Behavior Modification: What It Is and How to Do It

by Martin, Garry; Pear, Joseph

• ISBN13: 9780130807427
• ISBN10: 0130807427
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-09-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Summary

For freshman through senior-level courses in Behavior Modification, Applied Behavior Analysis, or Behavior Therapy. Assuming no prior knowledge of behavior modification or psychology, this widely-adopted text offers students personal, hands-on experience with the principles of behavior modification and their application to everyday concerns from helping children learn life's necessary skills to solving some of their own personal behavior problems. Written in a very readable style with numerous real-life examples it features extensive descriptions of the particulars of program design, implementation, and evaluation and includes summary how-to guidelines for most chapters.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xv
Changes in the Sixth Edition	xvii	(1)
Acknowledgments	xviii	(1)
Photo Credits	xix	(1)
To the Student	xix
PART I THE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION APPROACH	1	(25)
1 INTRODUCTION	1	(11)
What Is Behavior?	3	(4)
Characteristics of Behavior Modification	7	(1)
The Approach of This Book	8	(2)
Study Questions	10	(1)
Application Exercises	10	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	10	(2)
2 AREAS OF APPLICATION: AN OVERVIEW	12	(14)
Parenting and Child Management	12	(1)
Education: From Preschool to University	13	(1)
Severe Problems: Developmental Disabilities, Childhood Autism, and Schizophrenia	14	(2)
Clinical Behavior Therapy	16	(1)
Self-Management of Personal Problems	17	(1)
Medical and Health Care	17	(2)
Gerontology	19	(1)
Behavioral Community Psychology	20	(1)
Business, Industry, and Government	21	(1)
Sport Psychology	21	(1)
Behavioral Assessment	22	(1)
Conclusion	23	(1)
Study Questions	23	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	24	(2)
PART II BASIC BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES	26	(177)
3 GETTING A BEHAVIOR TO OCCUR MORE OFTEN WITH POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT "Do you want to sit here, Mommy?"	26	(20)
Reinforcing Darren's Cooperative Behavior	26	(1)
Positive Reinforcement	27	(2)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Positive Reinforcement	29	(10)
Pitfalls of Positive Reinforcement	39	(2)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Positive Reinforcement	41	(1)
Study Questions	42	(1)
Application Exercises	43	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	44	(2)
4 DECREASING A BEHAVIOR WITH EXTINCTION "Louise, let's get rid of your migraines"	46	(15)
Louise's Case	46	(1)
Extinction	47	(2)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Extinction	49	(5)
Pitfalls of Extinction	54	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Extinction	54	(3)
Study Questions	57	(1)
Application Exercises	58	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	58	(3)
5 GETTING A NEW BEHAVIOR TO OCCUR: AN APPLICATION OF SHAPING "Frank, did you do your jogging?"	61	(12)
Improving Frank's Exercising	61	(1)
Shaping	62	(2)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Shaping	64	(3)
Pitfalls of Shaping	67	(2)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Shaping	69	(1)
Study Questions	70	(1)
Application Exercises	70	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	71	(2)
6 DEVELOPING BEHAVIORAL PERSISTENCE THROUGH THE USE OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT "Tom, let's see how many arithmetic problems you can do."	73	(17)
Improving Tom's Work Rate in Math Class	73	(1)
Some Definitions	74	(1)
Ratio Schedules	75	(1)
Simple Interval Schedules	76	(2)
Interval Schedules with Limited Hold	78	(2)
Duration Schedules	80	(2)
Overview of Eight Basic Schedules for Increasing and Maintaining Behavior	82	(1)
Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement	82	(2)
Pitfalls of Intermittent Reinforcement	84	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Use of Intermittent Reinforcement	84	(1)
Study Questions	85	(2)
Application Exercises	87	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	88	(2)
7 TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT TO DECREASE BEHAVIOR "Tommy, a little less talking out, please!"	90	(8)
Decreasing Tommy's Talking Out	90	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates	91	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Zero Responding	92	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Responding	93	(1)
Pitfalls of Schedules for Decreasing Behavior	94	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Use of Intermittent Schedules to Decrease Behavior	94	(1)
Study Questions	95	(1)
Application Exercises	96	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	96	(2)
8 DOING THE RIGHT THING AT THE RIGHT TIME AND PLACE IS A MATTER FOR STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION LEARNING "Now, children, please work at your desks."	98	(14)
