Biology: A Guide to the Natural World with mybiology"

by Krogh, David

• ISBN13: 9780131414495
• ISBN10: 0131414496
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Biology: A Guide to the Natural World remains the only book written and illustrated from the ground up for those with little knowledge of biology. The Third Edition retains its best features--rich, full-color art, an accessible writing style, and a full complement of digital resources--while substantially updating the content throughout to emphasize the relevancy of biology to readers' lives. A seven-part organization covers essential parts: atoms, molecules, and cells; energy and its transformation; how life goes on: genetics; life's organizing principle: evolution and the diversity of life; a bounty that feeds us all: plants; what makes the organism tick? animal anatomy and physiology; and the living world as a whole: ecology and behavior. For the promotion of biological literacy--to make individuals aware that they need it to participate in the workforce, make everyday decisions, and make informed choices at the ballot box.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
Chapter 1 Science as a Way of Learning: A Guide to the Natural World	2	(16)
1.1 How Does Science Impact the Everyday World?	3	(3)
What Do Americans Know about Science?	5	(1)
1.2 What Is Science?	6	(4)
Science as a Body of Knowledge	6	(1)
Science as a Process: Arriving at Scientific Insights	7	(2)
From Hypothesis to Theory	9	(1)
1.3 The Nature of Biology	10	(3)
Life Is Highly Organized, in a Hierarchical Manner	12	(1)
1.4 Special Qualities of Biology	13	(2)
Biology's Chief Unifying Principle	14	(1)
1.5 The Organization of This Book	15	(1)
Chapter Review	16
ESSAY Lung Cancer, Smoking, and Statistics in Science	10
Unit 1 Essential Parts: Atoms, Molecules, and Cells
Chapter 2 The Fundamental Building Blocks: Chemistry and Life	18	(16)
2.1 The Nature of Matter: The Atom	20	(1)
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons	20	(1)
Fundamental Forms of Matter: The Element	21	(2)
2.2 Matter Is Transformed through Chemical Bonding	23	(1)
Energy Always Seeks Its Lowest State	24	(1)
Seeking a Full Outer Shell: Covalent Bonding	24	(1)
Reactive and Unreactive Elements	25	(1)
Polar and Nonpolar Bonding	25	(1)
Ionic Bonding: When Electrons Are Lost or Gained	27	(1)
A Third Form of Bonding: Hydrogen Bonding	29	(1)
2.3 Some Qualities of Chemical Compounds	29	(1)
Molecules Have a Three-Dimensional Shape	29	(1)
Molecular Shape Is Very Important in Biology	29	(1)
Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions	30	(1)
On to Some Detail Regarding Water	30	(2)
Chapter Review	32
ESSAYS Notating Chemistry	26	(4)
Free Radicals	30	(4)
Chapter 3 Life's Components: Water, pH, and Biological Molecules	34	(34)
3.1 The Importance of Water to Life	35	(1)
Water Is a Major Player in Many of Life's Processes	35	(1)
Water's Structure Gives It Many Unusual Properties	36	(1)
Two Important Terms: Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic	38	(1)
3.2 Acids and Bases Are Important to Life	38	(1)
Acids Yield Hydrogen Ions in Solution; Bases Accept Them	38	(1)
Many Common Substances Can Be Ranked According to How Acidic or Basic They Are	40	(1)
The pH Scale Allows Us to Quantify How Acidic or Basic Compounds Are	40	(1)
Some Terms Used When Dealing with pH	40	(1)
Why does pH Matter?	40	(2)
3.3 Carbon Is a Central Element in Life	42	(1)
Carbon as a Starting Ingredient	42	(3)
3.4 Functional Groups	45	(1)
3.5 Carbohydrates	46	(1)
Carbohydrates: From Simple Sugars to Cellulose	46	(3)
3.6 Lipids	49	(1)
One Class of Lipids Is the Glycerides	49	(1)
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids: A Linkage with Solids and Liquids and with Health	50	(1)
Energy Use and Energy Storage via Lipids and Carbohydrates	51	(1)
A Second Class of Lipids Is the Steroids	52	(1)
A Third Class of Lipids Is the Phospholipids	55	(1)
3.7 Proteins	56	(1)
Proteins Are Made from Chains of Amino Acids	56	(1)
A Group of Only 20 Amino Acids Is the Basis for All Proteins in Living Things	57	(1)
Shape Is Critical to the Functioning of All Proteins	58	(1)
There Are Four Levels of Protein Structure	58	(1)
Proteins Can Come Undone	58	(1)
Lipoproteins and Glycoproteins	58	(2)
3.8 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids	60	(1)
DNA Provides Information for the Structure of Proteins	60	(1)
The Structural Unit of DNA Is the Nucleotide	60	(1)
On to Cells	60	(3)
Chapter Review	63
ESSAYS Acid Rain: When Water Is Trouble	42	(12)
From Trans Fats to Omega-3's: Fats and Health	54	(12)
MEDIALAB You Are What You Eat: Food and the Molecules of Life	66	(2)
Chapter 4 Life's Home: The Cell	68	(30)
4.1 Cells Are the Working Units of Life	69	(1)
4.2 All Cells Are Either Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic	70	(1)
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Differences	70	(5)
4.3 The Eukaryotic Cell	75	(1)
The Animal Cell	75	(1)
4.4 A Tour of the Animal Cell Along the Protein Production Path	75	(1)
Beginning in the Control Center: The Nucleus	76	(1)
Messenger RNA	76	(1)
Ribosomes	77	(1)
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	78	(1)
A Pause for the Nucleolus	78	(1)
Elegant Transportation: Transport Vesicles	79	(1)
Downstream from the Rough ER: The Golgi Complex	79	(1)
From the Golgi to the Surface	80	(1)
4.5 Outside the Protein Production Path: Other Cell Structures	80	(1)
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	80	(1)
Tiny Acid Vats: Lysosomes and Cellular Recycling	80	(1)
Extracting Energy from Food: Mitochondria	81	(1)
4.6 The Cytoskeleton: Internal Scaffolding	82	(1)
Microfilaments	83	(1)
Intermediate filaments	84	(1)
Microtubules	84	(1)
Cell Extensions Made of Microtubules: Cilia and Flagella	84	(1)
In Summary: Structures in the Animal Cell	85	(1)
4.7 The Plant Cell	86	(1)
The Cell Wall	87	(1)
The Central Vacuole	88	(1)
Plastids	89	(1)
