painting 10
Pottery and Ceramics 22
RECOVERING THE PAST
How Early Art is Dated 12
CHAPTER 2 ART OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 27
THE FERTILE CRESCENT AND MESOPOTAMIA 28
Sumer 28
Akkad 33
Ur and Lagash 36
Babylon 37
THE HITTITES OF ANATOLIA 37
ASSYRIA 39
Kalhu (Nimrud) 39
Dur Sharrukin (Khorsabad) 41
Nineveh (Kuyunjik) 43
NEO-BABYLONIA 43
PERSIA 44
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Art as Spoils of War—Protection or Theft? 32
The Code of Hammurabi 38
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
A Lyre from a Royal Tomb in Ur 34
A CLOSER LOOK
Enemies Crossing the Euphrates to Escape Assyrian Archers 41
TECHNIQUE
Cuneiform Writing 30
Textiles 43
CHAPTER 3 ART OF ANCIENT EGYPT 49
THE GIFT OF THE NILE 50
EARLY DYNASTIC EGYPT, C. 2950–2575 BCE 50
The God-Kings 50
Artistic Conventions 51
Funerary Architecture 53
THE OLD KINGDOM, C. 2575–2150 BCE 55
The Great Pyramids at Giza 55
Sculpture 59
Pictorial Relief in Tombs 61
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM, C. 1975–C. 1640 BCE 62
Portraits of Senusret III 62
Rock-Cut Tombs 62
Funerary Stelae 63
Town Planning 64
THE NEW KINGDOM, C. 1539–1075 BCE 64
The Great Temple Complexes 65
Hatshepsut 67
The Tomb of Ramose 69
Akhenaten and the Art of the Amarna Period 70
The Return to Tradition: Tutankhamun and Ramses II 72
The Books of the Dead 76
THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD, C. 1075–715 BCE 78
LATE EGYPTIAN ART, C. 715–332 BCE 79
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Egyptian Symbols 51
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Temples of Ramses II at Abu Simbel 74
A CLOSER LOOK
The Palette of Narmer 52
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Mastaba to Pyramid 55
TECHNIQUE
Preserving The Dead 56
Egyptian Pictorial Relief 65
Glassmaking 73
RECOVERING THE PAST
The Rosetta Stone 77
CHAPTER 4 ART OF THE ANCIENT AEGEAN 81
THE BRONZE AGE IN THE AEGEAN 82
THE CYCLADIC ISLANDS 82
THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION ON CRETE 84
The “Old Palace” Period, c. 1900–1700 BCE 84
The “New Palace” Period, c. 1700–1450 BCE 86
THE MYCENAEAN (HELLADIC) CULTURE 92
Helladic Architecture 92
Mycenaean Tombs 95
Ceramic Arts 99
BOXES
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Lion Gate 96
A CLOSER LOOK
The “Flotilla Fresco” from Akrotiri 92
TECHNIQUE
Aegean Metalwork 87
RECOVERING THE PAST
Pioneers of Aegean Archaeology 91
The “Mask of Agamemnon” 95
CHAPTER 5 ART OF ANCIENT GREECE 101
THE EMERGENCE OF GREEK CIVILIZATION 102
Historical Background 102
Religious Beliefs and Sacred Places 102
GREEK ART C. 900–C. 600 BCE 102
The Geometric Period 102
The Orientalizing Period 105
THE ARCHAIC PERIOD, C. 600–480 BCE 107
The Sanctuary at Delphi 107
Temples 108
Free-standing Sculpture 114
Painted Pots 117
THE EARLY CLASSICAL PERIOD, C. 480–450 BCE 120
Marble Sculpture 121
Bronze Sculpture 124
Ceramic Painting 127
THE HIGH CLASSICAL PERIOD, C. 450–400 BCE 128
The Acropolis 129
The Parthenon 130
The Propylaia and the Erechtheion 136
The Temple of Athena Nike 137
The Athenian Agora 138
City Plans 138
Stele Sculpture 140
Painting 141
THE LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD, C. 400–323 BCE 142
Sculpture 143
The Art of the Goldsmith 146
Painting and Mosaics 146
THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD, 323–31/30 BCE 149
The Corinthian Order in Hellenistic Architecture 149
Sculpture 151
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Greek and Roman Deities 104
Classic and Classical 124
Who Owns the Art? The Elgin Marbles and the Euphronios Krater 135
Women at a Fountain House 139
Women Artists in Ancient Greece 148
Greek Theaters 150
The Celts 152
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Tomb of the Diver 122
A CLOSER LOOK
The Euphronios Krater 119
