Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers

by Irvine, Kip

• ISBN13: 9780132383103
• ISBN10: 0132383101
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This widely used, fully updated assembly language book provides basic information for the beginning programmer interested in computer architecture, operating systems, hardware manipulation, and compiler writing.Uses the Intel IA-32 processor family as its base, showing how to program for Windows and DOS. Is written in a clear and straightforward manner for high readability. Includes a companion CD-ROM with all sample programs, and Microsoftreg; Macro Assembler Version 8, along with an extensive companion Website maintained by the author. Covers machine architecture, processor architecture, assembly language fundamentals, data transfer, addressing and arithmetic, procedures, conditional processing, integer arithmetic, strings and arrays, structures and macros, 32-bit Windows programming, language interface, disk fundamentals, BIOS-level programming, MS-DOS programming, floating-point programming, and IA-32 instruction encoding.For embedded systems programmers and engineers, communication specialists, game programmers, and graphics programmers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
Basic Concepts	1	(24)
Welcome to Assembly Language	1	(6)
Good Questions to Ask	2	(3)
Assembly Language Applications	5	(1)
Section Review	6	(1)
Virtual Machine Concept	7	(2)
History of PC Assemblers	9	(1)
Section Review	9	(1)
Data Representation	9	(11)
Binary Numbers	10	(1)
Binary Addition	11	(1)
Integer Storage Sizes	12	(1)
Hexadecimal Integers	13	(1)
Signed Integers	14	(2)
Character Storage	16	(2)
Section Review	18	(2)
Boolean Operations	20	(3)
Truth Tables for Boolean Functions	22	(1)
Section Review	23	(1)
Chapter Summary	23	(2)
IA-32 Processor Architecture	25	(26)
General Concepts	25	(8)
Basic Microcomputer Design	26	(1)
Instruction Execution Cycle	27	(3)
Reading from Memory	30	(1)
How Programs Run	31	(1)
Section Review	32	(1)
IA-32 Processor Architecture	33	(6)
Modes of Operation	33	(1)
Basic Execution Environment	34	(2)
Floating-Point Unit	36	(1)
Intel Microprocessor History	37	(1)
Section Review	38	(1)
IA-32 Memory Management	39	(4)
Real-Address Mode	39	(2)
Protected Mode	41	(2)
Section Review	43	(1)
Components of an IA-32 Microcomputer	43	(3)
Motherboard	43	(1)
Video Output	44	(1)
Memory	45	(1)
Input-Output Ports and Device Interfaces	45	(1)
Section Review	46	(1)
Input-Output System	46	(3)
How It All Works	46	(2)
Section Review	48	(1)
Chapter Summary	49	(2)
Assembly Language Fundamentals	51	(28)
Basic Elements of Assembly Language	51	(7)
Integer Constants	52	(1)
Integer Expressions	52	(1)
Real Number Constants	53	(1)
Character Constants	54	(1)
String Constants	54	(1)
Reserved Words	54	(1)
Identifiers	54	(1)
Directives	55	(1)
Instructions	55	(2)
The NOP (No Operation) Instruction	57	(1)
Section Review	58	(1)
Example: Adding Three Integers	58	(4)
Alternative Version of AddSub	60	(1)
Program Template	61	(1)
Section Review	61	(1)
Assembling, Linking, and Running Programs	62	(2)
The Assemble-Link-Execute Cycle	62	(2)
Section Review	64	(1)
Defining Data	64	(8)
Intrinsic Data Types	64	(1)
Data Definition Statement	64	(2)
Defining Byte and Sbyte Data	66	(1)
Defining Word and Sword Data	67	(1)
Defining Dword and Sdword Data	68	(1)
Defining Qword Data	69	(1)
Defining Tbyte Data	69	(1)
Defining Real Number Data	69	(1)
Little Endian Order	69	(1)
Adding Variables to the AddSub Program	70	(1)
Declaring Uninitialized Data	71	(1)
