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Assessment of Children and Youth,9780801318023
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Assessment of Children and Youth

by Cohen, Libby G.; Spenciner, Loraine J.
ISBN13:

9780801318023

ISBN10:
0801318025
Format:
Paperback
Pub. Date:
10/1/1997
Publisher(s):
Pearson College Div
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Summary

Providing a balanced coverage of special education assessment of children and youth, ages 3-20, the text reviews traditional and alternative approaches, discussing the strengths and weaknesses of each (Ch. 7). Focus on whole child throughout in the context of physical, learning, and social environment (family, school, play). There is a unique chapter on conducting observations (Ch. 5), content-specific chapters (math, language, reading), and complete chapters on development (Ch. 12) and transition (Ch. 17) all reflective of the most current theories. Additional themes include recognizing and responding to diversity (Snapshots vignettes), and student observation skills. The book also includes a brief discussion of infants and toddlers. Case studies and a book-specific website, unique in this discipline, offer resources, activities, and illustrate the use of tests and assessment approaches.

Table of Contents

Preface xi
CHAPTER 1 Looking at Assessment
1(22)
Overview
1(1)
Chapter Objectives
2(1)
What Shapes Our Views
2(1)
Federal Mandates Regarding Assessment Practices
2(6)
Confidentiality and Informed Consent
8(1)
Assessment Questions, Purposes, and Approaches
8(1)
Assessment Steps and Purposes
9(7)
Snapshot: Cory
16(2)
Preparing to Administer an Assessment Instrument
18(1)
Responding to Diversity
19(1)
Avoiding Assessment Bias
19(1)
Professional Standards and Ethical Considerations
20(1)
Preferred Practices
20(1)
Extending Learning
21(2)
CHAPTER 2 Involving Families and Being Responsive to Diversity
23(30)
Overview
23(1)
Chapter Objectives
24(1)
What Shapes Our Views
24(1)
Responding to Diversity
25(4)
Federal Legislation and the Role of Parents
29(2)
The Assessment Process for Families of Young Children, Birth to Age 5
31(1)
Snapshot: Questions Concerning Juan's Physical Development
31(9)
How Parents of Children and Youth Ages 5 Through 21 Are Involved in the Assessment Process
40(1)
Snapshot: Questions About Alexandra's General Academic Work
40(1)
Snapshot: Using the Prereferral Model--Questions About Jimmy's Academic Work
41(2)
Snapshot: Questions About Elaina's Behavior
43(4)
Techniques for Listening to and Understanding Parent Perspectives
47(3)
Snapshot: La Donna Harris, a Comanche Woman
50(1)
Preferred Practices
51(1)
Extending Learning
51(2)
CHAPTER 3 Reliability and Validity
53(14)
Overview
53(1)
Chapter Objectives
53(1)
Correlation
54(1)
Correlation Coefficient
54(1)
Reliability
55(4)
Validity
59(1)
Snapshot: Prentice Dillon and Erin Gates
60(2)
Responding to Diversity: Fairness in Assessment
62(1)
Snapshot: Prentice Dillon and Erin Gates Continue Their Conversation
63(2)
Preferred Practices
65(1)
Extending Learning
66(1)
CHAPTER 4 Norms and Test Scores
67(24)
Overview
67(1)
Chapter Objectives
67(1)
Standardized Tests
68(2)
Scales of Measurement
70(1)
Snapshot: Activity Levels
71(1)
Frequency Distribution and Normal Curve
72(1)
Measures of Central Tendency
73(1)
Types of Scores
74(1)
Snapshot: Deciding When to Use Measures of Central Tendency
75(4)
Snapshot: A Conversation Between Lincoin Bates and Sari Andrews
79(1)
Basal and Ceiling Levels
80(1)
Standard Error of Measurement and Confidence Intervals
81(1)
Snapshot: Confidence Intervals
82(1)
Scoring Guidelines
82(5)
How Should Assessment Approaches Be Evaluated?
87(1)
Preferred Practices
88(1)
Extending Learning
89(2)
CHAPTER 5 Observation, Interview, and Conferencing Skills
91(38)
Overview
91(1)
Chapter Objectives
91(1)
What Shapes Our Views
92(1)
General Guidelines for Planning Observations
92(1)
Recording Methods
93(10)
Snapshot: Maria
103(1)
Observing the Classroom Environment
104(7)
Snapshot: Stoney Brook Elementary and Lincoln High Learning Environments
111(4)
Observing the Student
115(4)
Snapshot: Observations of Jon
119(1)
Reliability of Direct Observations
119(2)
Calculating Interobserver Reliability
121(1)
Validity of Direct Observations
