The Art of Systems Architecting, Third Edition

by Maier; Mark W.

• ISBN13: 9781420079135
• ISBN10: 1420079131
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-01-06
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Extensively rewritten to reflect the latest developments, this text explains how to create a system from scratch, presenting invention/design rules together with clear explanations of how to use them. The author supplies practical guidelines for avoiding common systematic failures while implementing new mandates. He uses a heuristics-based approach that provides an organized attack on very ill-structured engineering problems. Examining architecture as more than a set of diagrams and documents, but as a set of decisions that either drive a system to success or doom it to failure, the book provide methods for integrating business strategy with technical architectural decision making.Multi/Card Deck Copy

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xv
Introduction
A Brief Review of Classical Architecting Methods	p. 1
Notes	p. 4
Extending the Architecting Paradigm	p. 5
Introduction: The Classical Architecting Paradigm	p. 5
Responding to Complexity	p. 5
The High Rate of Advances in the Computer and Information Sciences	p. 7
The Foundations of Modern Systems Architecting	p. 8
The Architecture Paradigm Summarized	p. 19
The Waterfall Model of Systems Acquisition	p. 20
Spirals, Increments, and Collaborative Assembly	p. 23
Scopes of Architecting	p. 25
Conclusion	p. 27
Notes and References	p. 27
Heuristics as Tools	p. 29
Introduction: A Metaphor	p. 29
Heuristics as Abstractions of Experience	p. 30
Selecting a Personal Kit of Heuristic Tools	p. 31
Using Heuristics	p. 34
A Process Framework for Architecting Heuristics	p. 35
Heuristics on Heuristics	p. 38
A Taxonomy of Heuristics	p. 39
New Directions	p. 41
Conclusion	p. 41
Notes and References	p. 42
New Domains, New Insights
DC-3	p. 47
The History	p. 47
Architecture Interpretation	p. 51
Three Story Variations	p. 51
Was the Boeing 247 Successfully Architected?	p. 52
What Is the "Architecture" of the DC-3?	p. 53
Art Raymond's Principles	p. 53
Notes and References	p. 55
Builder-Architected Systems	p. 57
Introduction: The Form-First Paradigm	p. 57
Technological Substitutions within Existing Systems	p. 59
Consequences of Uncertainty of End Purpose	p. 61
Architecture and Competition	p. 61
Reducing the Risks of Uncertainty of End Purpose	p. 63
Risk Management by Intermediate Goals	p. 64
The "What Next?" Quandary	p. 65
Controlling the Critical Features of the Architecture	p. 66
Abandonment of an Obsolete Architecture	p. 67
Creating Innovative Teams	p. 68
Architecting "Revolutionary" Systems	p. 70
Systems Architecting and Basic Research	p. 72
Heuristics for Architecting Technology-Driven Systems	p. 73
Conclusion	p. 74
Exercises	p. 74
Notes and References	p. 75
Mass and Lean Production	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
An Architectural History of Mass Production	p. 77
Cottage Industry (1890s to 1910s)	p. 78
Birth of Mass Production (1908-1913)	p. 78
Competition from New Quarters (1920s to 1930s)	p. 79
The Toyota Production System (1940s to 1980s)	p. 80
Metaphor or Vision Changes	p. 81
Craftsmen	p. 81
A Car for the Masses, or If We Build It, It Will Sell	p. 81
Cars as Fashion	p. 82
The Supermarket Metaphor	p. 82
The Toyota Way	p. 82
Elements of the Architecture of the Ford Production System	p. 82
The Assembly Line	p. 83
Enterprise Distribution	p. 83
Management Processes	p. 84
Quality Assurance for Distributed Production	p. 84
Devotion to Component-Level Simplification	p. 84
Social Contract	p. 85
Conclusion	p. 85
Notes and References	p. 86
Manufacturing Systems	p. 87
Introduction: The Manufacturing Domain	p. 87
Manufacturing in Context	p. 88
Architectural Innovations in Manufacturing	p. 91
Dynamic Manufacturing Systems	p. 93
Lean Production	p. 105
Flexible Manufacturing	p. 108
Heuristics for Architecting Manufacturing Systems	p. 111
Conclusion	p. 111
Exercises	p. 112
Notes and References	p. 112
Intelligent Transportation Systems	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
ITS Concepts	p. 116
ITS Sociotechnical Issues	p. 118
Who Is the Client for an Architect?	p. 118
Public or Private?	p. 119
Facts and Perceptions	p. 121
Architecture as Shared Invariants	p. 122
Dominance of Economics	p. 122
Notes and References	p. 123
Social Systems	p. 125
Introduction: Defining Sociotechnical Systems	p. 125
Public Participation	p. 125
The Foundations of Sociotechnical Systems Architecting	p. 127
The Separation of Client and User	p. 127
Socioeconomic Insights	p. 128
The Interaction between the Public and Private Sectors	p. 130
Facts versus Perceptions: An Added Tension	p. 131
Heuristics for Social Systems	p. 134
Conclusion	p. 135
Exercises	p. 135
Notes and References	p. 136
Hierarchical to Layered Systems	p. 137
Business Background	p. 137
Motivation for Change	p. 138
