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Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism
by MacLaren, Donald; Morton, JamesEdition:
1st
ISBN13:
9780470091852
ISBN10:
0470091851
Format:
Paperback
Pub. Date:
12/12/2011
Publisher(s):
Wiley
List Price: $58.61
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Summary
How do our muscles produce energy for exercise and what are the underlying biochemical principles involved? These are questions that students need to be able to answer when studying for a number of sport related degrees. This can prove to be a difficult task for those with a relatively limited scientific background. Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism addresses this problem by placing the primary emphasis on sport, and describing the relevant biochemistry within this context. The book opens with some basic information on the subject, including an overview of energy metabolism, some key aspects of skeletal muscle structure and function, and some simple biochemical concepts. It continues by looking at the three macromolecules which provide energy and structure to skeletal muscle - carbohydrates, lipids, and protein. The last section moves beyond biochemistry to examine key aspects of metabolism - the regulation of energy production and storage. Beginning with a chapter on basic principles of regulation of metabolism it continues by exploring how metabolism is influenced during high-intensity, prolonged, and intermittent exercise by intensity, duration, and nutrition. Key Features: A clearly written, well presented introduction to the biochemistry of muscle metabolism. Focuses on sport to describe the relevant biochemistry within this context. In full colour throughout, it includes numerous illustrations, together with learning objectives and key points to reinforce learning. Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism will prove invaluable to students across a range of sport-related courses, who need to get to grips with how exercise mode, intensity, duration, training status and nutritional status can all affect the regulation of energy producing pathways and, more important, apply this understanding to develop training and nutrition programmes to maximise athletic performance.
Table of Contents
| Preface | p. xi |
| Basic Muscle Physiology and Energetics | p. 1 |
| Energy sources for muscular activity | p. 3 |
| Adenosine triphosphate: the energy currency | p. 3 |
| Energy continuum | p. 4 |
| Energy supply for muscle contraction | p. 4 |
| Energy systems and running speed | p. 7 |
| Why can't a marathon be sprinted? | p. 7 |
| Energy sources and muscle | p. 8 |
| Can muscle use protein for energy? | p. 9 |
| Key points | p. 10 |
| Skeletal muscle structure and function | p. 11 |
| Skeletal muscle structure | p. 12 |
| Gross anatomical structure | p. 12 |
| The muscle fibre | p. 13 |
| Muscle contraction | p. 18 |
| Propagation of the action potential | p. 18 |
| Excitation-contraction coupling | p. 18 |
| The sliding filament mechanism | p. 20 |
| Muscle fibre types | p. 21 |
| General classification of muscle fibres | p. 21 |
| Muscle fibre distribution | p. 23 |
| Muscle fibre recruitment | p. 24 |
| Muscles in action | p. 26 |
| Types of muscle contraction | p. 26 |
| The twitch contraction | p. 26 |
| The length-tension relationship | p. 27 |
| Tetanus contractions | p. 27 |
| Force-velocity relationship | p. 28 |
| Muscle fatigue | p. 29 |
| Key points | p. 29 |
| Biochemical concepts | p. 31 |
| Organization of matter | p. 32 |
| Matter and elements | p. 32 |
| Atoms and atomic structure | p. 32 |
| Atomic number and mass number | p. 34 |
| Atomic mass | p. 34 |
| Ions, molecules, compounds and macronutrients | p. 34 |
| Chemical bonding | p. 35 |
| Ionic bonds | p. 36 |
| Covalent bonds | p. 36 |
| Molecular formulae and structures | p. 38 |
| Functional groups | p. 39 |
| Chemical reactions, ATP and energy | p. 40 |
| Energy | p. 40 |
| ATP | p. 41 |
| Units of energy | p. 42 |
| Types of chemical reactions | p. 43 |
| Water | p. 45 |
| General functions of water | p. 45 |
| Water as a solvent | p. 46 |
| Solutions and concentrations | p. 46 |
| Acid-base balance | p. 47 |
| Acids, bases and salts | p. 47 |
| pH Scale | p. 48 |
| Buffers | p. 49 |
| Cell structure | p. 49 |
| The plasma membrane | p. 50 |
| The nucleus | p. 51 |
| Cytoplasm and organelles | p. 51 |
| Key points | p. 53 |
| Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Biochemistry | p. 55 |
| Proteins | p. 57 |
| Protein function | p. 58 |
| General protein function | p. 59 |
| Amino acids | p. 62 |
| Amino acid structure | p. 62 |
| Protein structure | p. 62 |
| Primary structure | p. 62 |
| Secondary structure | p. 65 |
| Tertiary structure | p. 65 |
| Quaternary structure | p. 65 |
| Proteins as enzymes | p. 67 |
| Mechanisms of enzyme action | p. 67 |
| Factors affecting rates of enzymatic reactions | p. 68 |
| Coenzymes and cofactors | p. 70 |
| Classification of enzymes | p. 70 |
| Regulation of enzyme activity | p. 72 |