122(1)
Developing Informal Norms
122(2)
Interviewing
124(1)
Conferencing and Collaborating
125(1)
Preferred Practices
126(1)
Extending Learning
126(3)
CHAPTER 6 Achievement: Overall Performance
129(38)
Overview
129(1)
Chapter Objectives
129(1)
What Shapes Our Views
130(1)
Responding to Diversity
130(2)
Standardized Instruments
132(3)
Published Achievement Tests
135(12)
Snapshot: A Special Education Teacher's Comments
147(3)
Curriculum-Based Assessment
150(1)
Criterion-Referenced Tests
151(1)
Published Criterion-Referenced Tests
152(1)
Connecting Instruction with Assessment: Alternative Assessment
152(6)
Self-Assessment
158(1)
Peer Assessment
158(1)
Report Card Grades as Measures of Achievement
158(1)
Observing the Student Within the Environment
159(3)
Preferred Practices
162(1)
Extending Learning
162(5)
CHAPTER 7 Performance-Based Assessment
167(26)
Overview
167(1)
Chapter Objectives
167(1)
What Shapes Our Views
168(1)
Assessing Performance
168(2)
Authentic Assessment
170(2)
Portfolio Assessment
172(5)
Snapshot: Linking Daryl's IEP with Portfolio Assessment
177(1)
Exhibitions
178(1)
Responding to Diversity
178(1)
Developing Scoring Systems
179(3)
Ensuring Technical Adequacy
182(2)
Preferred Practices
184(6)
Extending Learning
190(3)
CHAPTER 8 Reading
193(32)
Overview
193(1)
Objectives
193(1)
What Shapes Our Views
194(1)
Reading Theorists
194(2)
Instructional Approaches
196(1)
Assessment Principles
196(2)
Standardized Instruments
198(5)
Concerns About Standardized Reading Tests
203(1)
Connecting Instruction with Assessment
204(13)
Self-Assessment
217(1)
Peer Assessment
217(1)
Observing the Student Within the Environment
217(6)
Preferred Practices
223(1)
Extending Learning
223(2)
CHAPTER 9 Written Language
225(24)
Overview
225(1)
Chapter Objectives
225(1)
What Shapes Our Views
226(1)
Purposes and Approaches
227(1)
Standardized Tests of Written Language
227(7)
Concerns About Standardized Tests of Written Language
234(1)
Connecting Instruction with Assessment
235(6)
Snapshot: Seth
241(1)
Scoring
242(3)
Self-Assessment
245(1)
Peer Assessment
245(1)
Observing the Student Within the Environment
246(1)
Preferred Practices
246(1)
Extending Learning
246(3)
CHAPTER 10 Oral Language
249(30)
Overview
249(1)
Chapter Objectives
249(1)
What Shapes Our Views
250(1)
Understanding Speech and Language Disorders
251(1)
Snapshot: Bethany
252(1)
Snapshot: Eugene
253(1)
Responding to Diversity
253(1)
Speech and Language Assessment
254(2)
Assessment Questions, Purposes, and Approaches
256(1)
Standardized Tests of Oral Language
256(15)
Concerns About Standardized Tests
271(1)
Connecting Assessment with Instruction
271(1)
Observing the Classroom Environment
272(1)
Snapshot: Nina
273(1)
Students with Severe Communication Disorders
274(2)
Preferred Practices
276(1)
Extending Learning
276(3)
CHAPTER 11 Mathematics
279(32)
Overview
279(1)
Chapter Objectives
279(1)
What Shapes Our Views
280(2)
Evaluating Mathematical Power
282(4)
Responding to Diversity
286(1)
Standardized Instruments
286(6)
Snapshot: Kara
292(2)
Connecting Instruction with Assessment
294(9)
Rubrics
303(1)
Self-Assessment
303(1)
Peer Assessment
303(2)
Observing the Student within the Environment
305(1)
Preferred Practices
305(4)
Extending Learning
309(2)
CHAPTER 12 Development of Young Children
311(26)
Overview
311(1)
Chapter Objectives
311(1)
What Shapes Our Views: The Children
312(1)
Federal Legislation Affecting the Assessment of Young Children
312(1)
Screening
313(3)
Snapshot: Luiz and His Mother Visit the Community Screening Clinic
316(2)
Limitations of Screening
318(3)
Comprehensive Developmental Assessment
321(1)
Snapshot: Special Challenges
322(1)
What Shapes Our Views: Developmental Assessment
322(1)
Choosing Appropriate Developmental Assessment Instruments
323(3)
Concerns Regarding the Assessment of Young Children
326(1)
Snapshot: Bennie Knight
327(1)
Snapshot: The Hodgkin Family
328(2)
Working with Families
330(1)
Transition and Assessment
330(2)
Assessing School Readiness
332(2)
Preferred Practices
334(1)
Extending Learning
334(3)
CHAPTER 13 Cognitive Development
337(44)
Overview
337(1)
Chapter Objectives
337(1)
What Shapes Our Views
338(1)
Intelligence Tests as Samples of Behavior
338(1)
Responding to Diversity
339(2)
Standardized Instruments
