Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals

by Drummond, Robert J.; Jones, Karyn Dayle

• ISBN13: 9780131707849
• ISBN10: 0131707841
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

The leading text in appraisal for counselors, is a thorough overview covering basic measurement theory and all relevant tests. It provides guidance on how and when to use tests in different environments with different populations, and practical guidance on basic procedures like test selection, administration, and reporting. Key revisions include significant expansion of measurement foundations, separate chapters on validity and reliability as well as a new chapter on "Understanding Test Scores." More case studies have also been added throughout the text to help readers understand how to work with assessments and assessment results.

Table of Contents

Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Assessment	1	(9)
Testing and Assessment	2	(1)
Value of Testing	2	(1)
Standardized and Nonstandardized Tests	3	(1)
Historical Contexts	3	(4)
Current Issues	7	(1)
Summary	8	(1)
Questions for Discussion	8	(1)
Suggested Activities	8	(1)
Additional Readings	9	(1)
Statistical Concepts	10	(23)
Role of Statistics	11	(1)
Four Scales of Measurement	11	(2)
Nominal Scale	11	(1)
Ordinal Scale	12	(1)
Interval Scale	12	(1)
Ratio Scale	13	(1)
What Scores Look Like	13	(3)
Frequency Distribution	13	(3)
Graphic Presentations	16	(3)
Symmetry and Skewness	18	(1)
Measures of Central Tendency	19	(3)
Mode	19	(1)
Mean	20	(1)
Median	21	(1)
Comparison of Measures of Central Tendency	22	(1)
Measures of Variability	22	(2)
Range	22	(1)
Variance	23	(1)
Standard Deviation	23	(1)
Measures of Relationship	24	(4)
Pearson Product Moment Correlation	25	(1)
Regression	26	(2)
Factor Analysis	28	(1)
Normal Curve	28	(1)
Inferential Statistics	29	(1)
Statistical Software	30	(1)
Summary	30	(1)
Questions for Discussion	31	(1)
Suggested Activities	31	(1)
Additional Readings	31	(2)
Understanding Test Scores	33	(18)
Test Scores	34	(1)
Scoring and Interpreting Tests	34	(1)
Models of Scoring	34	(1)
Examples of Test Scoring	35	(1)
Scoring Alternate and Authentic Assessments	35	(1)
Criterion- And Norm-Referenced Interpretation	36	(1)
Criterion-Referenced Interpretation	36	(1)
Norm-Referenced Interpretation	37	(4)
Percentiles	37	(1)
Standard Scores	38	(3)
Developmental Intraindividual Comparison	41	(3)
Age Norms	42	(1)
Grade Equivalent and Placement Scores	43	(1)
Norming Groups	44	(1)
Conversion Tables	45	(1)
Profiles	46	(1)
Standards for Scoring and Interpretation	46	(2)
Summary	48	(1)
Questions for Discussion	48	(1)
Suggested Activities	48	(2)
Additional Readings	50	(1)
Validity	51	(13)
Validity	52	(9)
Content Validity	52	(1)
Criterion-Related Validity	53	(3)
Construct Validity	56	(2)
Consequential Validity	58	(1)
Overview of Validation Concepts	59	(1)
Threats to Test Validity	60	(1)
Summary	61	(1)
Questions for Discussion	62	(1)
Suggested Activities	62	(1)
Additional Readings	63	(1)
Reliability	64	(10)
Reliability	65	(6)
Reliability Coefficients	65	(1)
Methods of Assessing Reliability	66	(2)
Standard Error of Measurement	68	(2)
Factors Influencing Reliability	70	(1)
Summary	71	(1)
Questions for Discussion	71	(1)
Suggested Activities	71	(2)
Additional Readings	73	(1)
Process and Procedures of Testing	74	(28)
Decision Theory Model	75	(7)
Making Decisions and Judgments	75	(1)
Identifying the Type of Information Needed	75	(1)
Identifying Available Information	76	(1)
Strategies to Obtain Additional Information	76	(2)
Locating Appropriate Tests	78	(4)
Evaluating and Selecting Tests	82	(3)
Practical Issues in Testing	85	(2)
Time of Testing	85	(1)
Cost of Testing	85	(1)
Format of Test	85	(1)
Readability	85	(1)
Ease of Administration	86	(1)
Ease of Scoring	86	(1)
Ease of Interpretation	86	(1)
Available Aids for Test Administrators	86	(1)
Usefulness of the Test Manual	86	(1)
Steps in Test Development	87	(2)
Test Administration Guidelines and Procedures	89	(8)
Standards for Test Administration	89	(1)
Pretesting Procedures	90	(1)
Examiner Knowledge	91	(1)
