Behavior Modification: What It Is And How to Do It

by Martin, Garry L.; Pear, Joseph

• ISBN13: 9780131942271
• ISBN10: 0131942271
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Summary

For undergraduate courses in Behavior Modification or Behavior Therapy This book presents a comprehensive, practical presentation of both the principles of behavior modification and guidelines for their application. Throughout their separate experiences in teaching behavior modification over the past 39 years, both Garry Martin and Joseph Pearrs"s goals have remained the same: to teach people about the principles of behavior modification and how to apply them effectively to their everyday concerns from helping children learn lifers"s necessary skills to solving some of their own personal behavior problems. Through eight editions their text has remained successful and effective because it addresses the needs of two central audiences: college and university students taking courses in behavior modification and its related areas; and students or practitioners of various helping professions (such as clinical psychology, counseling, medicine, etc.) who are concerned directly with enhancing various forms of behavioral development. Assuming no prior knowledge of behavior modification or psychology, this text facilitates understanding of the principles of behavior modification and helps readers to successfully implement behavior modification programs.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Changes in the Eighth Edition	xix
Instructors Resource Manual with Tests and Practica	xx
Acknowledgments	xx
To the Student	xxi
PART I THE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION APPROACH
Introduction	1	(14)
What Is Behavior?	3	(3)
What Is Behavior Modification?	6	(1)
Behavioral Assessment	7	(1)
Behavior Modification and Related Terms	8	(1)
Some Misconceptions About Behavior Modification	8	(1)
The Approach of This Book	9	(2)
Study Questions	11	(1)
Application Exercises	12	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	12	(3)
Areas of Application: An Overview	15	(14)
Parenting and Child Management	15	(1)
Education: From Preschool to University	16	(1)
Severe Problems: Developmental Disabilities, Childhood Autism, and Schizophrenia	17	(3)
Clinical Behavior Therapy	20	(1)
Self-Management of Personal Problems	20	(1)
Medical and Health Care	21	(2)
Gerontology	23	(1)
Community Behavioral Analysis	23	(1)
Business, Industry, and Government	24	(1)
Sport Psychology	25	(1)
Behavior Modification with Culturally Diverse Individuals	25	(1)
Conclusion	26	(1)
Study Questions	26	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	27	(2)
PART II BASIC BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES
Getting a Behavior to Occur More Often with Positive Reinforcement	29	(22)
``Do you want to sit here, Mommy?''
Reinforcing Darren's Cooperative Behavior	29	(1)
Positive Reinforcement	30	(1)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Positive Reinforcement	31	(13)
Pitfalls of Positive Reinforcement	44	(2)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Positive Reinforcement	46	(1)
Study Questions	47	(1)
Application Exercises	48	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	49	(2)
Developing and Maintaining Behavior with Conditioned Reinforcement	51	(9)
``Ok, team! Here's how you can earn an Eagle Effort Award.''
Coach Dawson's Points Program	51	(1)
Unconditioned and Conditioned Reinforcers	52	(2)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Conditioned Reinforcement	54	(2)
Pitfalls of Conditioned Reinforcement	56	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Use of Conditioned Reinforcement	56	(1)
Study Questions	57	(1)
Application Exercises	58	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	58	(2)
Decreasing a Behavior with Extinction	60	(15)
``Louise, let's get rid of your migraines.''
Louise's Case	60	(1)
Extinction	61	(2)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Extinction	63	(6)
Pitfalls of Extinction	69	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Extinction	70	(1)
Study Questions	71	(1)
Application Exercises	72	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	73	(2)
Developing Behavioral Persistence Through the Use of Intermittent Reinforcement	75	(17)
``Jan, let's see how many arithmetic problems you can do.''
Improving Jan's Work Rate in Math Class	75	(1)
Some Definitions	76	(1)
Ratio Schedules	77	(1)
Simple Interval Schedules	78	(3)
Interval Schedules with Limited Hold	81	(1)
Duration Schedules	82	(2)
Overview of Eight Basic Schedules for Increasing and Maintaining Behavior	84	(1)
Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement	84	(2)
Pitfalls of Intermittent Reinforcement	86	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Use of Intermittent Reinforcement	86	(1)
Study Questions	87	(2)
Application Exercises	89	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	89	(3)
Types of Intermittent Reinforcement to Decrease Behavior	92	(8)
``Tommy, a little less talking out, please!''
Decreasing Tommy's Talking Out	92	(1)
The Schedules in This Chapter	93	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates	93	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Zero Responding	94	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Responding	95	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior	96	(1)
Pitfalls of Schedules for Decreasing Behavior	96	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Use of Intermittent Schedules to Decrease Behavior	97	(1)
Study Questions	98	(1)
Application Exercises	99	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	99	(1)
Doing the Right Thing at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization	100	(15)
``Now, children, please work at your desks.''