Section Review	71	(1)
Symbolic Constants	72	(3)
Equal-Sign Directive	72	(1)
Calculating the Sizes of Arrays and Strings	73	(1)
EQU Directive	74	(1)
Textequ Directive	74	(1)
Section Review	75	(1)
Real-Address Mode Programming (Optional)	75	(1)
Basic Changes	75	(1)
Chapter Summary	76	(1)
Programming Exercises	77	(2)
Data Transfers, Addressing, and Arithmetic	79	(32)
Data Transfer Instructions	79	(8)
Introduction	79	(1)
Operand Types	80	(1)
Direct Memory Operands	80	(1)
MOV Instruction	81	(1)
Zero/Sign Extension of Integers	82	(2)
LAHF and SAHF Instructions	84	(1)
XCHG Instruction	84	(1)
Direct-Offset Operands	84	(1)
Example Program (Moves)	85	(1)
Section Review	86	(1)
Addition and Subtraction	87	(7)
INC and DEC Instructions	87	(1)
ADD Instruction	87	(1)
SUB Instruction	88	(1)
NEG Instruction	88	(1)
Implementing Arithmetic Expressions	89	(1)
Flags Affected by Addition and Subtraction	89	(3)
Example Program (AddSub3)	92	(1)
Section Review	93	(1)
Data-Related Operators and Directives	94	(5)
Offset Operator	94	(1)
Align Directive	95	(1)
PTR Operator	95	(1)
Type Operator	96	(1)
Lengthof Operator	97	(1)
Sizeof Operator	97	(1)
Label Directive	97	(1)
Section Review	98	(1)
Indirect Addressing	99	(5)
Indirect Operands	99	(1)
Arrays	100	(1)
Indexed Operands	101	(1)
Pointers	102	(1)
Section Review	103	(1)
JMP and LOOP Instructions	104	(4)
JMP Instruction	104	(1)
Loop Instruction	105	(1)
Summing an Integer Array	106	(1)
Copying a String	106	(1)
Section Review	107	(1)
Chapter Summary	108	(1)
Programming Exercises	109	(2)
Procedures	111	(39)
Introduction	111	(1)
Linking to an External Library	111	(2)
Background Information	112	(1)
Section Review	112	(1)
The Book's Link Library	113	(16)
Overview	113	(2)
Individual Procedure Descriptions	115	(10)
Library Test Programs	125	(4)
Section Review	129	(1)
Stack Operations	129	(5)
Runtime Stack	129	(2)
Push and POP Instructions	131	(3)
Section Review	134	(1)
Defining and Using Procedures	134	(9)
Proc Directive	134	(2)
Call and RET Instructions	136	(3)
Example: Summing an Integer Array	139	(1)
Flowcharts	140	(1)
Saving and Restoring Registers	140	(2)
Section Review	142	(1)
Program Design Using Procedures	143	(4)
Integer Summation Program (Design)	143	(2)
Integer Summation Implementation	145	(2)
Section Review	147	(1)
Chapter Summary	147	(1)
Programming Exercises	148	(2)
Conditional Processing	150	(43)
Introduction	150	(1)
Boolean and Comparison Instructions	151	(7)
The CPU Flags	151	(1)
And Instruction	152	(1)
Or Instruction	153	(1)
Xor Instruction	154	(1)
Not Instruction	155	(1)
Test Instruction	155	(1)
CMP Instruction	156	(1)
Setting and Clearing Individual CPU Flags	157	(1)
Section Review	157	(1)
Conditional Jumps	158	(11)
Conditional Structures	158	(1)
Jcond Instruction	158	(1)
Types of Conditional Jump Instructions	159	(4)
Conditional Jump Applications	163	(4)
Bit Testing Instructions (Optional)	167	(1)
Section Review	168	(1)
Conditional Loop Instructions	169	(1)
Loopz and Loope Instructions	169	(1)
Loopnz and Loopne Instructions	169	(1)
Section Review	170	(1)
Conditional Structures	170	(9)
Block-Structured IF Statements	170	(3)
Compound Expressions	173	(1)
While Loops	174	(3)
Table-Driven Selection	177	(1)
Section Review	178	(1)
Application: Finite-State Machines	179	(5)
Validating an Input String	180	(1)
Validating a Signed Integer	180	(3)
Section Review	183	(1)
Decision Directives	184	(5)
Signed and Unsigned Comparisons	185	(1)
Compound Expressions	186	(2)
.Repeat and .While Directives	188	(1)
Chapter Summary	189	(1)
Programming Exercises	190	(3)