Management Details	91	(1)
Training Test Administrators	92	(1)
Awareness and Orientation	92	(2)
Administering the Test	94	(2)
Posttesting Procedures	96	(1)
Major Issues and Problems In Test Administration	97	(2)
Examiner Bias	97	(2)
Feedback on the Test and Test Administration	99	(1)
Summary	99	(1)
Questions for Discussion	100	(1)
Suggested Activities	100	(1)
Additional Readings	101	(1)
Legal and Ethical Concerns and Issues in Testing	102	(21)
Professional Standards and Codes of Ethics	103	(5)
NBCC Code of Ethics	103	(1)
APA Standards	104	(1)
ACA Code of Ethics	105	(1)
Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing	105	(1)
National Council on Measurement in Education	106	(2)
Social and Ethical Issues	108	(4)
Professional Training and Competence	108	(2)
Responsibilities of the Test Takers	110	(1)
Test Quality	110	(1)
Client Welfare Issues	111	(1)
Internet Testing	111	(1)
Gender Bias	111	(1)
Multicultural Differences	111	(1)
Responsible Test Use	112	(1)
Legal Aspects	112	(3)
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (Buckley Amendment)	113	(1)
Public Law 94-142: Education of All Handicapped Children Act	113	(1)
Public Law 98-524: The Vocational Education Act of 1984	113	(1)
Public Law 99-457: Amendment to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1975	114	(1)
Public Law 101-476: Education of the Handicapped Act of 1990	114	(1)
Public Law 101-336: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990	114	(1)
Public Law 107-110: No Child Left Behind Act of 2001	115	(1)
Employment Laws	115	(1)
Court Decisions on Educational Testing	116	(1)
Court Decisions on Employment Testing	117	(1)
Questions and Procedures	118	(1)
Current Trends and Perspectives	118	(1)
Summary	119	(1)
Questions for Discussion	120	(1)
Suggested Activities	120	(1)
Additional Readings	121	(2)
Ability and Intelligence Testing	123	(35)
Definitions of Intelligence	124	(1)
Models of Intelligence	125	(7)
Spearman's g	125	(1)
Thurstone's Multifactor Theory	125	(1)
E. L. Thorndike	125	(1)
Hierarchical Theory	126	(1)
Guilford's Model of Intelligence	126	(1)
Cattell's Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence	127	(1)
Sternberg's Cognitive Approaches to Intelligence	127	(2)
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development	129	(1)
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences	130	(2)
Multicultural Issues	132	(1)
Types of Tests	132	(21)
Individual Scales	132	(16)
Intelligence Tests for Special Populations	148	(5)
Trends and Issues	153	(1)
Summary	154	(1)
Questions for Discussion	154	(1)
Suggested Activities	155	(1)
Additional Readings	156	(2)
Aptitude Testing	158	(17)
Aptitude Tests	159	(1)
Multiaptitude Batteries	159	(5)
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery	159	(2)
Differential Aptitude Test Battery, Fifth Edition	161	(1)
General Aptitude Test Battery	162	(1)
Career Ability Placement Survey	162	(2)
Admissions Tests	164	(3)
Specialized Aptitude Tests	167	(4)
Clerical Ability	167	(1)
Mechanical Ability	168	(1)
Psychomotor Ability	168	(2)
Artistic Aptitude	170	(1)
Musical Aptitude	170	(1)
Computer Aptitude	170	(1)
Trends	171	(1)
Summary	172	(1)
Questions for Discussion	172	(1)
Suggested Activities	173	(1)
Additional Readings	173	(2)
The Assessment of Achievement	175	(37)
Types of Achievement Tests	176	(7)
Survey Achievement Batteries	176	(1)
Criterion-Referenced Tests	177	(1)
Item Banks	178	(1)
Minimum-Level Skills Tests	179	(1)
State Assessment Tests	179	(1)
National Assessment of Educational Progress	180	(1)
Subject-Area Tests	180	(1)
Individual Achievement Tests	181	(1)
Adult Achievement Tests	182	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	183	(1)
Using Achievement Test Results	183	(1)
Factors Affecting Test Scores	184	(3)
Analysis of Class Profile	187	(1)
Alternate Assessment	188	(2)
Curiculum-Based Measurement	189	(1)
Observational Approaches	190	(6)
Test Behavior Observational Scales	190	(2)
Clinical Observations	192	(1)
Self-Observations	192	(1)
Unstructured versus Structured Observation	193	(1)
Problems in Observation	193	(1)