4.8 Cell-to-Cell Communication	90	(1)
Communication among Plant Cells	90	(1)
Communication among Animal Cells	90	(1)
How Did We Learn?	90	(1)
On to the Periphery	91	(2)
Chapter Review	93
ESSAYS The Size of Cells	72	(12)
The Stranger within: Endosymbiosis	84	(8)
How Did We Learn? First Sightings: Anton van Leeuwenhoek	92	(4)
MEDIALAB Would we miss them If they were gone? Organelles	96	(2)
Chapter 5 Life's Border: The Plasma Membrane	98	(20)
5.1 The Nature of the Plasma Membrane	100	(1)
First Component: The Phospholipid Bilayer	100	(1)
Second Component: Cholesterol	100	(1)
Third Component: Proteins	101	(1)
Fourth Component: The Glycocalyx	103	(1)
The Fluid-Mosaic Membrane Model	103	(1)
5.2 Diffusion, Gradients, and Osmosis	103	(1)
Random Movement and Even Distribution	104	(1)
Diffusion through Membranes	104	(1)
5.3 Moving Smaller Substances in and Out	105	(1)
Passive Transport	106	(1)
Active Transport	106	(2)
5.4 Getting the Big Stuff in and Out	108	(1)
Movement Out: Exocytosis	108	(1)
Movement In: Endocytosis	108	(3)
How Did We Learn?	111	(1)
Onto Energy	111	(1)
Chapter Review	112
ESSAY How Did We Learn? The Fluid-Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane	110	(6)
MEDIALAB Balancing Your Imports and Exports: Membrane Transport	116	(2)
Unit 2 Energy and Its Transformations
Chapter 6 Life's Mainspring: An Introduction to Energy	118	(14)
6.1 Energy Is Central to Life	119	(1)
6.2 What Is Energy?	120	(1)
The Forms of Energy	120	(1)
The Study of Energy: Thermodynamics	120	(1)
The Consequences of Thermodynamics	121	(1)
6.3 How Is Energy Used by Living Things?	122	(1)
Up and Down the Great Energy Hill	122	(1)
Coupled Reactions	123	(1)
6.4 The Energy Currency Molecule: ATP	123	(1)
How ATP Functions	124	(1)
The ATP/ADP Cycle	124	(1)
ATP as Money	124	(1)
Between Food and ATP	124	(1)
6.5 Efficient Energy Use in Living Things: Enzymes	125	(1)
Accelerating Reactions	125	(1)
Specific Tasks and Metabolic Pathways	125	(1)
6.5 Lowering the Activation Barrier through Enzymes	126	(1)
How Do Enzymes Work?	126	(1)
An Enzyme in Action: Chymotrypsin	127	(1)
6.7 Regulating Enzymatic Activity	127	(1)
Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes	128	(1)
On to Energy Harvesting	128	(1)
Chapter Review	129	(3)
Chapter 7 Vital Harvest: Deriving Energy from Food	132	(20)
7.1 Energizing ATP	134	(1)
7.2 Electrons Fall Down the Energy Hill to Drive the Uphill Production of ATP	134	(1)
The Great Energy Conveyors: Redox Reactions	135	(1)
Many Molecules Can Oxidize Other Molecules	135	(1)
7.3 The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain	136	(1)
Glycolysis: First to Evolve, Less Efficient	138	(1)
7.4 First Stage of Respiration: Glycolysis	138	(1)
7.5 Second Stage of Respiration: The Krebs Cycle	138	(1)
Site of Action Moves from the Cytosol to the Mitochondria	141	(1)
Between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle, an Intermediate Step	141	(1)
Into the Krebs Cycle: Why Is It a Cycle?	142	(1)
7.6 Third Stage of Respiration: The Electron Transport Chain	143	(1)
Where's the ATP?	144	(1)
Bountiful Harvest: ATP Accounting	145	(1)
Finally, Oxygen Is Reduced, Producing Water	146	(1)
7.7 Other Foods, Other Respiratory Pathways	146	(1)
Alternate Respiratory Pathways: Fats as an Example	146	(1)
What Happens When Less Energy Is Needed?	146	(1)
On to Photosynthesis	147	(1)
Chapter Review	147
ESSAYS When Energy Harvesting Ends at Glycolysis, Beer Can Be the Result	140	(4)
Energy and Exercise	144	(6)
MEDIALAB Dietary Fad or Miracle Drug? Using Science to Understand Metabolism	150	(2)
Chapter 8 The Green World's Gift: Photosynthesis	152	(18)
8.1 Photosynthesis and Energy	153	(1)
From Plants, a Great Bounty for Animals	154	(1)
Up and Down the Energy Hill Again	154	(1)
8.2 The Components of Photosynthesis	154	(1)
Where in the Plant Does Photosynthesis Occur?	154	(1)
There Are Two Essential Stages in Photosynthesis	156	(1)
The Working Units of the Light Reactions	156	(1)
Energy Transfer in Photosynthesis Works through Redox Reactions	157	(1)
8.3 Stage The Steps of the Light Reactions	157	(1)
A Chain of Redox Reactions and Another Boost from the Sun	158	(1)
The Physical Movement of Electrons in the Light Reactions	158	(1)
8.4 What Makes the Light Reactions So Important?	158	(1)
The Splitting of Water: Electrons and Oxygen	158	(1)
The Transformation of Solar Energy to Chemical Energy	158	(1)
Production of ATP	158	(1)
8.5 Stage 2: The Calvin Cycle	159	(1)
Energized Sugar Comes from a Cycle of Reactions	159	(2)
8.6 Photorespiration and the C4 Pathway	161	(1)
The C4 Pathway Is Not Always Advantageous	162	(1)
8.7 Another Photosynthetic Variation: CAM Plants	162	(1)
How Did We Learn?	162	(1)
Closing Thoughts on Photosynthesis and Energy	163	(3)
Chapter Review	166
ESSAY How Did We Learn? Plants Make Their Own Food, But How?	164	(4)
MEDIALAB Capturing Sunlight to Make Food: Photosynthesis	168	(2)
Unit 3 How Life Goes On: Genetics
Chapter 9 An Introduction to Genetics: Genes, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis	170	(20)
9.1 An Introduction to Genetics	171	(1)
DNA Contains Instructions for Protein Production	172	(1)
Genetics as Information Management	173	(1)
From One Gene to a Collection	174	(1)
The Path of Study in Genetics	174	(1)
9.2 An Introduction to Cell Division	174	(1)
The Replication of DNA	175	(1)
9.3 DNA Is Packaged in Chromosomes	175	(1)
Matched Pairs of Chromosomes	177	(1)
Chromosome Duplication as a Part of Cell Division	178	(1)
9.4 Mitosis and Cytokinesis	179	(1)
The Phases of Mitosis	180	(1)
Cytokinesis	181	(1)
9.5 Variations in Cell Division	182	(1)
Plant Cells	182	(1)
Prokaryotes	183	(1)
Variations in the Frequency of Cell Division	184	(1)
On to Meiosis	184	(1)
Chapter Review	185
ESSAY When the Cell Cycle Runs Amok: Cancer	184	(4)
MEDIALAB Too Much Division: The Cell Cycle and Cancer	188	(2)
Chapter 10 Preparing for Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis	190	(16)