Integer Arithmetic	193	(31)
Introduction	193	(1)
Shift and Rotate Instructions	194	(7)
Logical Shifts and Arithmetic Shifts	194	(1)
SHL Instruction	195	(1)
SHR Instruction	196	(1)
SAL and SAR Instructions	196	(1)
ROL Instruction	197	(1)
ROR Instruction	198	(1)
RCL and RCR Instructions	198	(1)
Signed Overflow	199	(1)
SHLD/SHRD Instructions	199	(1)
Section Review	200	(1)
Shift and Rotate Applications	201	(3)
Shifting Multiple Doublewords	201	(1)
Binary Multiplication	202	(1)
Displaying Binary Bits	202	(1)
Isolating MS-DOS File Date Fields	203	(1)
Section Review	203	(1)
Multiplication and Division Operations	204	(9)
MUL Instruction	204	(1)
IMUL Instruction	205	(2)
Benchmarking Multiplication Operations	207	(1)
DIV Instruction	208	(1)
Signed Integer Division	209	(2)
Implementing Arithmetic Expressions	211	(1)
Section Review	212	(1)
Extended Addition and Subtraction	213	(2)
ADC Instruction	213	(1)
Extended Addition Example	213	(1)
SBB Instruction	214	(1)
Section Review	215	(1)
ASCII and Unpacked Decimal Arithmetic	215	(4)
AAA Instruction	216	(2)
AAS Instruction	218	(1)
AAM Instruction	218	(1)
AAD Instruction	218	(1)
Section Review	219	(1)
Packed Decimal Arithmetic	219	(2)
DAA Instruction	219	(1)
DAS Instruction	220	(1)
Section Review	220	(1)
Chapter Summary	221	(1)
Programming Exercises	222	(2)
Advanced Procedures	224	(45)
Introduction	224	(1)
Stack Frames	225	(17)
Stack Parameters	225	(8)
Local Variables	233	(3)
Enter and Leave Instructions	236	(1)
Local Directive	237	(3)
WriteStackFrame Procedure	240	(1)
Section Review	241	(1)
Recursion	242	(4)
Recursively Calculating a Sum	243	(1)
Calculating a Factorial	243	(2)
Section Review	245	(1)
.Model Directive	246	(2)
Language Specifiers	247	(1)
Section Review	248	(1)
Invoke, ADDR, PROC, and Proto (Optional)	248	(10)
Invoke Directive	248	(1)
ADDR Operator	249	(1)
PROC Directive	250	(3)
PROTO Directive	253	(2)
Parameter Classifications	255	(1)
Example: Exchanging Two Integers	256	(1)
Debugging Tips	256	(1)
Section Review	257	(1)
Creating Multimodule Programs	258	(9)
Hiding and Exporting Procedure Names	258	(1)
Calling External Procedures	258	(1)
Using Variables and Symbols Across Module Boundaries	259	(1)
Example: ArraySum Program	260	(1)
Creating the Modules Using Extern	261	(3)
Creating the Modules Using Invoke and PROTO	264	(2)
Section Review	266	(1)
Chapter Summary	267	(1)
Programming Exercises	268	(1)
Strings and Arrays	269	(30)
Introduction	269	(1)
String Primitive Instructions	270	(6)
MOVSB, MOVSW, and MOVSD	271	(1)
CMPSB, CMPSW, and CMPSD	272	(2)
SCASB, SCASW, and SCASD	274	(1)
STOSB, STOSW, and STOSD	274	(1)
LODSB, LODSW, and LODSD	275	(1)
Section Review	275	(1)
Selected String Procedures	276	(6)
Str_compare Procedure	276	(1)
Str_length Procedure	277	(1)
Str_copy Procedure	278	(1)
Str_trim Procedure	278	(1)
Str_ucase Procedure	279	(1)
String Library Demo Program	280	(2)
Section Review	282	(1)
Two-Dimensional Arrays	282	(3)
Ordering of Rows and Columns	282	(1)
Base-Index Operands	283	(2)
Base-Index Displacement Operands	285	(1)
Section Review	285	(1)
Searching and Sorting Integer Arrays	285	(9)
Bubble Sort	286	(1)
Binary Search	287	(6)
Section Review	293	(1)
Chapter Summary	294	(1)
Programming Exercises	295	(4)
Structures and Macros	299	(47)
Structures	299	(14)
Defining Structures	300	(1)
Declaring Structure Variables	301	(1)
Referencing Structure Variables	302	(3)
Example: Displaying the System Time	305	(2)
Structures Containing Structures	307	(1)
Example: Drunkard's Walk	307	(3)
Declaring and Using Unions	310	(2)
Section Review	312	(1)