Learning to Follow Teacher's Instructions	98	(1)
Stimulus Discrimination Learning and Stimulus Control	99	(2)
Discriminative Stimuli: S(D)s and S(Delta)s	101	(3)
Factors Determining the Effectiveness of Stimulus Discrimination Training	104	(2)
Pitfalls of Stimulus Discrimination Training	106	(1)
Guidelines for Effective Stimulus Discrimination Training	107	(1)
Study Questions	108	(1)
Application Exercises	109	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	109	(3)
9 DEVELOPING APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR WITH FADING "Peter, what's your name?"	112	(12)
Teaching Peter His Name	112	(1)
Fading	113	(2)
Using Fading Procedures to Teach Verbal Skills	115	(3)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Fading	118	(1)
Pitfalls of Fading	119	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Fading	120	(1)
Study Questions	120	(1)
Application Exercises	121	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	122	(2)
10 DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING BEHAVIOR WITH CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT "OK, team! Here's how you can earn an Eagle Effort Award."	124	(8)
Coach Dawson's Point Program	124	(1)
Unconditioned and Conditioned Reinforcers	125	(1)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Conditioned Reinforcement	126	(2)
Pitfalls of Conditioned Reinforcement	128	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Use of Conditioned Reinforcement	129	(1)
Study Questions	129	(1)
Application Exercises	130	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	130	(2)
11 GETTING A NEW BEHAVIOR TO OCCUR WITH BEHAVIORAL CHAINING "Agnes, please make a coffee pack for me."	132	(12)
Teaching Agnes to Assemble a Coffee Pack	132	(1)
Stimulus-Response Chaining	133	(1)
Methods for Teaching a Behavior Chain	134	(2)
Chaining Compared with Fading and Shaping	136	(1)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Chaining	137	(3)
Pitfalls of Chaining	140	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Use of Chaining	141	(1)
Study Questions	142	(1)
Application Exercises	143	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	143	(1)
12 TRANSFERRING BEHAVIOR TO NEW SETTINGS AND MAKING IT LAST: GENERALITY OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE "Hi, there. I have a nice surprise for you in my car."	144	(17)
Teaching Stan to Protect Himself	144	(1)
Generality	145	(5)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Programming Generality of Behavioral Change	150	(5)
Pitfalls of Generality	155	(1)
Guidelines for Programming Generality of Behavior Change	156	(1)
Study Questions	157	(1)
Application Exercises	158	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	158	(3)
13 ELIMINATING INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR THROUGH PUNISHMENT "Ben, don't be so aggressive."	161	(15)
Eliminating Ben's Aggressiveness	161	(1)
The Principle of Punishment	162	(1)
Types of Punishers	163	(2)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment	165	(4)
Should Punishment Be Used?	169	(2)
Pitfalls of Punishment	171	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Punishment Procedures	172	(1)
Study Questions	173	(1)
Application Exercises	174	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	174	(2)
14 ESTABLISHING A DESIRABLE BEHAVIOR BY USING ESCAPE AND AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING "Jason, that's bad for your health!"	176	(9)
Curing Jason's Slouching	176	(1)
Escape Conditioning	177	(1)
Avoidance Conditioning	177	(4)
Pitfalls of Escape and Avoidance	181	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Escape and Avoidance	182	(1)
Study Questions	183	(1)
Application Exercises	184	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	184	(1)
15 PROCEDURES BASED ON PRINCIPLES OF RESPONDENT CONDITIONING "I hate that word!"	185	(18)
Making Words Unpleasant	185	(1)
Operant Versus Respondent Behavior	186	(1)
Principle of Respondent Conditioning	186	(3)
Respondent Extinction	189	(1)
Counterconditioning	190	(1)
Respondent and Operant Conditioning Compared	190	(3)
Respondent and Operant Components of Emotions	193	(4)
Applications of Respondent Conditioning Principles	197	(3)
A Cautionary Note	200	(1)
Study Questions	200	(1)
Application Exercises	201	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	202	(1)
PART III SOME PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS TO EFFECTIVE PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES	203	(27)
16 CAPITALIZING ON EXISTING STIMULUS CONTROL: RULES AND GOALS	203	(14)
Rules	204	(6)
Goals	210	(4)
Study Questions	214	(1)
Application Exercises	215	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	215	(2)
17 CAPITALIZING ON EXISTING STIMULUS CONTROL: MODELING, GUIDANCE, AND SITUATIONAL INDUCEMENT	217	(13)
Modeling	217	(4)
Physical Guidance	221	(1)
Situational Inducement	222	(5)
Study Questions	227	(1)
Application Exercises	228	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	229	(1)