10.1 An Overview of Meiosis	192	(1)
Some Helpful Terms	192	(1)
10.2 The Steps in Meiosis	192	(3)
Meiosis I	195	(1)
Meiosis I1	196	(1)
10.3 What Is the Significance of Meiosis?	196	(1)
Genetic Diversity through Crossing Over	196	(1)
Genetic Diversity through Independent Assortment	197	(1)
From Genetic Diversity, a Visible Diversity in the Living World	198	(1)
10.4 Meiosis and Sex Outcome	198	(1)
10.5 Gamete Formation in Humans	199	(1)
Sperm Formation	200	(1)
Egg Formation	201	(1)
One Egg, Several Polar Bodies	201	(1)
10.6 Life Cycles: Humans and Other Organisms	202	(1)
Not All Reproduction Is Sexual	202	(1)
Variations in Sexual Reproduction	202	(1)
On to Patterns of Inheritance	202	(1)
Chapter Review	203	(3)
Chapter 11 The First Geneticist: Mendel and His Discoveries	206	(24)
11.1 Mendel and the Black Box	208	(1)
11.2 The Experimental Subjects: Pisum sativum	208	(2)
Phenotype and Genotype	210	(1)
11.3 Starting the Experiments: Yellow and Green Peas	210	(1)
Parental, F1, and F2 Generations	210	(1)
Interpreting the F, and F2 Results	211	(1)
11.4 Another Generation for Mendel	212	(1)
Mendel's Generations in Pictures	212	(3)
The Law of Segregation	215	(1)
11.5 Crosses Involving Two Characters	215	(1)
Crosses for Seed Color and Seed Shape	216	(1)
The Law of Independent Assortment	217	(1)
11.6 Reception of Mendel's Ideas	217	(1)
11.7 Incomplete Dominance	217	(1)
Genes Code for Proteins	218	(2)
11.8 Lessons from Blood Types: Codominance	220	(1)
Getting Both Types of Surface Proteins	220	(1)
Dominant and Recessive Alleles	220	(1)
11.9 Multiple Alleles and Polygenic Inheritance	221	(1)
11.10 Genes and Environment	222	(1)
11.11 One Gene, Several Effects: Pleiotropy	223	(1)
On to the Chromosome	223	(1)
Chapter Review	223
ESSAYS Proportions and Their Causes: The Rules of Multiplication and Addition	214	(5)
Why So Unrecognized?	219	(9)
MEDIALAB Where Did I Get This Nose? Understanding Mendelian Genetics	228	(2)
Chapter 12 Units of Heredity: Chromosomes and Inheritance	230	(20)
12.1 X-Linked Inheritance in Humans	232	(1)
The Genetics of Color Vision	232	(1)
Alleles and Recessive Disorders	232	(1)
12.2 Autosomal Genetic Disorders	233	(1)
Sickle-Cell Anemia	234	(1)
Dominant Disorders	234	(1)
12.3 Tracking Traits with Pedigrees	235	(1)
12.4 Aberrations in Chromosomal Sets: Polyploidy	236	(1)
12.5 Incorrect Chromosome Number: Aneuploidy	237	(1)
Aneuploidy's Main Cause: Nondisjunction	237	(1)
The Consequences of Aneuploidy	238	(1)
Abnormal Numbers of Sex Chromosomes	238	(1)
12.6 Structural Aberrations in Chromosomes	239	(1)
Deletions	239	(1)
Inversions and Translocations	239	(1)
Duplications	239	(2)
How Did We Learn?	241	(1)
Onto DNA	242	(2)
Chapter Review	244
ESSAYS PGD: Screening for a Healthy Child	240	(2)
How Did We Learn? Thomas Hunt Morgan: Using Fruit Flies to Look More Deeply into Genetics	242	(6)
MEDIALAB Do We Know Too Much? Human Genetic Testing	248	(2)
Chapter 13 Preserving Life's Information: DNA Structure and Replication	250	(12)
13.1 What Do Genes Do, and What Are They Made of?	251	(1)
DNA Structure and the Rise of Molecular Biology	252	(1)
13.2 Watson and Crick: The Double Helix	253	(1)
13.3 The Components of DNA and Their Arrangement	254	(1)
The Structure of DNA Gives Away the Secret of Replication	255	(1)
The Structure of DNA Gives Away the Secret of Protein Production	255	(1)
The Building Blocks of DNA Replication	255	(1)
13.4 Mutations: Another Name for a Permanent Change in DNA Structure	256	(1)
Examples of Mutations: Cancer and Huntington	257	(1)
Heritable and Non-Heritable Mutations	257	(1)
What Causes Mutations?	258	(1)
The Value of Mistakes: Evolutionary Adaptation	258	(1)
How Did We Learn?	258	(1)
On to How Genetic Information Is Put to Use	258	(2)
Chapter Review	260
ESSAY How Did We Learn? Getting Clear about What Genes Do: Beadle and Tatum	259	(3)
Chapter 14 How Proteins Are Made: Genetic Transcription, Translation, and Regulation	262	(24)
14.1 The Structure of Proteins	263	(1)
Synthesizing Many Proteins from 20 Amino Acids	264	(1)
14.2 Protein Synthesis in Overview	264	(2)
14.3 A Closer Look at Transcription	266	(1)
Passing on the Message: Base Pairing Again	266	(1)
Messenger RNA Processing	267	(1)
A Triplet Code	268	(1)
14.4 A Closer Look at Translation	268	(1)
The Nature of tRNA	269	(1)
The Structure of Ribosomes	270	(1)
The Steps of Translation	271	(2)
What Is a Gene?	273	(1)
14.5 Genetic Regulation	274	(1)
DNA Is the Cookbook, Not the Cook	274	(1)
A Model System in Genetic Regulation: The Operon	274	(3)
14.6 The Magnitude of the Genetic Operation	277	(2)
Biotechnology Is Next	279	(1)
Chapter Review	280
ESSAYS Learning to Read Nature's Rule Book: The Genetic Code	278	(2)
Making Sense of "Junk" DNA	280	(4)
MEDIALAB Can We Stop the Cycle? DNA to RNA to Protein	284	(2)
Chapter 15 The Future Isn't What It Used to Be: Biotechnology	286	(22)
15.1 What Is Biotechnology?	289	(1)
15.2 Transgenic Biotechnology	289	(1)
A Biotech Tool: Restriction Enzymes	289	(1)
Another Tool of Biotech: Plasmids	290	(1)
Using Biotech's Tools: Getting Human Genes Into Plasmids	291	(1)
Getting the Plasmids Back inside Cells, Turning out Protein	292	(1)
A Plasmid Is One Kind of Cloning Vector	292	(1)
Real-World Transgenic Biotechnology	292	(1)
15.3 Reproductive Cloning	293	(1)
Reproductive Cloning: How Dolly Was Cloned	293	(2)
Cloning and Recombinant DNA	295	(1)
Human Cloning	295	(1)
Saving Endangered Species	295	(1)
15.4 Forensic Biotechnology	296	(1)
The Use of PCR	296	(1)
Finding Individual Patterns	297	(1)
15.5 Personalized Medicine	298	(1)
Microarrays: Catching Genes in the Act	299	(1)
15.6 Controversies in Biotechnology	300	(1)
Genetically Modified Foods	300	(1)
Cloning	301	(1)
Genetic Profiles	301	(2)
On to Evolution	303	(1)
Chapter Review	303
ESSAY Visualizing DNA	302	(4)
MEDIALAB Holding Out Promise or Peril? Biotechnology	306	(2)
Unit 4 Life's Organizing Principle: Evolution and the Diversity of Life