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
The Greek Orders 110
TECHNIQUE
Color in Greek Sculpture 113
Black-Figure and Red-Figure 120
The Canon of Polykleitos 134
RECOVERING THE PAST
The Riace Warriors 127
CHAPTER 6 ETRUSCAN AND ROMAN ART 159
THE ETRUSCANS 160
Etruscan Architecture 160
Etruscan Temples 160
Tomb Chambers 162
Works in Bronze 166
THE ROMANS 168
Origins of Rome 168
Roman Religion 169
THE REPUBLIC, 509–27 BCE 169
Portrait Sculpture 169
ROMAN TEMPLES 173
THE EARLY EMPIRE, 27 BCE–96 CE 174
Art in the Age of Augustus 174
The Julio-Claudians 178
Roman Cities and the Roman Home 178
Wall Painting 181
The Flavians 187
THE HIGH IMPERIAL ART OF TRAJAN AND HADRIAN 190
Imperial Architecture 191
Imperial Portraits 201
THE LATE EMPIRE, THIRD AND FOURTH CENTURIES 203
The Severan Dynasty 204
The Soldier Emperors 204
Constantine the Great 208
Roman Art after Constantine 213
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Roman Writers on Art 169
Roman Portraiture 170
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Ara Pacis Augustae 176
A CLOSER LOOK
Sarcophagus with the Indian Triumph of Dionysus 206
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Roman Architectural Orders 163
The Roman Arch 172
Roman Vaulting 188
Concrete 196
TECHNIQUE
Roman Mosaics 202
RECOVERING THE PAST
The Mildenhall Treasure 214
CHAPTER 7 JEWISH, EARLY CHRISTIAN, AND BYZANTINE ART 217
JEWS, CHRISTIANS, AND MUSLIMS 218
Early Jewish Art 218
Early Christian Art 222
IMPERIAL CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE AND ART 226
Architecture 226
Sculpture 229
Ravenna 230
EARLY BYZANTINE ART 233
The Golden Age of Justinian 233
Objects of Veneration and Devotion 242
Icons and Iconoclasm 244
MIDDLE BYZANTINE ART 246
Architecture and Mosaics 247
Objects of Veneration and Devotion 252
LATE BYZANTINE ART 254
Constantinople: The Chora Church 254
Moscow: Rublyov 259
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Narrative and Iconic 224
The Life of Jesus 231
Naming Christian Churches: Designation + Dedication + Location 239
Scroll and Codex 243
Iconoclasm 246
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Funerary Chapel of Theodore Metochites 256
A CLOSER LOOK
The Mosaic Floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue 221
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Longitudinal-Plan and Central-Plan Churches 228
Pendentives and Squinches 236
RECOVERING THE PAST
Dura-Europos 223
CHAPTER 8 ISLAMIC ART 261
ISLAM AND EARLY ISLAMIC SOCIETY 262
ART AND ARCHITECTURE THROUGH THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY 265
Early Architecture 265
THE LATER PERIOD 270
Architecture of the Mediterranean 271
Architecture of the East 275
Portable Arts 276
The Arts of the Book 279
Manuscript Painting 280
ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE THREE EMPIRES 282
The Ottoman Empire 282
The Safavid Dynasty 285
Mughal Dynasty 288
THE MODERN ERA 289
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Five Pillars of Islam 267
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Great Mosque of Cordoba 268
A CLOSER LOOK
A Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp 273
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Arches 271
TECHNIQUE
Ornament 264
Carpet Making 286
CHAPTER 9 ART OF SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA BEFORE 1200 291
THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT 292
INDUS CIVILIZATION 292
THE VEDIC PERIOD 295
THE MAURYA PERIOD 295
THE PERIOD OF THE SHUNGAS AND EARLY ANDHRAS 298
Stupas 298
Buddhist Rock-Cut Halls 302
THE KUSHAN AND LATER ANDHRA PERIODS 302
The Gandhara Style 303
The Mathura Style 303
The Southeast Indian Style 305
THE FOURTH THROUGH SEVENTH CENTURIES 306
Buddhist Sculpture 306
Painting 306
The Early Northern Temple 308
Monumental Narrative Reliefs 309
The Early Southern Temple 312