Learning to Follow Teacher's Instructions	100	(1)
Stimulus Discrimination Learning and Stimulus Control	101	(2)
Types of Controlling Stimuli: SDs and SΔs	103	(2)
Stimulus Generalization	105	(3)
Factors Determining the Effectiveness of Stimulus Discrimination Training	108	(2)
Pitfalls of Stimulus Discrimination Training	110	(1)
Guidelines for Effective Stimulus Discrimination Training	111	(1)
Study Questions	112	(1)
Application Exercises	113	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	113	(2)
Developing Appropriate Behavior with Fading	115	(10)
``Peter, what's your name?''
Teaching Peter His Name	115	(1)
Fading	116	(1)
Dimensions of Stimuli for Fading	117	(1)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Fading	118	(3)
Pitfalls of Fading	121	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Fading	122	(1)
Study Questions	122	(1)
Application Exercises	123	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	123	(2)
Getting a New Behavior to Occur: An Application of Shaping	125	(12)
``Frank, did you do your jogging?''
Improving Frank's Exercising	125	(1)
Shaping	126	(3)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Shaping	129	(2)
Pitfalls of Shaping	131	(2)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Shaping	133	(1)
Study Questions	134	(1)
Application Exercises	135	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	135	(2)
Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur with Behavioral Chaining	137	(13)
``Steve, your preputt routine is inconsistent.''
Teaching Steve to Follow a Consistent Preputt Routine	137	(1)
Behavioral Chaining	138	(1)
Methods for Teaching a Behavioral Chain	139	(4)
Chaining Compared with Fading and Shaping	143	(1)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Behavioral Chaining	143	(3)
Pitfalls of Behavioral Chaining	146	(2)
Guidelines for the Effective Use of Behavioral Chaining	148	(1)
Study Questions	148	(1)
Application Exercises	149	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	149	(1)
Eliminating Inappropriate Behavior Through Punishment	150	(16)
``Ben, don't be so aggressive.''
Eliminating Ben's Aggressiveness	150	(1)
The Principle of Punishment	151	(1)
Types of Punishers	152	(2)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment	154	(4)
Should Punishment Be Used?	158	(2)
Behavior Modifiers and Punishment Programs	160	(1)
Pitfalls of Punishment	161	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Punishment	161	(1)
Study Questions	162	(1)
Application Exercises	163	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	164	(2)
Establishing a Desirable Behavior by Using Escape and Avoidance Conditioning	166	(9)
``Jason, that's bad for your health!''
Curing Jason's Slouching	166	(1)
Escape Conditioning	167	(1)
Avoidance Conditioning	167	(4)
Pitfalls of Escape and Avoidance Conditioning	171	(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Application of Escape and Avoidance Conditioning	172	(1)
Study Questions	173	(1)
Application Exercises	173	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	174	(1)
Procedures Based on Principles of Respondent Conditioning	175	(14)
``I hate that word!''
Making Words Unpleasant	175	(1)
Operant Versus Respondent Behavior	176	(1)
Principle of Respondent Conditioning	176	(3)
Higher-Order Conditioning	179	(1)
Respondent Extinction	180	(1)
Counterconditioning	181	(1)
Common Respondently Conditioned Responses	182	(1)
Respondent and Operant Conditioning Compared	183	(1)
Applications of Respondent Conditioning	184	(2)
Study Questions	186	(1)
Application Exercises	187	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	188	(1)
Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together	189	(12)
``I have to finish my term paper!''
Responding to Meet Deadlines	189	(1)
Operant-Respondent Interactions	189	(2)
Respondent and Operant Components of Emotions	191	(5)
Respondent and Operant Components of Thinking	196	(1)
Private Thoughts and Feelings: More Respondent-Operant Interactions	197	(1)
Study Questions	198	(1)
Application Exercises	199	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	199	(2)
Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Generality of Behavior Change	201	(14)
``Hi, there, I have a nice surprise for you in my car.''