Chapter 16 An Introduction to Evolution: Charles Darwin, Evolutionary Thought, and the Evidence for Evolution	308	(18)
16.1 Evolution and Its Core Principles	310	(1)
Common Descent with Modification	310	(1)
Natural Selection	310	(1)
The Importance of Evolution as a Concept	310
Evolution Affects Human Perspectives Regarding Life	31	(280)
16.2 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution	311	(1)
Darwin's Contribution	311	(1)
Darwin's Journey of Discovery	311	(1)
16.3 Evolutionary Thinking before Darwin	312	(1)
Charles Lyell and Geology	312	(1)
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and Evolution	313	(1)
Georges Cuvier and Extinction	313	(1)
16.4 Darwin's Insights Following the Beagle's Voyage	314	(1)
Perceiving Common Descent with Modification	314	(1)
Perceiving Natural Selection	314	(1)
16.5 Alfred Russel Wallace	315	(1)
16.6 Descent with Modification Is Accepted	315	(1)
16.7 Darwin Doubted: The Controversy over Natural Selection	316	(1)
Coming to an Understanding of Genetics	316	(1)
Vindicating Natural Selection's Role in Evolution	317	(1)
Darwin Triumphant: The Modern Synthesis	317	(1)
16.8 Opposition to the Theory of Evolution	317	(1)
The False Notion of a Scientific Controversy	317	(1)
16.9 The Evidence for Evolution	318	(1)
Radiometric Dating	318	(1)
Fossils	318	(1)
Comparative Morphology and Embryology	319	(1)
Evidence from Gene Modification	319	(3)
Experimental Evidence	322	(1)
On to How Evolution Works	322	(1)
Chapter Review	323
ESSAY The Evolution of Human Skin Color	320	(6)
Chapter 17 The Means of Evolution: Microevolution	326	(22)
17.1 What Is It That Evolves?	327	(1)
Populations Are the Essential Units That Evolve	328	(1)
Genes Are the Raw Material of Evolution	328	(1)
17.2 Evolution as a Change in the Frequency of Alleles	328	(1)
17.3 Five Agents of Microevolution	329	(1)
Mutations: Alterations in the Makeup of DNA	330	(1)
Gene Flow: When One Population Joins Another	330	(1)
Genetic Drift: The Instability of Small Populations	330	(3)
Nonrandom Mating: When Mating Is Uneven across a Population	333	(1)
Natural Selection: Evolution's Adaptive Mechanism	334	(1)
17.4 What Is Evolutionary Fitness?	335	(1)
Galapagos Finches: The Studies of Peter and Rosemary Grant	336	(1)
17.5 Three Modes of Natural Selection	337	(1)
Stabilizing Selection	338	(1)
Directional Selection	338	(1)
Disruptive Selection	338	(1)
On to the Origin of Species	339	(3)
Chapter Review	342
ESSAYS Lessons from the Cocker Spaniel: The Price of Inbreeding	334	(6)
Detecting Evolution: The Hardy-Weinberg Principle	340	(6)
MEDIALAB Are Bacteria Winning the War? Natural Selection in Action	346	(2)
Chapter 18 The Outcomes of Evolution: Macroevolution	348	(20)
18.1 What Is a Species?	349	(2)
18.2 How Do New Species Arise?	351	(1)
The Role of Geographic Separation: Allopatric Speciation	351	(1)
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms Are Central to Speciation	352	(1)
Six Intrinsic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms	352	(1)
Sympatric Speciation	353	(3)
Speciation through Hybridization	356	(1)
18.3 When Is Speciation Likely to Occur?	357	(1)
Specialists and Generalists	358	(1)
New Environments: Adaptive Radiation	358	(1)
Is Speciation Smooth or Jerky?	358	(1)
18.4 The Categorization of Earth's Living Things	359	(1)
Taxonomic Classification and the Degree of Relatedness	360	(1)
A Taxonomic Example: The Common House Cat	361	(1)
Constructing Evolutionary Histories	361	(2)
18.5 Classical Taxonomy and Cladistics	363	(1)
Another System for Interpreting the Evidence: Cladistics	363	(1)
Should Anything but Relatedness Matter in Classification?	364	(1)
On to the History of Life	364	(1)
Chapter Review	365
ESSAY New Species through Genetic Accidents: Polyploidy	354	(14)
Chapter 19 A Slow Unfolding: The History of Life on Earth	368	(32)
19.1 The Geological Timescale: Life Marks Earth's Ages	371	(1)
Features of the Timescale	371	(3)
What Is Notable in Evolution Hinges on Values	374	(1)
The Kingdoms of the Living World Fit into Three Domains	374	(1)
19.2 How Did Life Begin?	374	(1)
Life May Have Begun in Very Hot Water	375	(2)
The RNA World	377	(1)
19.3 The Tree of Life	378	(1)
19.4 A Long First Period: The Precambrian	379	(1)
Notable Precambrian Events	379	(1)
19.5 The Cambrian Explosion	380	(1)
19.6 The Movement onto the Land: Plants First	381	(1)
Adaptations of Plants to the Land	381	(1)
Another Plant Innovation: A Vascular System	382	(1)
Plants with Seeds: The Gymnosperms and Angiosperms	382	(1)
The Last Plant Revolution So Far: The Angiosperms	382	(1)
19.7 Animals Follow Plants onto the Land	382	(1)
Vertebrates Move onto Land	383	(3)
The Primate Mammals	386	(1)
19.8 The Evolution of Human Beings	386	(4)
Interpreting the Evidence	390	(1)
Tracing Human Evolution over Time	390	(1)
Into the Genus Homo: Habilis and Ergaster	391	(1)
Migration from Africa	392	(1)
Into Europe	392	(1)
The Neanderthals	392	(2)
Modern Homo Sapiens	394	(1)
On to the Diversity of Life	395	(1)
Chapter Review	396
ESSAY Physical Forces and Evolution	372	(30)
Fossils and Molecular Clocks: Dating Life's Passages	376	(24)
Chapter 20 Viruses, Bacteria, Archaea, and Protists: The Diversity of Life 1	400	(24)
20.1 Life's Categories and the Importance of Microbes	402	(1)
20.2 Viruses: Making a Living by Hijacking Cells	403	(1)
HIV: The AIDS Virus	404	(1)
Viral Diversity	405	(1)
The Effects of Viruses	406	(1)
20.3 Bacteria: Masters of Every Environment	406	(3)
Bacterial Diversity	409	(1)
20.4 Intimate Strangers: Humans and Bacteria	410	(1)
20.5 Bacteria and Human Disease	411	(1)
Killing Pathogenic Bacteria: Antibiotics	412	(1)
The Threat of Antibiotic Resistance	412	(1)
20.6 Archaea: From Marginal Player to Center Stage	413	(1)
Prospecting for "Extremophiles"	414	(1)
20.7 Protists: Pioneers in Diversifying Life	414	(1)
20.8 Protists and Sexual Reproduction	415	(1)
20.9 Plant-Like Protists	416	(1)