| Protein turnover | p. 73 |
| Overview of protein turnover | p. 73 |
| DNA structure | p. 73 |
| Transcription | p. 74 |
| The genetic code | p. 74 |
| Translation | p. 76 |
| Amino acid metabolism | p. 78 |
| Free amino acid pool | p. 79 |
| Transamination | p. 79 |
| Deamination | p. 80 |
| Branched chain amino acids | p. 82 |
| Glucose-alanine cycle | p. 82 |
| Glutamine | p. 82 |
| The urea cycle | p. 85 |
| Key points | p. 85 |
| Carbohydrates | p. 87 |
| Relevance of carbohydrates for sport and exercise | p. 88 |
| Types and structure of carbohydrates | p. 90 |
| Monosaccharides | p. 90 |
| Disaccharides and polysaccharides | p. 91 |
| Metabolism of carbohydrates | p. 92 |
| Glycogenolysis | p. 93 |
| Glycolysis | p. 95 |
| Lactate metabolism | p. 98 |
| The 'link' reaction; production of acetyl-CoA | p. 98 |
| The TCA (or Krebs) cycle | p. 98 |
| Electron transport chain | p. 98 |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | p. 100 |
| Calculation of ATP generated in glucose oxidation | p. 101 |
| Overview of glucose oxidation | p. 102 |
| Fructose metabolism | p. 102 |
| Gluconeogenesis | p. 102 |
| Glycogenesis | p. 103 |
| Key points | p. 107 |
| Lipids | p. 109 |
| Relevance of lipids for sport and exercise | p. 110 |
| Structure of lipids | p. 112 |
| Classification of lipids | p. 112 |
| Compound lipids | p. 115 |
| Derived lipids | p. 115 |
| Metabolism of lipids | p. 115 |
| Lipolysis | p. 115 |
| ß-oxidation | p. 118 |
| Ketone body formation | p. 119 |
| Formation of fatty acids | p. 119 |
| Triglyceride synthesis | p. 122 |
| Key points | p. 124 |
| Metabolic Regulation in Sport and Exercise | p. 127 |
| Principles of metabolic regulation | p. 129 |
| How are catabolic and anabolic reactions controlled? | p. 130 |
| Hormones | p. 130 |
| Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and regulation | p. 133 |
| Adrenaline activation of glycogenolysis | p. 134 |
| Adrenaline activation of lipolysis | p. 135 |
| Insulin activation of glycogen synthase | p. 135 |
| Insulin inhibition of lipolysis | p. 137 |
| Insulin stimulation of protein synthesis | p. 137 |
| Steroid hormones and regulation | p. 138 |
| Allosteric effectors | p. 140 |
| Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase | p. 140 |
| Regulation of PFK | p. 140 |
| Regulation of PDH | p. 140 |
| Regulation of CPT1 | p. 142 |
| AMPK as a metabolic regulator | p. 142 |
| Key points | p. 144 |
| High-intensity exercise | p. 145 |
| Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in high-intensity exercise | p. 145 |
| Definition of high-intensity exercise | p. 145 |
| Energy production during high-intensity exercise | p. 146 |
| Evidence of energy sources used in HIE | p. 148 |
| Metabolic regulation during high-intensity exercise | p. 152 |
| Effects of exercise duration | p. 152 |
| Effects of nutritional status | p. 153 |
| Can nutritional ergogenic aids help HIE? | p. 154 |
| Effects of training | p. 155 |
| Mechanisms of fatigue | p. 157 |
| Reduced ATP | p. 158 |
| Reduced PCr | p. 159 |
| Increased Pi | p. 159 |
| Lactate and H+ | p. 160 |
| Key points | p. 161 |
| Endurance exercise | p. 163 |
| Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in endurance exercise | p. 164 |
| Definition and models of endurance exercise | p. 164 |
| Energy production in endurance exercise | p. 164 |
| Overview of metabolic regulation in endurance exercise | p. 165 |
| Effects of exercise intensity | p. 166 |
| CHO metabolism | p. 166 |
| Lipid metabolism | p. 168 |
| Effects of exercise duration | p. 172 |
| Effects of nutritional status | p. 174 |
| CHO-loading and muscle glycogen availability | p. 174 |
| Fat-loading strategies | p. 176 |
| Pre-exercise and during-exercise CHO ingestion | p. 178 |
| Pre-exercise FFA availability | p. 181 |
| Effects of training status | p. 183 |
| CHO metabolism | p. 183 |
| Lipid metabolism | p. 184 |
| Protein metabolism | p. 188 |
| Mechanisms of fatigue | p. 189 |
| Key points | p. 192 |
| High-intensity intermittent exercise | p. 195 |
| Overview of energy production in intermittent exercise | p. 196 |
| Definition and models of intermittent exercise | p. 196 |
| Energy systems utilized in intermittent exercise | p. 197 |
| Metabolic regulation in intermittent exercise | p. 197 |
| Effects of manipulating work-rest intensity and ratio | p. 202 |
| Effects of nutritional status | p. 206 |
| Muscle glycogen availability | p. 207 |
| Pre-exercise CHO ingestion | p. 207 |
| CHO ingestion during exercise | p. 209 |
| Muscle adaptations to interval training | p. 210 |
| Mechanisms of fatigue | p. 215 |
| Carbohydrate availability | p. 216 |
| PCr depletion | p. 217 |
| Acidosis | p. 218 |
| Extracellular potassium | p. 220 |
| Reactive oxygen species (ROS) | p. 221 |
| Pi accumulation and impaired Ca2+ release | p. 223 |
| Key points | p. 224 |
| References and suggested readings | p. 227 |
| Index | p. 241 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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