THE EIGHTH THROUGH THE FOURTEENTH CENTURIES 312
The Monumental Northern Temple 313
The Monumental Southern Temple 317
The Bhakti Movement in Art 318
ART OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 319
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Buddhism 297
Hinduism 298
Mudras 304
Meaning and Ritual in Hindu Temples and Images 310
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Shiva Nataraja of the Chola Dynasty 314
A CLOSER LOOK
Descent of the Ganges Relief, Mamallapuram 313
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Stupas and Temples 301
CHAPTER 10 CHINESE AND KOREAN ART BEFORE 1279 325
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM 326
NEOLITHIC CULTURES 326
Painted Pottery Cultures 326
Liangzhu Culture 326
BRONZE AGE CHINA 328
Shang Dynasty 328
Zhou Dynasty 329
THE CHINESE EMPIRE: QIN DYNASTY 332
HAN DYNASTY 332
Philosophy and Art 333
Architecture 335
SIX DYNASTIES 335
Painting 336
Calligraphy 337
Buddhist Art and Architecture 338
SUI AND TANG DYNASTIES 338
Buddhist Art and Architecture 339
Figure Painting 343
SONG DYNASTY 344
Philosophy: Neo-Confucianism 345
Northern Song Painting 345
Southern Song Painting and Ceramics 348
THE ARTS OF KOREA 350
The Three Kingdoms Period 350
The Unified Silla Period 352
Goryeo Dynasty 352
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Chinese Characters 331
Daoism 334
Confucius and Confucianism 337
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Silk Road during the Tang Period 342
A CLOSER LOOK
Rubbing of a stone relief 335
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Pagodas 345
TECHNIQUE
Piece-Mold Casting 329
CHAPTER 11 JAPANESE ART BEFORE 1333 355
PREHISTORIC JAPAN 356
Jomon Period 356
Yayoi Period 356
Kofun Period 356
ASUKA PERIOD 359
Horyuji 360
NARA PERIOD 361
HEIAN PERIOD 363
Esoteric Buddhist Art 363
Pure Land Buddhist Art 365
Secular Painting and Calligraphy 367
KAMAKURA PERIOD 370
Pure Land Buddhist Art 371
Zen Buddhist Art 375
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Writing, Language, and Culture 357
Buddhist Symbols 362
Arms and Armor 371
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Daruma, Founder of Zen 374
A CLOSER LOOK
The Tale of Genji 368
TECHNIQUE
Joined-Block Wood Sculpture 366
RECOVERING THE PAST
The Great Buddha Hall 364
CHAPTER 12 ART OF THE AMERICAS BEFORE 1300 377
THE NEW WORLD 378
MESOAMERICA 378
The Olmec 378
Teotihuacan 381
The Maya 384
CENTRAL AMERICA 390
SOUTH AMERICA: THE CENTRAL ANDES 391
Chavin de Huantar 391
The Paracas and Nazca Cultures 392
The Moche Culture 393
NORTH AMERICA 395
The East 395
The North American Southwest 397
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Maya Writing 385
The Cosmic Ballgame 389
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Rock Art 400
A CLOSER LOOK
Maya Stela 387
TECHNIQUE
Andean Textiles 394
CHAPTER 13 EARLY AFRICAN ART 403
THE LURE OF ANCIENT AFRICA 404
AFRICA—THE CRADLE OF ART AND CIVILIZATION 404
AFRICAN ROCK ART 404
Saharan Rock Art 405
SUB-SAHARAN CIVILIZATIONS 406
Nok 407
Igbo-Ukwu 408
Ife 409
Benin 410
OTHER URBAN CENTERS 416
Jenné 416
Great Zimbabwe 417
Aksum and Lalibela 419
Kongo Kingdom 419
EXPORTING TO THE WEST 421
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Myth of “Primitive” Art 406
Southern African Rock Art 408
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
A Warrior Chief Pledging Loyalty 414
A CLOSER LOOK
Igbo-Ukwu 413
TECHNIQUE
Lost-Wax Casting 415
CHAPTER 14 EARLY MEDIEVAL ART IN EUROPE 423
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 424
THE ART OF THE “BARBARIANS” IN EUROPE 425
The Merovingians 425
The Norse 427
The Celts and Anglo-Saxons in Britain 427
THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ART OF THE BRITISH ISLES 428
Illustrated Books 429
MOZARABIC ART IN SPAIN 433
Beatus Manuscripts 433
THE VIKING ERA 435
The Oseberg Ship 435