20.10 Animal-Like Protists	417	(1)
20.11 Fungus-Like Protists	418	(3)
How Did We Learn? Pencillin	421	(1)
On To Fungi and Plants	421	(1)
Chapter Review	421
ESSAYS Not Alive, but Deadly: Prions and "Mad Cow" Disease	407	(1)
Unwanted Guest: The Persistence of Herpes	408	(2)
Modes of Nutrition: How Organisms Get What They Need to Survive	410	(9)
How Did We Learn? The Discovery of Penicillin	419	(5)
Chapter 21 Fungi and Plants: The Diversity of Life 2	424	(20)
21.1 The Fungii: Life as a Web of Slender Threads	426	(1)
21.2 Roles of Fungi in Society and Nature	427	(1)
21.3 Structure and Reproduction in Fungi	428	(1)
The Life Cycle of a Fungus	428	(2)
21.4 Categories of Fungi	430	(2)
21.5 Fungal Associations: Lichens and Mycorrhizae	432	(1)
Lichens	432	(1)
Mycorrhizae	432	(1)
21.6 Plants: The Foundation for Much of Life	433	(1)
The Characteristics of Plants	433	(2)
21.7 Types of Plants	435	(1)
Bryophytes: Amphibians of the Plant World	435	(1)
Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their Relatives	436	(1)
The First Seed Plants: The Gymnosperms	437	(1)
Reproduction through Pollen and Seeds	437	(2)
21.8 Angiosperm-Animal Interactions	439	(1)
Seed Endosperm: More Animal Food from Angiosperms	440	(1)
Fruit: An Inducement for Seed Dispersal	440	(1)
On to a Look at Animals	440	(1)
Chapter Review	441
ESSAY A Psychedelic Drug from an Ancient Source	430	(14)
Chapter 22 Animals: The Diversity of Life 3	444	(36)
22.1 What Is an Animal?	446	(1)
22.2 Animal Types: The Family Tree	446	(1)
Additions 1 and 2: Tissue and Symmetry	447	(1)
Addition 3: Bilateral Symmetry	448	(1)
Addition 4: A Body Cavity	449	(1)
A Split in the Animal Kingdom: Protostomes and Deuterostomes	450	(1)
22.3 Phylum Porifera: The Sponges	450	(2)
22.4 Phylum Cnidaria: Jellyfish and Others	452	(2)
22.5 Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms	454	(2)
22.6 Phylum Annelida: Segmented Worms	456	(2)
22.7 Phylum Mollusca: Snails, Oysters, Squid, and More	458	(2)
22.8 Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms	460	(1)
22.9 Phylum Arthropoda: Insects, Lobsters, Spiders, and More	460	(2)
Subphylum Uniramia: Insects First	462	(1)
Other Uniramians: Millipedes and Centipedes	462	(1)
Subphylum Crustacea: Shrimp, Lobsters, Crabs, Barnacles and More	463	(1)
Subphylum Chelicerata: Spiders,Ticks, Mites, Horseshoe Crabs, and More	464	(1)
22.10 Phylum Echinodermata: Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and More	465	(1)
22.11 Phylum Chordata: Mostly Animals with Backbones	466	(1)
What Is a Vertebrate?	467	(1)
Diversity among the Vertebrates	468	(6)
On to Plants	474	(2)
Chapter Review	476
ESSAY Redrawing the Animal Family Tree	449	(31)
Unit 5 A Bounty That Feeds Us All: Plants
Chapter 23 The Angiosperms: An Introduction to Flowering Plants	480	(22)
23.1 The Importance of Plants	482	(1)
A Focus on Flowering Plants	482	(1)
23.2 The Structure of Flowering Plants	483	(1)
The Basic Division: Roots and Shoots	483	(1)
Roots: Absorbing the Vital Water	484	(1)
Shoots: Leaves, Stems, and Flowers	485	(3)
23.3 Basic Functions in Flowering Plants	488	(1)
Reproduction in Angiosperms	488	(2)
Plant Plumbing: The Transport System	490	(1)
Communication: Hormones Affect Many Aspects of Plant Functioning	491	(2)
Plant Growth: Indeterminate and at the Tips	493	(1)
Defense and Cooperation	494	(1)
23.4 Responding to External Signals	495	(1)
Responding to Gravity: Gravitropism	495	(1)
Responding to Light: Phototropism	496	(1)
Responding to Contact: Thigmotropism	497	(1)
Responding to the Passage of the Seasons	497	(1)
On to a More Detailed Picture of Plants	498	(1)
Chapter Review	499
ESSAYS What Is Plant Food?	486	(6)
Keeping Cut Flowers Fresh	492	(2)
Ripening Fruit Is a Gas	494	(8)
Chapter 24 The Angiosperms: Form and Function in Flowering Plants	502	(32)
24.1 Two Ways of Categorizing Flowering Plants	504	(1)
The Life Spans of Angiosperms: Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials	504	(1)
A Basic Difference among Flowering Plants: Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons	504	(2)
24.2 There Are Three Fundamental Types of Plant Cells	506	(1)
Parenchyma Cells	506	(1)
Sclerenchyma Cells	506	(1)
Collenchyma Cells	506	(1)
Parenchyma as Starting-State Cells	506	(1)
24.3 The Plant Body and Its Tissue Types	507	(1)
First: A Distinction Between Primary and Secondary Growth Tissue	507	(1)
Dermal Tissue Is the Plant's Interface with the Outside World	507	(1)
Ground Tissue Forms the Bulk of the Primary Plant	508	(1)
Vascular Tissue Forms the Plant's Transport System	508	(2)
Meristematic Tissue and Primary Plant Growth	510	(1)
24.4 How a Plant Grows: Apical Meristems Give Rise to the Entire Plant	510	(1)
A Closer Look at Root and Shoot Apical Meristems	511	(2)
24.5 Secondary Growth Comes from a Thickening of Two Types of Tissues	513	(1)
Secondary Growth through the Vascular Cambium: Secondary Xylem and Phloem	513	(1)
Secondary Xylem Is Responsible for Most of a Plant's Widening	514	(1)
Secondary Growth through the Cork Cambium: The Plant's Periphery	515	(1)
24.6 How the Plant's Vascular System Functions	516	(1)
How the Xylem Conducts Water	516	(2)
Food the Plant Makes Is Conducted through Phloem	518	(2)
24.7 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants	520	(1)
Flowering Plants Reproduce through an Alternation of Generations	521	(1)
Development of the Male and Female Gametophyte Generation	522	(2)
Fertilization of Two Sorts: A New Zygote and Food for It	524	(1)
24.8 Embryo, Seed, and Fruit: The Developing Plant	525	(1)
The Development of a Seed	525	(1)
The Development of Fruit	525	(2)
Fruits Serve in Protection and in Seed Dispersal	527	(1)
Seed Dormancy Can Be Used to a Plant's Advantage	528	(1)
On to Animals	528	(1)
Chapter Review	529
ESSAYS A Tree's History Can Be Seen in Its Wood	515	(3)
The Syrup for Your Pancakes Comes from Xylem	518	(14)
MEDIALAB Why Do We Need Plants Anyway?
