The Art of Reasoning

by Kelley, David

• ISBN13: 9780393972139
• ISBN10: 0393972135
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-01-17
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company

Summary

The Third Edition has been meticulously updated and continues the successful pedagogical approach of the two previous editions, guiding students through the fundamental elements of formal deductive logic, classification and definition, fallacies, basic argument analysis, inductive generalization, statistical reasoning, and explanation.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction	1	(10)
Thinking Skills	2	(3)
Objectivity	5	(6)
PART ONE CONCEPTS AND PROPOSITIONS	11	(76)
Chapter 2 Classification	11	(22)
Concepts and Referents	12	(5)
Rules of Classification	17	(6)
Levels of Organization	23	(4)
Summary	27	(1)
Exercises	28	(5)
Chapter 3 Definitions	33	(26)
The Functions of a Definition	34	(2)
Rules for Definitions	36	(9)
Constructing Definitions	45	(8)
Summary	53	(1)
Exercises	53	(6)
Chapter 4 Propositions	59	(28)
Propositions and Sentences	60	(1)
Propositions and Word Meaning	61	(6)
Propositions and Grammar	67	(11)
Summary	78	(1)
Exercises	79	(8)
PART TWO ARGUMENTS	87	(108)
Chapter 5 Basic Argument Analysis	87	(38)
Elements of Reasoning	88	(5)
Diagramming Arguments	93	(12)
Logical Strength	105	(5)
Implicit Premises	110	(6)
Summary	116	(1)
Exercises	116	(9)
Chapter 6 Fallacies	125	(42)
Subjectivist Fallacies	126	(8)
Fallacies Involving Credibility	134	(7)
Fallacies of Context	141	(6)
Fallacies of Logical Structure	147	(8)
Summary	155	(2)
Exercises	157	(10)
Chapter 7 Advanced Argument Analysis	167	(28)
Distilling an Argument	167	(7)
Diagramming Debates	174	(9)
Summary	183	(3)
Exercises	186	(9)
PART THREE CLASSICAL DEDUCTIVE LOGIC	195	(138)
Chapter 8 Categorical Propositions	195	(38)
Standard Form	196	(6)
The Square of Opposition	202	(5)
Existential Import	207	(3)
Distribution	210	(3)
Immediate Inference	213	(8)
Venn Diagrams	221	(5)
Summary	226	(1)
Exercises	227	(6)
Chapter 9 Categorical Syllogisms	233	(48)
The Structure of a Syllogism	233	(5)
Validity	238	(3)
Enthymemes	241	(2)
Rules of Validity	243	(9)
Venn Diagrams	252	(8)
The Cancellation Method	260	(11)
Summary	271	(1)
Exercises	272	(9)
Chapter 10 Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms	281	(20)
Disjunctive Syllogisms	282	(4)
Hypothetical Propositions	286	(4)
Hypothetical Syllogisms	290	(5)
Summary	295	(1)
Exercises	295	(6)
Chapter 11 Syllogisms in Ordinary Reasoning	301	(32)
Distilling Deductive Arguments	302	(7)
Extended Arguments	309	(14)
Summary	323	(1)
Exercises	323	(10)
PART FOUR MODERN DEDUCTIVE LOGIC	333	(120)
Chapter 12 Propositional Logic--Symbolic Notation	333	(28)
Connectives	334	(12)
Statement Forms	346	(6)
Computing Truth Values	352	(3)
Summary	355	(1)
Exercises	355	(6)
Chapter 13 Propositional Logic--Arguments	361	(44)
Truth Table Test of Validity	362	(4)
Truth Table Test--Short Form	366	(4)
Proof	370	(10)
Equivalence	380	(8)
Conditional Proof and Reductio ad Absurdum	388	(7)
Summary	395	(1)
Exercises	396	(9)
Chapter 14 Predicate Logic	405	(48)
Quantifiers	406	(2)
General Statements	408	(7)
Relations and Multiple Quantification	415	(10)
Proof	425	(17)
Summary	442	(1)
Exercises	442	(11)
PART FIVE INDUCTIVE LOGIC	453
Chapter 15 Inductive Generalizations	453	(34)
Generalizing	454	(7)
Causality	461	(3)
Agreement and Difference	464	(8)
Concomitant Variations and Residues	472	(6)
Summary	478	(1)
Exercises	478	(9)
Chapter 16 Argument by Analogy	487	(18)
Analogy and Similarity	488	(3)
Analysis and Evaluation	491	(8)
Summary	499	(1)
Exercises	499	(6)
Chapter 17 Statistical Reasoning	505	(42)
Logic and Statistics	506	(3)
Using Statistics in Argument	509	(10)
Statistical Generalization	519	(6)
Statistical Evidence of Causality	525	(12)
Summary	537	(1)
Exercises	538	(9)
Chapter 18 Explanation	547
Explanation and Argument	548	(6)
Adequacy	554	(8)
The Truth of Hypotheses	562	(11)
Summary	573	(1)
Exercises	574
Answers to Practice Quizzes	A1	(68)
Glossary	A69	(8)
Index	A77