Teaching Stan to Protect Himself	201	(1)
Generality	202	(2)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Programming Generality of Operant Behavior	204	(4)
Programming Generality of Respondent Behavior	208	(2)
Pitfalls of Generality	210	(2)
Guidelines for Programming Generality of Operant Behavior	212	(1)
Study Questions	212	(1)
Application Exercises	213	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	214	(1)
PART III SOME PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS FOR EFFECTIVE PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES
Capitalizing on Existing Stimulus Control: Rules and Goals	215	(14)
Rules	216	(6)
Goals	222	(4)
Study Questions	226	(1)
Application Exercises	227	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	227	(2)
Capitalizing on Existing Stimulus Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement	229	(13)
Modeling	229	(3)
Physical Guidance	232	(2)
Situational Inducement	234	(5)
Study Questions	239	(1)
Application Exercises	240	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	240	(2)
Motivation and Behavior Modification	242	(10)
A Traditional View of Motivation	242	(1)
A Behavioral View of Motivation	243	(3)
Some Applications of Motivating Operations	246	(2)
Motivating Operations and Behavior Modification	248	(1)
Study Questions	249	(1)
Application Exercise	249	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	250	(2)
PART IV DEALING WITH DATA
Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations	252	(16)
Minimal Phases of a Program	252	(3)
Sources of Information for Baseline Assessment	255	(5)
Data! Data! Data! Why Bother?	260	(4)
Behavioral Assessment Compared to Traditional Assessment	264	(1)
Study Questions	265	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	266	(2)
Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How	268	(17)
Characteristics of Behavior to Be Recorded	268	(9)
Strategies for Recording Behavior	277	(2)
Assessing the Accuracy of Observations	279	(2)
Study Questions	281	(1)
Application Exercises	282	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	282	(3)
Functional Assessment of the Causes of Problem Behavior	285	(13)
Approaches to Functional Assessment	285	(3)
Major Causes of Problem Behaviors	288	(6)
Medical Causes of Problem Behaviors	294	(2)
Guidelines for Conducting a Functional Assessment	296	(1)
Study Questions	296	(1)
Application Exercises	297	(1)
Note and Extended Discussion	297	(1)
Doing Research in Behavior Modification	298	(14)
The Reversal-Replication (ABAB) Research Design	299	(3)
Multiple-Baseline Designs	302	(3)
The Changing-Criterion Design	305	(1)
Alternating-Treatments (or Multielement) Design	306	(1)
Data Analysis and Interpretation	307	(2)
Study Questions	309	(1)
Application Exercises	310	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	311	(1)
PART V PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Treatment Program	312	(11)
A Problem Has Been Referred: Should You Design a Program?	312	(2)
Selecting and Implementing an Assessment Procedure	314	(2)
Strategies of Program Design and Implementation	316	(3)
Program Maintenance and Evaluation	319	(1)
Study Questions	320	(1)
Application Exercise	321	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	321	(2)
Token Economies	323	(12)
Initial Steps in Setting Up a Token Economy	324	(4)
Specific Implementation Procedures	328	(2)
Preparing a Manual	330	(1)
Programming Generality to the Natural Environment	330	(1)
Ethical Considerations	331	(1)
A Summary of Considerations in Designing a Token Economy	331	(1)
Study Questions	332	(1)
Application Exercises	333	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	333	(2)
Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control	335	(21)
Causes of Self-Control Problems	336	(2)
A Model for Self-Control	338	(1)
Steps in a Self-Control Program	339	(14)
Circumventing the Therapist	353	(1)
Study Questions	353	(1)
Application Exercises	354	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	354	(2)
Cognitive Behavior Modification	356	(17)
Cognitive Restructuring Methods	357	(4)
Self-Directed Coping Methods	361	(3)
Mindfulness and Acceptance	364	(2)
A Behavioral Interpretation of Cognitive Behavioral Techniques	366	(3)
Concluding Comments	369	(1)
Study Questions	369	(1)
Application Exercise	370	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	371	(2)
Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy	373	(15)
Specific Phobias	374	(4)
Other Anxiety Disorders	378	(3)
Depression	381	(1)
Alcohol Problems	382	(1)
Eating Disorders and Obesity	383	(1)
Couple Distress	384	(1)
Sexual Dysfunction	385	(1)
Habit Disorders	385	(1)
Study Questions	386	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	386	(2)
PART VI A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ETHICAL ISSUES
Giving It All Some Perspective: A Brief History	388	(13)
The Operant-Conditioning Orientation: Applied Behavior Analysis	388	(4)
The Respondent-Conditioning (and Hullian and Wolpean) Orientation	392	(2)
Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major Orientations	394	(1)
Behavior Therapy, Behavior Modification, and Applied Behavior Analysis	395	(2)
The Future of Behavior Modification	397	(1)
Study Questions	397	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	398	(3)
Ethical Issues	401	(13)
A Behavioral View of Ethics	403	(1)
Arguments Against Deliberately Controlling Behavior	404	(1)
Ethical Guidelines	405	(6)
Conclusions	411	(1)
Study Questions	411	(1)
Notes and Extended Discussion	412	(2)
Glossary	414	(9)
References	423	(36)
Author Index	459	(7)
Subject Index	466