The Importance of Plant Diversity	532	(2)
Unit 6 What Makes the Organism Tick? Animal Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 25 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology: The Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems	534	(24)
25.1 The Disciplines of Anatomy and Physiology	536	(1)
25.2 How Does the Body Regulate Itself?	536	(1)
Large-Scale Features of the Body	537	(1)
25.3 Levels of Physical Organization	537	(1)
25.4 The Human Body Has Four Basic Tissue Types	538	(1)
Epithelial Tissue	538	(1)
Connective Tissue	538	(1)
Muscle Tissue	538	(2)
Nervous Tissue	540	(1)
25.5 Organs Are Made of Several Kinds of Tissues	540	(1)
25.6 Organs and Tissues Make up Organ Systems	540	(1)
Organ Systems 1: Body Support and Movement-The-Integumentray, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems	540
Organ Systems 2: Coordination, Regulation, and Defense-The Nervous, Endocrine, and Lymphatic Systems	41	(501)
Organ Systems 3: Transport and Exchange with the Environment-The Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, and Urinary Systems	542	(1)
25.7 The Integumentary System: Skin and Its Accessories	543	(1)
The Structure of Skin	543	(1)
The Outermost Layer of Skin, the Epidermis	543	(1)
Beneath the Epidermis: The Dermis and Hypodermis	544	(1)
Accessory Structures of the Integumentary System	544	(2)
25.8 The Skeletal System	546	(1)
Function and Structure of Bones	547	(1)
Practical Consequences of Bone Dynamics	548	(1)
The Human Skeleton	548	(2)
Joints	550	(1)
25.9 The Muscular System	550	(1)
The Makeup of Muscle	551	(1)
How Muscles Work	551	(2)
On to the Nervous and Endocrhic Systems	553	(1)
Chapter Review	553
ESSAY There Is No Such Thing as a Fabulous Tan	545	(13)
Chapter 26 Communication and Control: The Nervous and Endocrine Systems	558	(32)
26.1 Structure of the Nervous System	560	(2)
26.2 Cells of the Nervous System	562	(1)
Anatomy of a Neuron	563	(1)
The Nature of Glial Cells	563	(1)
Nerves	564	(1)
26.3 How Nervous-System Communication Works	564	(1)
Communication within an Axon	564	(1)
Movement Down the Axon	564	(2)
Communication between Cells: The Synapse	566	(1)
The Importance of Neurotransmitters	566	(1)
26.4 The Spinal Cord	567	(1)
The Spinal Cord and the Processing of Information	567	(1)
Quick, Unconscious Action: Reflexes	568	(1)
26.5 The Autonomic Nervous System	568	(1)
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions	569	(1)
26.6 The Human Brain	569	(1)
Six Major Regions of the Brain	570	(1)
26.7 The Nervous System in Action: Our Senses	571	(1)
26.8 Our Senses of Touch	572	(1)
26.9 Our Sense of Smell	573	(1)
26.10 Our Sense of Taste	574	(1)
26.11 Our Sense of Hearing	575	(2)
26.12 Our Sense of Vision	577	(3)
26.13 The Endocrine System	580	(1)
26.14 Types of Hormones	581	(1)
26.15 How Is Hormone Secretion Controlled?	582	(1)
Hormonal Hierarchy: The Hypothalamus	582	(1)
The Pituitary Gland	582	(2)
26.16 Hormones in Action: Two Examples	584	(1)
Oxytocin: Many Roles in Reproduction	584	(1)
Cortisol: Stress and Illness	584	(2)
On to the Immune System	586	(1)
Chapter Review	586
ESSAY Too Loud	575	(15)
Chapter 27 Defending the Body: The Immune System	590	(18)
27.1 Two Types of Immune Defense	592	(1)
27.2 Nonspecific Defenses	593	(1)
Nonspecific Cells and Proteins	593	(1)
Nonspecific Defense and the Inflammatory Response	593	(1)
27.3 Specific Defenses	594	(1)
Antibody-Mediated and Cell-Mediated Immunity	595	(2)
27.4 Antibody-Mediated Immunity	597	(1)
The Fantastic Diversity of Antibodies	597	(1)
The Cloning and Differentiation of B Cells	597	(1)
The Action of the Antibodies	598	(1)
27.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity	598	(1)
Cells Bearing Invaders: Antigen-Presenting Cells	598	(1)
HelperT Cells and CytotoxicT Cells	599	(1)
27.6 AIDS: Attacking the Defenders	600	(2)
27.7 The Immune System Can Cause Trouble	602	(1)
On to Transport and Exchange	603	(1)
Chapter Review	603	(3)
MEDIALAB How Does Your Body Fight the Flu? Under-standing the Immune System	606	(2)
Chapter 28 Transport and Exchange: Blood, Breath, Digestion, and Elimination	608	(26)
28.1 The Cardiovascular System	609	(1)
The Composition of Blood: Formed Elements and Plasma	610	(1)
Formed Elements	610	(1)
Blood's Other Major Component: Plasma	610	(1)
28.2 Blood Vessels	611	(1)
28.3 The Heart and Blood Circulation	612	(1)
Following the Path of Circulation	613	(1)
Valves Control the Flow of Blood	613	(1)
28.4 What Is a Heart Attack?	613	(1)
28.5 Distributing the Goods: The Capillary Beds	614	(1)
Forces That Work on Exchange through Capillaries	615	(1)
Muscles and Valves Work to Return Blood to the Heart	615	(1)
28.6 The Respiratory System	616	(1)
Structure of the Respiratory System	616	(1)
28.7 Steps in Respiration	617	(1)
First Step: Ventilation	617	(1)
Next Steps: Exchange of Gases	618	(1)
28.8 The Digestive System	618	(1)
28.9 Structure of the Digestive System	619	(1)
The Digestive Tract in Cross Section	619	(1)
28.10 Steps in Digestion	620	(1)
The Pharynx and Esophagus	620	(1)
The Stomach	621	(1)
The Small Intestine	621	(1)
The Pancreas	622	(1)
The Gallbladder and the Liver	622	(1)
The Large Intestine	623	(1)
28.11 The Urinary System in Overview	624	(1)
28.12 Structure of the Urinary System	624	(1)
28.13 How the Kidneys Function	625	(1)
First Kidney Function: Filtration in Bowman's Capsule	625	(2)
Second Kidney Function: Reabsorption from the Proximal Tubule	627	(1)
Third Kidney Function: Secretion into the Nephron Tubule	627	(1)
Fourth Kidney Function: Concentration in the Loop of Henle and the Collecting Duct	627	(1)
