Basic Concepts in Pharmacology

by Stringer, Janet L., M.D., Ph.D.

• ISBN13: 9780071458184
• ISBN10: 0071458182
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-09-26
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional

Summary

This resource offers a proven way for learning the most difficult-to-understand concepts in pharmacology and provides a study system that sets priorities, minimizes memorization, and reduces stress.Includes study techniques not found in any competing book Clearly explains each fundamental principal of drug actions Organizes and condenses must-know drug information Numerous summary boxes, illustrations, and tables Newly updated information on poisoning/toxicology and coverage of new classes of drugs such as fusion inhibitors for HIV, antibiotic and antifungal drugs, and new drugs for cancer, immune suppression, and more

Author Biography

Janet Stringer, MD - Baylor College of Medicine, Jewish Institute for Medical Research

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
CHAPTER 1 WHERE TO START	1	(6)
Part I General Principles
CHAPTER 2 RECEPTOR THEORY	7	(7)
Agonists	7	(2)
Efficacy and Potency	9	(1)
Therapeutic Index	9	(1)
Antagonists	10	(2)
Inverse Agonists	12	(2)
CHAPTER 3 ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND CLEARANCE	14	(6)
First-Pass Effect	14	(1)
How Drugs Cross Membranes	15	(2)
Bioavailability	17	(1)
Total Body Clearance	18	(2)
CHAPTER 4 PHARMACOKINETICS	20	(9)
Volume of Distribution	20	(1)
First-Order Kinetics	21	(3)
Zero-Order Kinetics	24	(1)
Steady-State Concentration	25	(2)
Time Needed to Reach Steady State	27	(1)
Loading Dose	27	(2)
CHAPTER 5 DRUG METABOLISM AND RENAL ELIMINATION	29	(4)
Liver Metabolism	29	(1)
Renal Excretion	30	(3)
Part II Drugs that Affect the Autonomic Nervous System
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEM	33	(11)
Why Include this Material?	33	(1)
Relevant Anatomy	34	(3)
Synthesis, Storage, Release, and Removal of Transmitters	37	(2)
Receptors	39	(1)
General Rules of Innervation	40	(3)
Presynaptic Receptors	43	(1)
CHAPTER 7 CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS	44	(6)
Organization of Class	44	(2)
Direct Cholinergic Agonists	46	(1)
Cholinesterase Inhibitors	47	(3)
CHAPTER 8 CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS	50	(5)
Organization of Class	50	(1)
Muscarinic Antagonists	50	(3)
Ganglionic Blockers	53	(1)
Neuromuscular Blockers	53	(2)
CHAPTER 9 ADRENERGIC AGONISTS	55	(7)
Organization of Class	55	(1)
Direct-Acting Agonists	56	(2)
Dopamine	58	(1)
Indirect-Acting Agents	58	(1)
Cardiovascular Effects of Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Isoproterenol	59	(3)
CHAPTER 10 ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS	62	(9)
Organization of Class	62	(1)
Central Blockers	63	(1)
α-Blockers	63	(2)
β-Blockers	65	(2)
Mixed α- and β-Blockers	67	(4)
Part III Drugs that Affect the Cardiovascular System
CHAPTER 11 ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS	71	(12)
Organization of Class	71	(2)
Diuretics	73	(2)
Drugs that Interfere with the Renin-angiotensin System	75	(3)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors	75	(2)
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists	77	(1)
Selective Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists	77	(1)
Calcium Channel Blockers	78	(1)
Nitrates	79	(1)
Other Direct Vasodilators	80	(1)
α- and β-Blockers	81	(1)
Clonidine	82	(1)
CHAPTER 12 DRUGS USED IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE	83	(5)
Ischemic Heart Disease	83	(1)
Congestive Heart Failure	84	(1)
Reduction of Cardiac Workload	84	(1)
Control of Excessive Fluid	85	(1)
Enhancement of Contractility	85	(3)
Cardiac Glycosides	85	(1)
Sympathomimetics	86	(1)
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors	87	(1)
CHAPTER 13 ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS	88	(8)