Macros	313	(13)
Overview	313	(1)
Defining Macros	313	(1)
Invoking Macros	314	(1)
Additional Macro Features	315	(3)
Using the Book's Macro Library	318	(6)
Example Program: Wrappers	324	(1)
Section Review	325	(1)
Conditional-Assembly Directives	326	(12)
Checking for Missing Arguments	326	(2)
Default Argument Initializers	328	(1)
Boolean Expressions	328	(1)
IF, ELSE, and ENDIF Directives	328	(1)
The IFIDN and IFIDNI Directives	329	(1)
Example: Summing a Matrix Row	330	(3)
Special Operators	333	(3)
Macro Functions	336	(1)
Section Review	337	(1)
Defining Repeat Blocks	338	(4)
While Directive	338	(1)
Repeat Directive	338	(1)
For Directive	339	(1)
FORC Directive	340	(1)
Example: Linked List	340	(2)
Section Review	342	(1)
Chapter Summary	342	(1)
Programming Exercises	343	(3)
MS-Windows Programming	346	(56)
Win32 Console Programming	346	(33)
Background Information	347	(3)
Win32 Console Functions	350	(2)
Displaying a Message Box	352	(2)
Console Input	354	(6)
Console Output	360	(1)
Reading and Writing Files	361	(4)
File I/O in the Irvine32 Library	365	(2)
Testing the File I/O Procedures	367	(3)
Console Window Manipulation	370	(3)
Controlling the Cursor	373	(1)
Controlling the Text Color	373	(2)
Time and Date Functions	375	(4)
Section Review	379	(1)
Writing a Graphical Windows Application	379	(8)
Necessary Structures	380	(1)
The MessageBox Function	381	(1)
The WinMain Procedure	382	(1)
The WinProc Procedure	382	(1)
The ErrorHandler Procedure	383	(1)
Program Listing	383	(3)
Section Review	386	(1)
Dynamic Memory Allocation	387	(6)
HeapTest Programs	390	(3)
Section Review	393	(1)
IA-32 Memory Management	393	(6)
Linear Addresses	394	(3)
Page Translation	397	(1)
Section Review	398	(1)
Chapter Summary	399	(1)
Programming Exercises	400	(2)
High-Level Language Interface	402	(30)
Introduction	402	(2)
General Conventions	402	(1)
Section Review	403	(1)
Inline Assembly Code	404	(5)
__asm Directive in Microsoft Visual C++	404	(2)
File Encryption Example	406	(3)
Section Review	409	(1)
Linking to C/C++ in Protected Mode	409	(14)
Using Assembly Language to Optimize C++ Code	410	(5)
Calling C and C++ Functions	415	(1)
Multiplication Table Example	416	(3)
Calling C Library Functions	419	(3)
Directory Listing Program	422	(1)
Section Review	423	(1)
Linking to C/C++ in Real-Address Mode	423	(7)
Linking to Borland C++	424	(1)
ReadSector Example	425	(3)
Example: Large Random Integers	428	(2)
Section Review	430	(1)
Chapter Summary	430	(1)
Programming Exercises	431	(1)
16-Bit MS-DOS Programming	432	(32)
MS-DOS and the IBM-PC	432	(6)
Memory Organization	433	(1)
Redirecting Input-Output	434	(1)
Software Interrupts	435	(1)
INT Instruction	435	(1)
Coding for 16-Bit Programs	436	(1)
Section Review	437	(1)
MS-DOS Function Calls (INT 21h)	438	(11)
Selected Output Functions	439	(2)
Hello World Program Example	441	(1)
Selected Input Functions	442	(4)
Date/Time Functions	446	(3)
Section Review	449	(1)
Standard MS-DOS File I/O Services	449	(12)
Create or Open File (716Ch)	451	(1)
Close File Handle (3Eh)	452	(1)
Move File Pointer (42h)	452	(1)
Get File Creation Date and Time	453	(1)
Selected Library Procedures	453	(1)
Example: Read and Copy a Text File	454	(2)
Reading the MS-DOS Command Tail	456	(2)
Example: Creating a Binary File	458	(3)
Section Review	461	(1)
Chapter Summary	461	(2)
Chapter Exercises	463	(1)
Disk Fundamentals	464	(26)
Disk Storage Systems	464	(4)
Tracks, Cylinders, and Sectors	465	(1)
Disk Partitions (Volumes)	466	(2)
Section Review	468	(1)
File Systems	468	(4)
FAT12	469	(1)
FAT16	469	(1)
FAT32	469	(1)
NTFS	470	(1)