28.14 Hormonal Control of Water Retention	628	(1)
28.15 Urine Storage and Excretion	628	(1)
The Urinary Bladder	628	(1)
The Urethra	629	(1)
Urine Excretion	629	(1)
On to Development and Reproduction	629	(1)
Chapter Review	630	(4)
Chapter 29 An Amazingly Detailed Script: Animal Development	634	(16)
29.1 General Processes in Development	636	(1)
Two Cells Become One: Fertilization	636	(1)
Three Phases of Early Embryonic Development	636	(3)
Themes in Development: From General to Specific; Retention of Structures and Processes	639	(1)
29.2 What Factors Underlie Development?	640	(1)
The Process of Induction	640	(1)
The Interaction of Genes and Proteins	640	(1)
Three Lessons in One Gene	640	(2)
29.3 Unity in Development: Homeobox Genes	642	(1)
29.4 Developmental Tools: Sculpting the Body	643	(1)
29.5 The Promise of Stem Cells	643	(1)
Cell Fates: Determined and Committed	643	(1)
The Breakthrough in Embryonic Stem Cells	644	(1)
Adult Stem Cells	645	(1)
The Ethical Debate over Embryonic Stem Cells	645	(1)
The Future of Stem Cells	645	(1)
On to Human Reproduction	646	(1)
Chapter Review	646	(4)
Chapter 30 How the Baby Came to Be: Human Reproduction	650	(1)
30.1 Overview of Human Reproduction and Development	651	(1)
Reproduction in Outline	652	(1)
30.2 The Female Reproductive System	653	(1)
The Female Reproductive Cycle	653	(1)
How Does an Egg Develop?	654	(1)
Changes through the Female Life Span	655	(4)
30.3 The Male Reproductive System	659	(1)
Structure of the Testes	659	(1)
Male and Female Gamete Production Compared	660	(1)
Further Development of Sperm	660	(2)
Supporting Glands	662	(1)
30.4 The Union of Sperm and Egg	662	(1)
How Latecomers Are Kept Out	662	(1)
30.5 Human Development Prior to Birth	662	(3)
Early Development	665	(1)
Development through the Trimesters	666	(2)
30.6 The Birth of the Baby	668	(1)
On to Ecology	669	(1)
Chapter Review	670
ESSAYS Hormones and the Female Reproductive Cycle	656	(5)
Methods of Contraception	661	(3)
Sexually Transmitted Disease	664	(10)
MEDIALAB Are Test Tube Babies the Solution? Understanding Reproductive Problems	674	(2)
Unit 7 The Living World as a Whole: Ecology and Animal Behavior
Chapter 31 An Interactive Living World: Populations and Communities in Ecology	676	(34)
31.1 The Study of Ecology	678	(1)
Ecology Is Not Environmentalism	678	(1)
Path of Study	678	(1)
31.2 Populations: Size and Dynamics	679	(1)
Estimating the Size of a Population	680	(1)
Growth and Decline of Populations over Time	680	(2)
Calculating Exponential Growth in a Population	682	(1)
Logistical Growth of Populations: Reality Makes an Appearance	683	(1)
31.3 r-Selected and K-Selected Species	684	(1)
K-Selected, or Equilibrium, Species	685	(1)
r-Selected, or Opportunist, Species	685	(1)
Survivorship Curves: At What Point Does Death Come In the Life Span?	685	(1)
31.1 Thinking about Human Populations	686	(1)
Survivorship Curves Are Constructed from Life Tables	686	(1)
Population Pyramids: What Proportion of a Population Is Young?	686	(1)
The World's Human Population: Finally Stabilizing	687	(1)
Human Population and the Environment	688	(1)
31.5 Communities: Looking at the Interactions of Many Populations	689	(1)
Large Numbers of a Few Species: Ecological Dominants	690	(1)
Importance beyond Numbers: Keystone Species	690	(1)
Variety in Communities: What Is Biodiversity?	691	(1)
31.6 Types of Interaction among Community Members	692	(1)
Two Important Community Concepts: Habitat and Niche	692	(1)
Competition among Species in a Community	692	(2)
Other Modes of Interaction: Predation and Parasitism	694	(2)
Parasites: Making a Living from the Living	696	(1)
The Effect of Predator-Prey Interactions on Evolution	696	(2)
Beneficial Interactions: Mutualism and Commensalism	698	(1)
Coevolution: Species Driving Each Other's Evolution	698	(1)
31.7 Succession in Communities	699	(1)
An Example of Primary Succession: Alaska's Glacier Bay	700	(1)
Common Elements in Primary Succession	701	(1)
Lessons in Succession from Mount St. Helens	701	(2)
On to Ecosystems and Biomes	703	(1)
Chapter Review	704
ESSAYS Purring Predators: Housecats and Their Prey	695	(7)
Why Do Rabid Animals Go Crazy?	702	(6)
MEDIALAB Can Earth Support All of Us? Population Growth Patterns	708	(2)
Chapter 32 An Interactive Living World: Ecosystems and the Biosphere	710	(40)
32.1 The Ecosystem Is the Fundamental Unit of Ecology	711	(1)
32.2 Abiotic Factors Are a Major Component of Any Ecosystem	712	(1)
The Cycling of Ecosystem Resources	712	(6)
32.3 How Energy Flows through Ecosystems	718	(1)
Producers, Consumers, and Trophic Levels	719	(2)
Accounting for Energy Flow through the Trophic Levels	721	(2)
Primary Productivity Varies across the Earth by Region	723	(1)
32.4 Earth's Physical Environment	723	(1)
Earth's Atmosphere	723	(2)
The Worrisome Issue of Ozone Depletion	725	(1)
The Worrisome Issue of Global Warming	725	(3)
Earth's Climate: Why Are Some Areas Wet and Some Dry, Some Hot and Some Cold?	728	(1)
The Circulation of the Atmosphere and Its Relation to Rain	729	(1)
Mountain Chains Affect Precipitation Patterns	730	(1)
The Importance of Climate to Life	730	(1)
32.5 Earth's Biomes	731	(1)
Cold and Lying Low: Tundra	731	(1)
Northern Forests: Taiga	732	(1)
Hot in Summer, Cold in Winter: Temperate Deciduous Forest	732	(1)
Dry but Sometimes Very Fertile: Grassland	733	(1)
Chaparral: Rainy Winters, Dry Summers	734	(1)
The Challenge of Water: Deserts	734	(1)
Lush Life, Now Threatened: Tropical Rain Forests	735	(1)
32.6 Life in the Water: Aquatic Ecosystems	735	(1)
Marine Ecosystems	735	(4)