Critical Incident Approach	193	(1)
Situation Tests	194	(1)
Unobtrusive versus Participant Observation	195	(1)
Training Observers	195	(1)
Methods of Data Collection	196	(5)
Anecdotal Records	196	(1)
Behavior Tallying and Charting	197	(2)
Checklists	199	(1)
Rating Scales	199	(2)
Guidelines for Observation	201	(1)
Authentic Assessment	201	(5)
Guidelines for Authentic Assessment Systems	202	(1)
Scoring Rubrics	202	(1)
Issues and Problems	203	(1)
Portfolio Assessment	203	(3)
Summary	206	(1)
Questions for Discussion	206	(1)
Suggested Activities	207	(3)
Additional Readings	210	(2)
Career and Employment Testing	212	(27)
Interest Inventories	213	(4)
Self-Directed Search	213	(1)
Strong Interest Inventory	214	(1)
Career Occupational Preference System	215	(1)
Other Interest Inventories	215	(2)
Values	217	(1)
Guidelines for Interpreting Tests	218	(1)
Career Development Instruments	218	(1)
Combined Programs	219	(1)
Problems of Interest Measurement	220	(1)
Employment Testing	221	(2)
Types of Tests	221	(2)
Certification	223	(1)
Test Use in Government	223	(1)
Occupational and Professional Licensing	224	(1)
Test Use in the Military Sector	224	(1)
Personnel Selection and Classification Techniques	224	(8)
Biographical Data	225	(1)
Interviews	225	(1)
Assessment Center	226	(1)
Job Analysis	227	(2)
WorkKeys	229	(1)
Guidelines for Employee Selection	229	(1)
Using the MBTI in Organizations	230	(1)
Personnel Selection Inventory	231	(1)
Current Trends and Perspectives	232	(2)
Summary	234	(1)
Questions for Discussion	235	(1)
Suggested Activities	236	(2)
Additional Readings	238	(1)
Personality Testing	239	(28)
Role of Personality Theory	240	(4)
Psychodynamic Approaches	240	(1)
Behavioral Approaches	241	(1)
Humanistic Approaches	242	(1)
Trait, Type, and State Theories	242	(1)
Empirical Approaches	243	(1)
Techniques for Measuring Personality	244	(14)
Verbal Techniques	245	(1)
Visual Techniques	245	(2)
Drawing Techniques	247	(4)
Manipulative Techniques	251	(1)
Objective Techniques	251	(7)
Format of Tests	258	(1)
Dimensions of Personality	259	(1)
Enneagram	259	(1)
Self-Concept Scales	259	(1)
Problems in Personality Assessment	260	(1)
Summary	261	(1)
Questions for Discussion	262	(1)
Suggested Activities	262	(3)
Additional Readings	265	(2)
Clinical Assessment	267	(20)
Clinical Assessment	268	(1)
Types of Tests and Assessment Techniques	268	(1)
Models of Clinical Assessment	268	(1)
Tests in Counseling	269	(1)
Assessment Approaches	270	(5)
Interviews	270	(5)
Behavioral Assessment	275	(2)
Behavioral Observation	276	(1)
Self-Monitoring	277	(1)
Simulation and Analogue Methods	277	(1)
Tests That Assess DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders	277	(5)
Psychodiagnostic Testing	278	(2)
Neuropsychological Assessment Batteries	280	(1)
Interviewing Children and Adolescents	281	(1)
Pitfalls	282	(1)
Cultural Issues in Personality Assessment	282	(1)
Summary	283	(1)
Questions for Discussion	283	(1)
Suggested Activities	284	(1)
Additional Readings	285	(2)
Assessment of Development	287	(14)
General Principles	288	(1)
Domains	288	(2)
Methods of Assessment	290	(1)
Early Identification	290	(1)
Language Development	291	(1)
Cognitive Stages	292	(2)
Psychosocial Development	294	(2)
Moral Development	296	(1)
Career Development	297	(1)
Summary	298	(1)
Questions for Discussion	299	(1)
Suggested Activities	299	(1)
Additional Readings	300	(1)
Environmental Assessment	301	(26)
Theoretical Background	302	(2)
Models and Dimensions	303	(1)
Assessment Strategies	304	(1)
Family and Home Environment	304	(3)
School Environment	307	(1)
School Climate	308	(1)
Learning Styles	309	(8)
Processing Style	310	(1)
Modality Assessment	310	(4)
Cognitive Style	314	(3)
Learning Styles: A Multiple Intelligences Approach	317	(4)
Learning Personalities	317	(1)
Learning Style Inventories	318	(3)
Work Environment	321	(1)
Person-Environment-Fit	321	(2)
Summary	323	(1)
Questions for Discussion	323	(1)
Suggested Activities	324	(1)
Additional Readings	325	(2)
The Computer in Assessment	327	(16)
Computer Uses	328	(1)
Computer-Assisted Testing	328	(1)
