Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor, InfoTrac 1-Semester, iLrn™ Printed Access Card)

by Starr, Cecie

• ISBN13: 9780495016540
• ISBN10: 0495016543
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-22
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

There is nothing abstract about the Impacts, Issues essays that open each chapter in this book. The questions they raise about biology-related issues are likely to be relevant to you, your family and friends, and millions of other people around the world.

Table of Contents

Invitation to Biology
What Am I Doing Here?	1	(1)
Life's Levels of Organization	2	(2)
From Small to Smaller	2	(1)
From Smaller to Vast	2	(2)
Overview of Life's Unity	4	(2)
DNA, The Basis of Inheritance	4	(1)
Energy, The Basis of Metabolism	4	(1)
Energy and Life's Organization	4	(1)
Life's Responsiveness to Change	5	(1)
If so Much Unity, Why so Many Species?	6	(2)
An Evolutionary View of Diversity	8	(1)
The Nature of Biological Inquiry	9	(1)
Observations, Hypotheses, and Tests	9	(1)
About the Word ``Theory''	9	(1)
The Power of Experimental Tests	10	(2)
An Assumption of Cause and Effect	10	(1)
Example of an Experimental Design	10	(1)
Example of a Field Experiment	10	(1)
Bias in Reporting Results	11	(1)
The Scope and Limits of Science	12	(4)
Unit One 'Cells'
Molecules of Life
Science or Supernatural?	15	(1)
Atoms and Their Interactions	16	(2)
Atoms and Isotopes	16	(1)
Electrons and Energy Levels	16	(2)
Bonds in Biological Molecules	18	(2)
Ion Formation and Ionic Bonding	18	(1)
Covalent Bonding	18	(1)
Hydrogen Bonding	19	(1)
Water's Life-Giving Properties	20	(2)
Polarity of the Water Molecule	20	(1)
Water's Temperature-Stabilizing Effects	20	(1)
Water's Solvent Properties	21	(1)
Water's Cohesion	21	(1)
Acids and Bases	22	(1)
The pH Scale	22	(1)
Salts and Water	22	(1)
Buffers Against Shifts in pH	23	(1)
Molecules of Life---from Structure to Function	23	(3)
What Is an Organic Compound?	23	(1)
It All Starts With Carbon's Bonding Behavior	23	(1)
Functional Groups	24	(1)
How Do Cells Build Organic Compounds?	25	(1)
The Truly Abundant Carbohydrates	26	(2)
The Simple Sugars	26	(1)
Short-Chain Carbohydrates	26	(1)
Complex Carbohydrates	26	(2)
Greasy, Fatty---Must Be Lipids	28	(2)
Fats and Fatty Acids	28	(1)
Phospholipids	29	(1)
Cholesterol and Other Sterols	29	(1)
Waxes	29	(1)
Proteins---Diversity in Structure and Function	30	(2)
What Is an Amino Acid?	30	(1)
Levels of Protein Structure	30	(2)
Why is Protein Structure so Important?	32	(2)
Just One Wrong Amino Acid	32	(1)
Proteins Undone---Denaturation	32	(2)
Nucleotides and the Nucleic Acids	34	(5)
How Cells Are Put Together
Animalcules and Cells Fill'd With Juices	38	(1)
What is ``A Cell''?	39	(1)
Most Cells are Really Small	40	(2)
Types of Microscopes	40	(1)
Why Aren't All Cells Big?	41	(1)
The Structure of Cell Membranes	42	(2)
A Closer Look at Prokaryotic Cells	44	(1)
A closer Look at Eukaryotic Cells	45	(5)
The Nucleus	46	(1)
The Endomembrane System	46	(2)
Mitochondria	48	(1)
Chloroplasts	48	(1)
Summary of Major Organelles	48	(2)
Where Did Organelles Come from?	50	(2)
Origin of the Nucleus and ER	50	(1)
Theory of Endosymbiosis	50	(1)