PART IV DEALING WITH DATA	230	(55)
18 BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT: INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS	230	(12)
Minimal Phases of a Program	230	(2)
Sources of Information for Baseline Assessment	232	(3)
Data! Data! Data! Why Bother?	235	(4)
Study Questions	239	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	240	(2)
19 DIRECT BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT: WHAT TO RECORD AND HOW	242	(16)
Characteristics of Behavior to Be Recorded	242	(9)
Continuous Recording, Interval Recording, and Time-Sampling Recording	251	(2)
Assessing the Accuracy of Observations	253	(2)
Study Questions	255	(1)
Application Exercises	255	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	256	(2)
20 FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CAUSES OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR	258	(13)
Approaches to Functional Assessment	258	(3)
Major Causes of Problem Behaviors	261	(6)
Medical Causes of Problem Behaviors	267	(1)
Guidelines for Conducting a Functional Assessment	268	(1)
Study Questions	269	(1)
Application Exercises	270	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	270	(1)
21 DOING RESEARCH IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION	271	(14)
The Reversal-Replication (ABAB) Research Design	272	(3)
Multiple-Baseline Designs	275	(3)
Alternating-Treatments (or Multi-Element) Designs	278	(2)
Data Analysis and Interpretation	280	(2)
Study Questions	282	(1)
Application Exercises	283	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	284	(1)
PART V PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER	285	(91)
22 PLANNING, APPLYING, AND EVALUATING A TREATMENT PROGRAM	285	(11)
A Problem Has Been Referred: Should You Design a Program?	285	(2)
Selecting and Implementing an Assessment Procedure	287	(2)
Strategies of Program Design and Implementation	289	(3)
Program Maintenance and Evaluation	292	(1)
Study Questions	293	(1)
Application Exercise	294	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	294	(2)
23 TOKEN ECONOMIES	296	(12)
Initial Steps in Setting up a Token Economy	297	(4)
Specific Implementation Procedures	301	(1)
Preparing a Manual	302	(1)
Programming Generality to the Natural Environment	303	(1)
Ethical Considerations	304	(1)
A Summary of Considerations in Designing a Token Economy	304	(1)
Study Questions	305	(1)
Application Exercise	306	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	306	(2)
24 HELPING AN INDIVIDUAL TO DEVELOP SELF-CONTROL	308	(22)
Causes of Self-Control Problems	309	(2)
A Model for Self-Control	311	(2)
Steps in a Self-Control Program	313	(12)
Circumventing the Therapist	325	(1)
Study Questions	326	(1)
Application Exercises	327	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	327	(3)
25 SYSTEMATIC SELF-DESENSITIZATION	330	(15)
Behavioral Treatments of Simple Phobias	331	(2)
Systematic Self-Desensitization	333	(10)
When to Seek Professional Assistance	343	(1)
Study Questions	343	(1)
Application Exercise	343	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	344	(1)
26 COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION	345	(20)
"Thinking," "Feeling," and Private Behavior	345	(3)
Carol's Case	348	(2)
Some Cognitive Behavioral Procedures	350	(6)
Evaluation of "Cognitive" Techniques	356	(2)
A Behavioral Interpretation of Cognitive Behavior Modification	358	(3)
Concluding Comments	361	(1)
Study Questions	361	(2)
Application Exercise	363	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	363	(2)
27 AREAS OF CLINICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY	365	(11)
Anxiety Disorders: Focus on Agoraphobia	365	(1)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders	366	(1)
Failure to Cope with Stress	367	(1)
Depression	368	(2)
Alcohol Problems	370	(1)
Obesity	371	(1)
Marital Distress	372	(1)
Sexual Dysfunction: Focus on Low Sexual Desire	373	(1)
Habit Disorders: Nervous Habits, Muscle Tics, and Stuttering	373	(1)
Study Questions	374	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	375	(1)
PART IV A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ETHICAL ISSUES	376	(25)
28 GIVING IT ALL SOME PERSPECTIVE: A BRIEF HISTORY	376	(12)
The Operant-Conditioning Orientation: Applied Behavior Analysis	376	(4)
The Respondent-Conditioning (and Hullian and Wolpean) Orientation	380	(2)
Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major Orientations	382	(1)
The Terms Behavior Therapy, Behavior Modification, and Applied Behavior Analysis	383	(2)
The Future of Behavior Modification	385	(1)
Study Questions	385	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	386	(2)
29 ETHICAL ISSUES	388	(13)
A Behavioral View of Ethics	390	(1)
Arguments Against Deliberately Controlling Behavior	391	(1)
Ethical Guidelines	392	(6)
Conclusions	398	(1)
Study Questions	398	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	399	(2)
REFERENCES	401	(32)
AUTHOR INDEX	433	(6)
SUBJECT INDEX	439