Computer-Adaptive Testing	329	(1)
Differences Between Conventional and Computer Tests	330	(1)
The Graduate Record Examination (GRE)	331	(1)
Computer-Aided Personality Testing	331	(1)
Evaluating Computer-Based Adaptive Testing	332	(2)
Internet-Based Assessment	334	(1)
Computer Simulation in Testing	335	(1)
Professional Standards and Guidelines	336	(1)
Sources of Information	337	(1)
Computer Options	338	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Applications	338	(1)
Software for Test Development	339
Trends and Issues	338	(2)
Summary	340	(1)
Questions for Discussion	341	(1)
Suggested Activities	341	(1)
Additional Readings	342	(1)
Working with Diverse Populations	343	(26)
Standards for Testing People With Disabling Conditions	344	(2)
Testing Linguistic Minorities	344	(1)
Idea	345	(1)
Preschool Evaluations	346	(2)
Types of Disabilities and Disorders	348	(7)
Communication Disorders	348	(1)
Intellectual Disabilities	348	(1)
Behavior Disorders	349	(3)
Hearing Impairment	352	(1)
Visual Impairment	353	(1)
Individuals Who Are Gifted or Talented	354	(1)
Standards for Multicultural Assessment	355	(2)
Technical Considerations	355	(1)
Administration and Scoring	356	(1)
Use and Interpretation	356	(1)
Test Bias	357	(1)
Test Taker Bias Factors	357	(1)
Examiner Bias Factors	358	(1)
Developing Greater Multicultural Understanding	358	(4)
Ethical Principles	359	(1)
Etic and Emic Perspectives	359	(1)
Acculturation	360	(1)
Strategies	360	(2)
Summary	362	(1)
Questions for Discussion	363	(1)
Suggested Activities	363	(3)
Additional Readings	366	(3)
Assessment Issues in Education	369	(24)
High-Stakes Testing	370	(2)
Student Assessment Programs	372	(2)
Scholastic Aptitude Tests	373	(1)
Multifactor Aptitude Tests	373	(1)
Career Guidance Tests	373	(1)
Needs Assessments	374	(2)
Developmental Model	374	(2)
Test-Taking Skills	376	(1)
Stress Reduction	376	(1)
Test Anxiety	376	(2)
Measures of Test Anxiety	377	(1)
Strategies to Help Test Anxiety	377	(1)
Relaxation Techniques	378	(1)
Improving Test Scores	378	(3)
Coaching	379	(1)
Strategies to Increase Test Wiseness	379	(1)
Application of Test Wiseness to Teacher-Made Tests	380	(1)
Workshop on Test-Taking Skills	381	(1)
Other Factors	382	(1)
Information on Test Taking	383	(3)
Test Alert	385	(1)
Learning Styles	386	(1)
Processing Style	386	(1)
Summary	386	(1)
Questions for Discussion	387	(1)
Suggested Activities	388	(3)
Additional Readings	391	(2)
Communicating Test Results	393	(25)
Test Reports	394	(1)
Written Reports	394	(1)
Purpose of Written Reports	394	(1)
Dimensions of Reports	394	(1)
Models of Assessment	394	(1)
Test-Oriented Model	394	(1)
Domain-Oriented Model	395	(1)
Hypothesis-Oriented Model	395	(1)
Levels of Reports	395	(1)
Guidelines for Communicating Test Results	396	(1)
Informed Consent	397	(1)
Standards for Reporting Test Results	397	(2)
Methods of Reporting Test Results	399	(2)
Individual Sessions	399	(1)
Group Sessions	399	(1)
Written Reports	399	(1)
Computer-Generated Test Reports	400	(1)
Video Approaches	400	(1)
Oral Reports	400	(1)
Problem Areas	401	(2)
Acceptance	401	(1)
Readiness of the Client	401	(1)
Negative Results	402	(1)
Flat Profiles	402	(1)
Motivation and Attitude	402	(1)
Communication of Test Results to the Public	403	(2)
General Guidelines	403	(2)
The Tester as Consultant: Legal Considerations	405	(1)
Ethical Standards for Consultation	405	(1)
Consulting With Parents	405	(8)
Explaining Test Results to Parents	406	(1)
Parent-Examiner Conferences	407	(1)
Types of Questions Parents Ask About Tests	408	(1)
Other Areas of Concern to Parents	408	(2)
The Informing Interview	410	(1)
Parents as Test Interpreters	410	(1)
Consulting with Teachers	411	(1)
Indirect Delivery Model	412	(1)
Problem-Solving Consulting Model	412	(1)
Consulting With Other Professionals	413	(1)
Evaluation of the Consultant	413	(1)
Summary	414	(1)
Questions for Discussion	414	(1)
Suggested Activities	415	(2)
Additional Readings	417	(1)
Appendix: Test Publishers and Distributors	418	(2)
Glossary	420	(9)
References	429	(11)
Test Index	440	(5)
Name Index	445	(3)
Subject Index	448