Evidence of Endosymbiosis	51	(1)
The Dynamic Cytoskeleton	52	(2)
Moving Along With Motor Proteins	52	(1)
Cilia, Flagella, and False Feet	53	(1)
Cell Surface Specializations	54	(5)
Eukaryotic Cell Walls	54	(1)
Matrixes Between Animal Cells	55	(1)
Cell Junctions	55	(3)
How Cells Work
Beer, Enzymes, and Your Liver	58	(1)
Inputs and Outputs of Energy	59	(2)
The One-Way Flow of Energy	59	(1)
ATP---The Cell's Energy Currency	59	(1)
Up and Down the Energy Hills	60	(1)
Inputs and Outputs of Substances	61	(1)
What Are Metabolic Pathways?	61	(1)
The Nature of Metabolic Reactions	61	(1)
How Enzymes Make Substances React	62	(3)
Lowering the Energy Hill	62	(1)
Help From Cofactors	63	(1)
How Is Enzyme Activity Controlled?	64	(1)
Effects of Temperature, pH, and Salinity	64	(1)
Diffusion and Metabolism	65	(1)
What Is a Concentration Gradient?	65	(1)
What Determines Diffusion Rates?	66	(1)
Working With and Against Diffusion	66	(2)
Passive Transport	66	(1)
Active Transport	67	(1)
Which Way will Water Move?	68	(2)
Osmosis	68	(1)
Effects of Tonicity	68	(1)
Effects of Fluid Pressure	68	(2)
Cell Burps and Gulps	70	(4)
Where It Starts---Photosynthesis
Sunlight and Survival	73	(1)
The Rainbow Catchers	74	(2)
Light and Pigments	74	(1)
Two Stages of Reactions	75	(1)
Light-Dependent Reactions	76	(2)
Light-Independent Reactions	78	(2)
The Sugar Factory	78	(1)
Different Plants, Different Pathways	79	(1)
Pastures of the Seas	80	(3)
How Cells Release Chemical Energy
When Mitochondria Spin Their Wheels	82	(1)
Overview of Energy-Releasing Pathways	83	(1)
Glycolysis---Glucose Breakdown Starts	84	(2)
Second and Third Stages of Aerobic Respiration	86	(2)
Acetyl-CoA Formation and the Krebs Cycle	86	(1)
Electron Transfer Phosphorylation	87	(1)
Anaerobic Energy-Releasing Pathways	88	(1)
Alcoholic Fermentation	89	(1)
Lactate Fermentation	89	(1)
Alternative Energy Sources in the Body	89	(2)
The Fate of Glucose at Mealtime and in Between Meals	89	(2)
Energy From Fats	91	(1)
Energy From Proteins	91	(1)
Connections with Photosynthesis	91	(4)
Unit Two Genetics
How Cells Reproduce
Henrietta's Immortal Cells	94	(1)
Overview of Cell Division Mechanisms	95	(1)
Mitosis and Meiosis	95	(1)
Key Points About Chromosome Structure	95	(1)
Introducing the Cell Cycle	96	(1)
Mitosis Maintains the Chromosome Number	97	(3)
Prophase: Mitosis Begins	98	(1)
Transition to Metaphase	98	(1)
From Anaphase Through Telophase	98	(2)
Division of the Cytoplasm	100	(1)
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction	101	(3)
Asexual Versus Sexual Reproduction	101	(1)
Two Divisions, Not One	102	(2)
How Meiosis Puts Variation in Traits	104	(2)
Crossing Over in Prophase I	104	(1)
Metaphase I Alignments	105	(1)
From Gametes to Offspring	106	(2)
Gamete Formation in Plants	106	(1)
Gamete Formation in Animals	106	(1)
More Shufflings at Fertilization	106	(2)
The Cell Cycle and Cancer	108	(5)
The Cell Cycle Revisited	108	(1)
Characteristics of Cancer	109	(3)
Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits
Menacing Mucus	112	(1)
Tracking Traits With Hybrid Crosses	113	(4)
Terms Used in Modern Genetics	113	(1)
Mendel's Experimental Approach	113	(1)
Mendel's Theory of Segregation	114	(2)