Organization of Class	88	(1)
Class I Drugs (Sodium Channel Blockers)	89	(2)
Class II Drugs (β-Blockers)	91	(1)
Class III Drugs (Potassium Channel Blockers)	92	(2)
Class IV Drugs (Calcium Channel Blockers)	94	(1)
Other Antiarrhythmic Drugs	94	(1)
Drugs that Increase Heart Rate	95	(1)
CHAPTER 14 DRUGS THAT AFFECT BLOOD	96	(9)
Organization of Class	96	(1)
Antiplatelet Agents	97	(1)
Anticoagulants	98	(3)
Thrombolytic Drugs	101	(2)
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors	103	(1)
Drugs Used in the Treament of Anemia	103	(2)
CHAPTER 15 LIPID-LOWERING DRUGS	105	(6)
Organization of Class	105	(1)
Additional Explanation of Mechanisms	106	(5)
Part IV Drugs that Act on the Central Nervous System
CHAPTER 16 DRUGS USED IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE	111	(2)
Organization of Class	111	(1)
Cholinesterase Inhibitors	112	(1)
NMDA Blocker	112	(1)
CHAPTER 17 ANXIOLYTIC AND HYPNOTIC DRUGS	113	(8)
Tolerance and Dependence	113	(1)
Organization of Class	114	(1)
Barbiturates	115	(2)
Benzodiazepines	117	(3)
Buspirone	120	(1)
CHAPTER 18 ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND LITHIUM	121	(7)
Organization of Class	121	(1)
Serotonin-Specific Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)	122	(1)
Heterocyclics	123	(1)
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors	124	(1)
Other Antidepressants	125	(2)
Drugs Used in Bipolar Disorder	127	(1)
CHAPTER 19 ANTIPSYCHOTICS OR NEUROLEPTICS	128	(5)
Organization of Class	128	(2)
Typical Antipsychotics (First Generation)	130	(1)
Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonists (Second Generation)	131	(1)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome	132	(1)
CHAPTER 20 DRUGS USED IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE	133	(4)
Organization of Class	133	(1)
Dopamine Replacement Therapy	134	(1)
Dopamine Agonist Therapy	135	(1)
Anticholinergic Therapy	136	(1)
CHAPTER 21 ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS	137	(5)
Organization of Class	137	(2)
Important Details About the Four Most Important Drugs	139	(1)
Other Drugs to Consider	140	(2)
CHAPTER 22 NARCOTICS (OPIATES)	142	(6)
Organization of Class	142	(2)
Actions of Morphine and the Other Agonists	144	(1)
Distinguishing Features of Some Agonists	145	(1)
Opioid Antagonists	146	(1)
Opioid Agonist-Antagonists	147	(1)
CHAPTER 23 GENERAL ANESTHETICS	148	(5)
Organization of Class	148	(1)
Uptake and Distribution of Inhalational Anesthetics	149	(1)
Elimination of Inhalational Anesthetics	150	(1)
Potency of General Anesthetics	151	(1)
Specific Gases and Volatile Liquids	151	(1)
Specific Intravenous Agents	152	(1)
CHAPTER 24 LOCAL ANESTHETICS	153	(6)
Organization of Class	153	(1)
Mechanism of Action	154	(1)
Special Features About Individual Agents	155	(4)
Part V Chemotherapeutic Agents
CHAPTER 25 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMOTHERAPY	159	(6)
Approach to the Antimicrobials	159	(1)
General Principles of Therapy	160	(1)
Definitions	161	(1)
Important Concepts to Understand	161	(3)
Classification of Antimicrobials	164	(1)
CHAPTER 26 INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS	165	(9)
General Features	165	(1)
β-Lactams	166	(6)
Penicillins	168	(1)
Cephalosporins	169	(2)
Carbapenems	171	(1)
Monobactams (Aztreonam)	171	(1)
Other Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis	172	(2)
Vancomycin	172	(1)
Bacitracin	172	(1)
Fosfomycin	172	(1)
Daptomycin	173	(1)
CHAPTER 27 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS	174	(7)
General Features	174	(1)
Aminoglycosides	175	(2)
Tetracyclines	177	(1)
Macrolides	178	(1)
Streptogramins and Oxazolidinones	179	(1)
Chloramphenicol	179	(1)
Clindamycin	180	(1)
CHAPTER 28 FOLATE ANTAGONISTS	181	(2)
Mechanism of Action	181	(1)
Selected Features	182	(1)
CHAPTER 29 QUINOLONES AND URINARY TRACT ANTISEPTICS	183	(3)
Drugs in this Group	183	(1)
Quinolones	184	(1)