Freshwater Systems	739	(3)
Life's Largest Scale: The Biosphere	742	(1)
On to Animal Behavior	742	(1)
Chapter Review	743
ESSAYS A Cut for the Middleman: Livestock and Food	724	(12)
Good News about the Environment	736	(3)
Our Overfished Oceans	739	(9)
MEDIALAB El Niño and the Greenhouse Effect: How Climate Affects Our Weather, Food, and Water Supplies	748	(2)
Chapter 33 Animals and Their Actions: Animal Behavior	750
33.1 The Field of Animal Behavior	752	(1)
Animal Behavior Asks What, Why, and How	752	(1)
Proximate and Ultimate Causes	753	(1)
Ultimate Cause and Natural Selection	754	(1)
33.2 The Web of Behavioral Influences	754	(1)
33.3 Internal Influences on Behavior	755	(1)
Reflexes	755	(1)
Action Patterns	755	(1)
Orientation Behavior: Taxis	756	(1)
Biological Rhythms: The Internal Clock	757	(1)
Longer Internal Cycles: Annual Clocks	757	(1)
The Effects of Hormones	758	(1)
33.4 Learning and Behavior	759	(1)
Establishing Relationships: Imprinting	759	(1)
The Sensitive Period	760	(1)
Other Forms of Learning	760	(1)
33.5 Behavior in Action: How Birds Acquire Their Songs	761	(4)
33.6 Social Behavior	765	(1)
Why Live Alone-or Together?	765	(1)
Dominance Hierarchies	766	(1)
Territoriality	766	(1)
Eusociality: Life in Animal Societies	766	(2)
33.7 Altruism in the Animal Kingdom	768	(2)
Inclusive Fitness at Work	770	(1)
Reciprocal Altruism	771	(1)
On to...the Rest of Life	771	(3)
Chapter Review	774
ESSAYS Biological Rhythms and Sports	758	(4)
Are Men "Naturally" Promiscuous and Women Reserved?	762	(10)
How Did We Learn? How Do Sea Turtles Find Their Way?	772
Appendix	AP-1
Answers to Multiple-Choice and Brief Review Questions	A-1
Glossary	G-1
Photo Credits	PC-1
Index	I-1

Excerpts

From the Author Book titles may be the first thing any reader sees in a book, but they're often the last thing an author ponders. Not so withBiology: A Guide to the Natural World.The title arrived fairly early on, courtesy of the muse, and then stuck because it so aptly expresses what I think is special about this book. Flip through these pages, and you'll see all the elements that student and teachers look for in any modern introductory textbook--rich, full-color art, an extensive study apparatus, and a full complement of digital learning tools. When you leaf slowly through the book and start to read a little of it, however, I think that something a little more subtle starts coming through. This second quality has to do with a sense of connection with students. The sensibility that I hope is apparent inA Guide to the Natural Worldis that there's a wonderful living world to be explored; that we who produced this book would like nothing better than to show this world to students; and that we want to take them on an instructive walk through this world, rather than a difficult march. All the members of the teams who produced the three editions ofA Guide to the Natural Worldworked with this idea in mind. We felt that we were taking students on a journey through the living world and that, rather like tour guides, we needed to be mindful of where students were at any given point. Would they remember this term from earlier in the chapter? Had we created enough of a bridge between one subject and the next? The idea was never to leave students with the feeling that they were wandering alone through terrain that lacked signposts. Rather, we aimed to give them the sense that they had a companion--this book--that would guide them through the subject of biology.A Guide to the Natural World,then, really is intended as a kind of guide, with its audience being students who are taking biology but not majoring in it. Biology is complex, however, and if students are to understand it at anything beyond the most superficial level, details are necessary. It won't do to make what one faculty member called "magical leaps" over the difficult parts of complex subjects. Our goal was to make the difficult comprehensible, not to make it disappear altogether. Thus, the reader will find in this book fairly detailed accounts of such subjects as cellular respiration, photosynthesis, immune-system function, and plant reproduction. It was in covering such topics that our concern for student comprehension was put to its greatest test. We like the way we handled these subjects and other key topics, however, and we hope readers will feel the same way. What's New in the Third Edition? The third edition of theGuidehas been substantially revised. Readers of this edition will find: Increased coverage of the diversity of the living world. Where once we had two chapters devoted to this subject, we now have three: one on animals, one on fungi and plants, and a third on microorganisms. This change has significantly increased our coverage of fungi and microorganisms. A new stand-alone chapter on the immune system. A general revision to the human anatomy and physiology unit that makes its coverage clearer and more relevant to the lives of students. All the major senses are now covered, whereas previously only vision was. A revamping of our biotechnology chapter, such that it now focuses on four sharply defined areas: transgenic biotechnology, reproductive cloning, forensic biotechnology, and personalized medicine. Substantially expanded coverage of human evolution. Information that has been updated, or that is new altogether, on such news-related subjects as oncogenes, dietary fats, human population growth, and global warming. As is apparent from this list, the relevance of biology to students was never far from