The Layered Alternative	p. 140
The Pain of the Transition	p. 142
Results	p. 144
Software and Information Technology Systems	p. 147
Introduction: The Status of Software Architecting	p. 147
Software as a System Component	p. 151
Systems, Software, and Process Models	p. 153
The Problem of Hierarchy	p. 161
The Role of Architecture in Software-Centered Systems	p. 166
Programming Languages, Models, and Expression	p. 167
Architectures, "Unifying" Models, and Visions	p. 169
Directions in Software Architecting	p. 170
Exercises	p. 178
Notes and References	p. 179
The Global Positioning System	p. 181
The History	p. 181
The Origins of GPS: The Foundational Programs	p. 181
Inertial Navigation and Its Limits	p. 182
Weapon Delivery	p. 182
The Transit Program	p. 182
Timation	p. 183
621B	p. 184
The Origin of GPS	p. 184
Parkinson and Currie	p. 185
The Fateful Weekend	p. 185
The Long Road to Revolution	p. 186
The Timeline to Operation	p. 186
Commercial Markets and the Gulf War	p. 187
Revolution in the Second Generation	p. 187
Ubiquitous GPS	p. 188
GPS-Guided Weapons	p. 188
Architecture Interpretation	p. 189
Right Idea, Right Time, Right People	p. 189
Be Technically Aggressive, But Not Suicidal	p. 190
Consensus without Compromise	p. 191
Architecture as Invariants	p. 192
Revolution through Coupled Change	p. 192
Conclusion	p. 193
Notes and References	p. 194
Collaborative Systems	p. 195
Introduction: Collaboration as a Category	p. 195
Collaborative System Examples	p. 197
Analogies for Architecting Collaborative Systems	p. 202
Collaborative System Heuristics	p. 203
Variations on the Collaborative Theme	p. 207
Misclassification	p. 208
Standards and Collaborative Systems	p. 211
Conclusion	p. 213
Exercises	p. 214
Exercises to Close Part II	p. 214
Notes and References	p. 215
Models and Modeling
Introduction to Part III	p. 217
A Civil Architecture Analogy	p. 217
Guide to Part III	p. 218
Representation Models and Systems Architecting	p. 221
Introduction: Roles, Views, and Models	p. 221
Roles of Models	p. 222
Models, Viewpoints, and Views	p. 223
Classification of Models by View	p. 225
Conclusion	p. 243
Exercises	p. 245
Notes and References	p. 245
Design Progression in Systems Architecting	p. 247
Introduction: Architecting Process Components	p. 247
Design Progression	p. 248
Introduction by Examples	p. 249
Design as the Evolution of Models	p. 250
Evaluation Criteria and Heuristic Refinement	p. 250
Design Concepts for Systems Architecture	p. 254
Architecture and Design Disciplines	p. 277
Conclusion	p. 282
Exercises	p. 282
Notes and References	p. 283
Integrated Modeling Methodologies	p. 285
Introduction	p. 285
General Integrated Models	p. 286
Integrated Modeling and Software	p. 292
Integrated Models for Manufacturing Systems	p. 307
Integrated Models for Sociotechnical Systems	p. 308
Conclusion	p. 309
Exercises	p. 310
Notes and References	p. 310
Architecture Frameworks	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Defining an Architecture Framework	p. 314
Current Architecture Frameworks	p. 315
Research Directions	p. 327
Adapting Processes to Frameworks	p. 329
Conclusion	p. 333
Notes and References	p. 333
The Systems Architecting Profession
Architecting in Business and Government	p. 339
Problem-System-Program-Organization	p. 339
Strategy and Architecture in Business and Government	p. 343
Architecture of Programs	p. 346
Strategic Architecting of Programs	p. 350
Enterprise Architecture	p. 353
Conclusion	p. 359
Notes and References	p. 359
The Political Process and Systems Architecting	p. 361
Introduction: The Political Challenge	p. 361
Politics as a Design Factor	p. 362
The First Skill to Master	p. 364
Heuristics in the Political Process: "The Facts of Life"	p. 365
A Few More Skills to Master	p. 373
Conclusion	p. 373
The Professionalization of Systems Architecting	p. 375
Introduction	p. 375
The Profession of Systems Engineering	p. 375
Systems Architecting and Systems Standards	p. 378
The Origins of Systems Standards	p. 379
Commercial Standards	p. 382
Company Standards	p. 384
A Summary of Standards Developments, 1950-1995	p. 385
Systems Architecting Graduate Education	p. 386
Curriculum Design	p. 387
Advanced Study in Systems Architecting	p. 389
Professional Societies and Publications	p. 389
Conclusion: An Assessment of the Profession	p. 390
Notes and References	p. 391
Heuristics for Systems-Level Architecting	p. 395
Introduction: Organizing the List	p. 395
Heuristic Tool List	p. 397
Exercises	p. 407
Notes and References	p. 407
Reference Texts Suggested for Institutional Libraries	p. 409
Architecting Background	p. 409
Management	p. 409
Modeling	p. 410
Specialty Areas	p. 410
Software	p. 410
Systems Sciences	p. 411
Systems Thinking	p. 411
On Defining Architecture and Other Terms	p. 413
Defining "Architecture"	p. 413
Models, Viewpoints, and Views	p. 420
Reference	p. 422
Glossary	p. 423
Author Index	p. 427
Subject Index	p. 431
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