Methenamine	185	(1)
CHAPTER 30 DRUGS USED IN TUBERCULOSIS AND LEPROSY	186	(5)
Organization of Class	186	(1)
Isoniazid	187	(1)
Rifampin	188	(1)
Pyrazinamide	189	(1)
Ethambutol	189	(1)
Dapsone	189	(2)
CHAPTER 31 ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS	191	(5)
Organization of Class	191	(1)
Polyene Antifungals	192	(2)
Azole Antifungals	194	(1)
Caspofungin	195	(1)
Terbinafine and Griseofulvin	195	(1)
CHAPTER 32 ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS	196	(3)
Organization of Class	196	(1)
Drugs Used Against Cestodes and Trematodes	197	(1)
Drugs Used Against Nematodes	197	(1)
Drugs Used Against Filaria	198	(1)
CHAPTER 33 ANTIVIRAL DRUGS	199	(5)
Organization of Class	199	(1)
Anti-HIV Drugs	200	(1)
Drugs Used in Influenza	201	(1)
Other Antivirals	202	(2)
CHAPTER 34 ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS	204	(4)
Organization of Class	204	(1)
Metronidazole	205	(1)
Antimalarial Agents	205	(1)
Therapeutic Considerations	206	(1)
Special Features	207	(1)
CHAPTER 35 ANTICANCER DRUGS	208	(17)
Organization of Class	208	(2)
Terminology and General Principles of Therapy	210	(2)
Adverse Effects	212	(2)
Cytotoxic Drugs	214	(5)
Alkylating Agents	214	(1)
Antimetabolites	214	(2)
Antibiotics and Other Natural Products	216	(2)
Antibodies	218	(1)
Other Cytotoxic Drugs	219	(1)
Hormonal Agents	219	(2)
Miscellaneous Agents	221	(4)
Part VI Drugs that Affect the Endocrine System
CHAPTER 36 ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES	225	(5)
Organization of Class	225	(3)
Glucocorticoids	228	(1)
Mineralocorticoids	229	(1)
Inhibitors of Adrenocorticoids Synthesis	229	(1)
CHAPTER 37 SEX STEROIDS	230	(9)
Organization of Class	230	(2)
Estrogens	232	(1)
Antiestrogens	233	(1)
Progestins	233	(1)
Antiprogestins	234	(1)
Oral Contraceptives	234	(1)
Androgens	235	(1)
Antiandrogens	236	(1)
GnRH Agonists and Antagonists	236	(1)
PDE5 Inhibitors	237	(2)
CHAPTER 38 THYROID AND PARATHYROID DRUGS	239	(4)
Organization of Class	239	(1)
Thyroid Replacement Therapy	240	(1)
Drugs that are Thyroid Downers	240	(1)
Parathyroid Drugs	241	(2)
CHAPTER 39 INSULIN, GLUCAGON, AND ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS	243	(8)
Organization of Class	243	(1)
Insulins	244	(1)
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents	245	(6)
Part VII Miscellaneous Drugs
CHAPTER 40 HISTAMINE AND ANTIHISTAMINES	251	(3)
Organization of Class	251	(1)
H1 Receptor Antagonists	252	(2)
CHAPTER 41 RESPIRATORY DRUGS	254	(4)
Organization of Class	254	(1)
β Agonists	255	(1)
Methylxanthines	255	(1)
Cholinergic Antagonists	256	(1)
Leukotriene Modifiers	256	(1)
Cromolyn and Omalizumab	256	(1)
Pulmonary Hypertension	257	(1)
CHAPTER 42 DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE GI TRACT	258	(5)
Organization of Class	258	(1)
Drugs that Act in the Upper GI Tract	258	(2)
Drugs that Act in the Lower GI Tract	260	(3)
CHAPTER 43 NONNARCOTIC ANALGESICS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS	263	(9)
Organization of Class	263	(1)
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)	264	(1)
COX-2 Inhibitors	265	(1)
Salicylates, Including Aspirin	266	(2)
Acetaminophen	268	(1)
Other Drugs for Arthritis	269	(1)
Antigout Agents	270	(1)
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Headaches	271	(1)
CHAPTER 44 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIYES	272	(2)
Organization of Class	272	(1)
Calcineurin Inhibitors	273	(1)
Mycophenolate Mofetil and Azathioprine	273	(1)
Monoclonal Antibodies	273	(1)
CHAPTER 45 DRUGS USED IN OSTEOPOROSIS	274	(4)
Organization of Class	274	(1)
Bisphosphonates	275	(1)
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)	275	(1)
Estrogens	276	(1)
Calcitonin	276	(1)
Other Agents	276	(2)
CHAPTER 46 TOXICOLOGY AND POISONING	278	(3)
Principles of Toxicology	278	(1)
General Principles in the Treatment of Poisoning	279	(1)
Specific Antidotes	280	(1)
Index	281