Mendel's Theory of Independent Assortment	116	(1)
Not-So-Straightforward Phenotypes	117	(3)
ABO Blood Types---A Case of Codominance	117	(1)
Incomplete Dominance	118	(1)
When Products of Two or More Gene Pairs Interact	118	(1)
Single Genes With a Wide Reach	119	(1)
Complex Variations In Traits	120	(3)
Regarding the Unexpected Phenotype	120	(1)
Continuous Variation in Populations	120	(1)
Environmental Effects on Phenotype	121	(2)
The Chromosomal Basis Of Inheritance	123	(2)
A Rest Stop on Our Conceptual Road	123	(1)
Karyotyping	123	(1)
Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes	123	(2)
Impact of Crossing Over On Inheritance	125	(1)
Human Genetic Analysis	126	(1)
Examples of Human Inheritance Patterns	127	(3)
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance	127	(1)
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance	128	(1)
X-Linked Recessive Inheritance	128	(2)
Structural Changes In Chromosomes	130	(1)
Major Categories of Structural Change	130	(1)
Does Chromosome Structure Evolve?	130	(1)
Change In The Number of Chromosomes	131	(2)
An Autosomal Change and Down Syndrome	131	(1)
Changes in the Sex Chromosome Number	132	(1)
Some Prospects In Human Genetics	133	(5)
Bioethical Questions	133	(1)
Choices Available	133	(4)
DNA Structure and Function
Here, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty	137	(1)
The Hunt for Fame, Fortune, and DNA	138	(2)
Early and Puzzling Clues	138	(1)
Confirmation of DNA Function	138	(1)
Enter Watson and Crick	139	(1)
DNA Structure and Function	140	(2)
DNA's Building Blocks	140	(1)
Fame and Glory	140	(2)
Patterns of Base Pairing	142	(1)
DNA Replication and Repair	142	(1)
How is a DNA Molecule Duplicated?	142	(1)
Monitoring and Fixing DNA	142	(1)
Using DNA To Clone Mammals	143	(4)
Gene Expression and Control
Ricin and Your Ribosomes	146	(1)
Making and Controlling the Cell's Proteins	147	(1)
How is RNA Transcribed from DNA?	147	(3)
Three Classes of RNA	147	(1)
The Nature of Transcription	147	(1)
Finishing Up RNA Transcripts	148	(2)
Deciphering mRNA	150	(2)
From mRNA To Protein	152	(2)
Mutated Genes and Their Protein Products	154	(2)
Common Mutations	154	(1)
How Do Mutations Arise?	154	(1)
The Proof Is in the Protein	155	(1)
Controls Over Gene Expression	156	(7)
Common Controls	156	(1)
Bacterial Control of the Lactose Operon	156	(1)
Eukaryotic Gene Controls	157	(5)
Studying and Manipulating Genomes
Golden Rice or Frankenfood?	162	(1)
A Molecular Toolkit	163	(2)
The Scissors: Restriction Enzymes	163	(1)
Cloning Vectors	163	(1)
cDNA Cloning	164	(1)
Haystacks To Needles	165	(2)
Isolating Genes	165	(1)
PCR	165	(2)
DNA Sequencing	167	(1)
First Just Fingerprints, Now DNA Fingerprints	168	(1)
Tinkering With The Molecules of Life	169	(2)
Emergence of Molecular Biology	169	(1)
The Human Genome Project	169	(1)
Genomics	170	(1)
Practical Genetics	171	(2)
Designer Plants	171	(1)
Genetically Engineered Bacteria	172	(1)
Barnyard Biotech	172	(1)
Weighing the Benefits and Risks	173	(4)
Knockout Cells and Organ Factories	174	(1)
Regarding ``Frankenfood''	174	(2)
Unit Three Evolution and Diversity
Processes of Evolution
Rise of the Super Rats	176	(1)