341(29)
Snapshot: Andres
370(6)
Preferred Practices
376(2)
Extending Learning
378(3)
CHAPTER 14 Adaptive Skills
381(18)
Overview
381(1)
Chapter Objectives
381(1)
What Shapes Our Views
382(1)
Responding to Diversity
382(2)
Informants
384(1)
Maladaptive Behavior
384(1)
Standardized Instruments
385(11)
Snapshot: Jean
396(1)
Preferred Practices
397(1)
Extending Learning
397(2)
CHAPTER 15 Behavior in the Classroom
399(30)
Overview
399(1)
Chapter Objectives
399(1)
Types of Problem Behaviors Observed in the Classroom
400(1)
Snapshot: Mr. Norford's Seventh Grade Class
400(1)
What Shapes Our Views
401(4)
What Contributes to Problem Classroom Behaviors?
405(1)
Responding to Diversity
405(1)
Classroom Behaviors Within an Intervention Context
405(2)
Snapshot: Mr. Wing's Classroom
407(1)
Observing the Student Within the Environment
407(2)
Questions, Purposes, and Approaches
409(1)
Working with Other Professionals in Assessing Problem Behaviors
409(3)
Standardized Instruments for Assessing Problem Behaviors
412(12)
Observing the Student
424(1)
Other Assessment Approaches
424(1)
Preferred Practices
425(1)
Extending Learning
426(3)
CHAPTER 16 Sensory and Motor Abilities
429(24)
Overview
429(1)
SECTION 1 Identifying and Assessing Students Who Are Blind or Who Have Visual Impairments
430(9)
Section Objectives
430(1)
Understanding Blindness and Other Visual Impairments
430(1)
Signals of Visual Problems
431(1)
Screening Instruments
432(1)
Interpreting a Vision Report
432(4)
Snapshot: Working with Other Professionals at Millbrook Middle School
436(1)
Assessments Specific for Students with Visual Impairments
436(2)
Preferred Practices
438(1)
SECTION 2 Identifying and Assessing Students Who Are Deaf or Who Have Hearing Impairments
439(6)
Section Objectives
439(1)
Understanding Hearing Impairments
439(1)
Signals of Hearing Impairments
440(1)
Measuring Hearing Loss
440(2)
Categories of Hearing Impairments
442(1)
Assessments Specific for Students with Hearing Impairments
443(1)
Preferred Practices
443(2)
Snapshot: Chad
445(1)
SECTION 3 Identifying and Assessing Students with Physical Disabilities
445(8)
Section Objectives
445(1)
Understanding Difficulties and Disabilities in Motor Development
445(1)
Signals of Motor Difficulties
446(1)
Common Assumptions Concerning Motor Development
447(1)
What Shapes Our Views
447(1)
Assessments Specific for Students with Physical Disabilities
448(2)
Snapshot: Richie
450(1)
Assessment of Academic and Social Skills
451(1)
Preferred Practices
451(1)
Extending Learning
451(2)
CHAPTER 17 Youth in Transition
453(26)
Overview
453(1)
Chapter Objectives
453(1)
What Shapes Our Views
454(1)
Transition Services
454(7)
Purposes of Transition Assessment
461(1)
Snapshot: Tiffany
461(1)
Published Instruments
462(12)
Connecting Instruction with Assessment
474(2)
Preferred Practices
476(1)
Extending Learning
476(3)
CHAPTER 18 Interpreting Tests and Writing Reports
479(22)
Overview
479(1)
Chapter Objectives
479(1)
What Shapes Our Views
480(1)
Responding to Diversity
481(1)
General Principles for Report Writing
481(2)
Types of Assessment Reports
483(3)
Snapshot: Observation Report on John Diamond
486(3)
Comprehensive Assessment Reports
489(1)
Writing the Report
489(3)
Snapshot: Gina's Comprehensive Assessment Report
492(2)
Evaluating the Report
494(1)
Sharing Assessment Results with Others
494(4)
Computer-Generated Reports
498(1)
Preferred Practices
499(1)
Extending Learning
499(2)
CHAPTER 19 Implementing Program Evaluation
501(16)
Overview
501(1)
Chapter Objectives
502(1)
Introduction to Evaluation
502(1)
When Does Evaluation Happen?
503(1)
What Shapes Our Views
503(1)
Planning an Evaluation of a Specific Student's Program
504(1)
Snapshot: The Nelson Early Childhood Team
505(2)
Responding to Diversity
507(1)
Planning an Evaluation of a Program
508(1)
Snapshot: Reaching Out to Family Members
509(1)
Snapshot: An Informal Method for Identifying Needs at the Waverly School District
510(3)
Issues in Designing and Conducting Evaluations
513(1)
Participating in an Evaluation of Your Program by Others
513(1)
Preferred Practices
514(1)
Snapshot: Evaluating Special Education Services at Sandy Brook Public School
515(1)
Extending Learning
515(2)
Glossary 517(6)
Index 523


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