Primary Disk Areas	470	(1)
Section Review	471	(1)
Disk Directory	472	(5)
MS-DOS Directory Structure	473	(2)
Long Filenames in MS-Windows	475	(1)
File Allocation Table (FAT)	476	(1)
Section Review	477	(1)
Reading and Writing Disk Sectors (7305h)	477	(5)
Sector Display Program	478	(4)
Section Review	482	(1)
System-Level File Functions	482	(5)
Get Disk Free Space (7303h)	483	(2)
Create Subdirectory (39h)	485	(1)
Remove Subdirectory (3Ah)	486	(1)
Set Current Directory (3Bh)	486	(1)
Get Current Directory (47h)	486	(1)
Get and Set File Attributes (7143h)	486	(1)
Section Review	487	(1)
Chapter Summary	487	(1)
Programming Exercises	488	(2)
BIOS-Level Programming	490	(46)
Introduction	490	(2)
BIOS Data Area	491	(1)
Keyboard Input with INT 16h	492	(6)
How the Keyboard Works	492	(1)
INT 16h Functions	493	(4)
Section Review	497	(1)
Video Programming with INT 10h	498	(14)
Basic Background	498	(1)
Controlling the Color	499	(2)
INT 10h Video Functions	501	(10)
Library Procedure Examples	511	(1)
Section Review	512	(1)
Drawing Graphics Using INT 10h	512	(7)
INT 10h Pixel-Related Functions	513	(1)
DrawLine Program	514	(1)
Cartesian Coordinates Program	515	(2)
Converting Cartesian Coordinates to Screen Coordinates	517	(1)
Section Review	518	(1)
Memory-Mapped Graphics	519	(4)
Mode 13h: 320 x 200, 256 Colors	519	(1)
Memory-Mapped Graphics Program	520	(3)
Section Review	523	(1)
Mouse Programming	523	(10)
Mouse INT 33h Functions	523	(5)
Mouse Tracking Program	528	(4)
Section Review	532	(1)
Chapter Summary	533	(1)
Chapter Exercises	534	(2)
Expert MS-DOS Programming	536	(26)
Introduction	536	(1)
Defining Segments	537	(7)
Simplified Segment Directives	537	(1)
Explicit Segment Definitions	538	(4)
Segment Overrides	542	(1)
Combining Segments	542	(1)
Section Review	543	(1)
Runtime Program Structure	544	(4)
Program Segment Prefix	544	(1)
COM Programs	545	(1)
EXE Programs	546	(1)
Section Review	547	(1)
Interrupt Handling	548	(10)
Hardware Interrupts	549	(1)
Interrupt Control Instructions	550	(1)
Writing a Custom Interrupt Handler	551	(2)
Terminate and Stay Resident Programs	553	(1)
Application: The No_Reset Program	554	(3)
Section Review	557	(1)
Hardware Control Using I/O Ports	558	(2)
Input-Output Ports	558	(1)
PC Sound Program	558	(2)
Chapter Summary	560	(2)
Floating-Point Processing and Instruction Encoding	562	(38)
Floating-Point Binary Representation	562	(7)
IEEE Binary Floating-Point Representation	563	(1)
The Exponent	564	(1)
Normalized Binary Floating-Point Numbers	565	(1)
Creating the IEEE Representation	565	(2)
Converting Decimal Fractions to Binary Reals	567	(1)
Section Review	568	(1)
Floating-Point Unit	569	(19)
FPU Register Stack	569	(2)
Rounding	571	(2)
Floating-Point Exceptions	573	(1)
Floating-Point Instruction Set	573	(3)
Arithmetic Instructions	576	(3)
Comparing Floating-Point Values	579	(3)
Reading and Writing Floating-Point Values	582	(1)
Exception Synchronization	583	(1)
Code Examples	584	(1)
Mixed-Mode Arithmetic	585	(1)
Masking and Unmasking Exceptions	586	(1)
Section Review	587	(1)
Intel Instruction Encoding	588	(8)
IA-32 Instruction Format	588	(1)
Single-Byte Instructions	589	(1)
Move Immediate to Register	590	(1)
Register-Mode Instructions	591	(1)
IA-32 Processor Operand-Size Prefix	591	(1)
Memory-Mode Instructions	592	(3)
Section Review	595	(1)
Chapter Summary	596	(1)
Programming Exercises	597	(3)
Appendix A MASM Reference	600	(19)
Appendix B The IA-32 Instruction Set	619	(31)
Appendix C BIOS and MS-DOS Interrupts	650	(9)
Appendix D Answers to Review Questions	659	(46)
Index	705