Picture Stones at Jelling 436
Timber Architecture 436
THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE 438
Carolingian Architecture 438
Illustrated Books 442
Carolingian Metalwork 445
OTTONIAN EUROPE 446
Ottonian Architecture 446
Ottonian Sculpture 448
Illustrated Books 450
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Defining the Middle Ages 425
The Medieval Scriptorium 432
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Lindisfarne Gospels 430
A CLOSER LOOK
Psalm 23 in the Utrecht Psalter 445
RECOVERING THE PAST
Sutton Hoo 429
CHAPTER 15 ROMANESQUE ART 453
EUROPE IN THE ROMANESQUE PERIOD 454
Political and Economic Life 454
The Church 454
ROMANESQUE ART 455
ARCHITECTURE 456
“First Romanesque” 457
“Pilgrimage Churches” 457
Cluny 460
The Cistercians 463
Regional Styles in Romanesque Architecture 464
Secular Architecture: Dover Castle, England 472
ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE 473
Wiligelmo at the Cathedral of Modena 474
The Priory Church of Saint-Pierre at Moissac 474
The Church of Saint-Lazare at Autun 477
SCULPTURE IN WOOD AND BRONZE 480
Christ on the Cross (Majestat Batlló) 480
Mary as the Throne of Wisdom 480
Tomb of Rudolf of Swabia 481
Reiner of Huy 482
TEXTILES AND BOOKS 482
Chronicling History 483
Sacred Books 486
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Pilgrim’s Journey 458
Relics and Reliquaries 462
St. Bernard and Theophilus: The Monastic Controversy over the Visual Arts 464
The Paintings of San Climent in Taull: Mozarabic Meets Byzantine 468
Hildegard of Bingen 487
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Bayeux Embroidery 484
A CLOSER LOOK
The Last Judgment Tympanum at Autun 478
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
The Romanesque Church Portal 473
CHAPTER 16 GOTHIC ART OF THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES 491
THE EMERGENCE OF THE GOTHIC STYLE 492
The Rise of Urban and Intellectual Life 492
The Age of Cathedrals 493
GOTHIC ART IN FRANCE 493
The Birth of Gothic at the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis 494
Gothic Cathedrals 496
Art in the Age of St. Louis 507
GOTHIC ART IN ENGLAND 512
Manuscript Illumination 512
Architecture 515
GOTHIC ART IN GERMANY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 517
Architecture 518
Sculpture 520
GOTHIC ART IN ITALY 522
Sculpture: The Pisano Family 522
Painting 525
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Abbot Suger on the Value of Art in Monasteries 493
Master Builders 502
Villard de Honnecourt 508
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Sainte-Chapelle in Paris 510
A CLOSER LOOK
The Opening of Psalm 1 in the Windmill Psalter 514
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Rib Vaulting 497
The Gothic Church 499
TECHNIQUE
Stained-Glass Windows 496
RECOVERING THE PAST
The Church of St. Francis at Assisi 523
CHAPTER 17 FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE 529
FOURTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE 530
ITALY 531
Florentine Architecture and Metalwork 532
Florentine Painting 532
Sienese Painting 539
FRANCE 547
Manuscript Illumination 547
Metalwork and Ivory 549
ENGLAND 552
Embroidery: Opus Anglicanum 552
Architecture 554
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 554
Mysticism and Suffering 554
The Supremacy of Prague 555
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
A New Spirit in Fourteenth-Century Literature 531
The Black Death 546
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
An Ivory Chest with Scenes of Romance 550
A CLOSER LOOK
The Hours of Jeanne d’Évreux 548
TECHNIQUE
Buon Fresco 537
Cennino Cennini on Panel Painting 542
CONTEMPORARY WORLD MAP 1136
GLOSSARY 1137
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1146
CREDITS 1158
INDEX 1163
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