Early Beliefs, Confounding Discoveries	177	(4)
Questions From Biogeography	177	(1)
Questions From Comparative Morphology	177	(1)
Questions About Fossils	178	(1)
Squeezing New Evidence Into Old Beliefs	178	(1)
Voyage of the Beagle	178	(1)
Old Bones and Armadillos	179	(1)
A Key Insight---Variation in Traits	179	(2)
The Nature of Adaptation	181	(1)
Salt-Tolerant Tomatoes	181	(1)
Adaptation to What?	181	(1)
Individuals Don't Evolve, Populations Do	182	(2)
Variation in Populations	182	(1)
The ``Gene Pool''	182	(1)
Stability and Change in Allele Frequencies	183	(1)
Mutations Revisited	183	(1)
When Is A Population Not Evolving?	184	(1)
Natural Selection Revisited	185	(3)
Directional Selection	185	(1)
Selection Against or in Favor of Extreme Phenotypes	186	(2)
Maintaining Variation In A Population	188	(2)
Sexual Selection	188	(1)
Sickle-Cell Anemia---Lesser of Two Evils?	189	(1)
Genetic Drift---The Chance Changes	190	(1)
Chance Events and Population Size	190	(1)
Bottlenecks and the Founder Effect	191	(1)
Genetic Drift and Inbred Populations	191	(1)
Gene Flow---Keeping Populations Alike	191	(4)
Evolutionary Patterns, Rates, and Trends
Measuring Time	194	(1)
Fossils---Evidence of Ancient Life	195	(1)
How Do Fossils Form?	195	(1)
Fossils in Sedimentary Rock Layers	196	(1)
Interpreting the Fossil Record	196	(1)
Dating Pieces Of The Puzzle	196	(3)
Radiometric Dating	196	(1)
Placing Fossils in Geologic Time	197	(2)
Evidence From Biogeography	199	(2)
An Outrageous Hypothesis	199	(1)
A Big Connection	200	(1)
More Evidence From Comparative Morphology	201	(2)
Morphological Divergence	201	(1)
Morphological Convergence	202	(1)
Evidence From Patterns Of Development	203	(1)
Evidence From DNA, RNA, and Proteins	204	(1)
Protein Comparisons	204	(1)
Nucleic Acid Comparisons	204	(1)
Molecular Clocks	205	(1)
Reproductive Isolation, Maybe New Species	205	(3)
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms	206	(2)
Interpreting the Evidence: Models for Speciation	208	(3)
Geographic Isolation	208	(1)
The Inviting Archipelagos	208	(2)
Sympatric Speciation	210	(1)
Parapatric Speciation	211	(1)
Patterns of Speciation and Extinctions	211	(2)
Branching and Unbranched Evolution	211	(1)
Evolutionary Trees and Rates of Change	211	(1)
Adaptive Radiations	212	(1)
Extinctions---End of the Line	212	(1)
Organizing Information About Species	213	(6)
Naming, Identifying, and Classifying Species	213	(1)
What's in a Name? A Cladistic View	214	(4)
Early Life
Looking for Life in All the Odd Places	218	(1)
Origin of the First Living Cells	219	(5)
Conditions On the Early Earth	219	(1)
Origin of Agents of Metabolism	220	(1)
Origin of Self-Replicating Systems	220	(1)
Origin of Cell Membranes	221	(1)
The First Cells and Beyond	222	(2)
What are Existing Prokaryotes Like?	224	(4)
General Characteristics	224	(1)
Growth and Reproduction	225	(1)
Prokaryotic Classification	225	(1)
Examples of Archaean Diversity	226	(1)
Examples of Bacterial Diversity	226	(2)
Bacterial Behavior	228	(1)
The Curiously Classified Protists	228	(6)
Flagellated Protozoans and Euglenoids	228	(1)
Radiolarians and Foraminiferans	229	(1)
The Ciliates	230	(1)
Dinoflagellates	230	(1)
Apicomplexans and Malaria	230	(1)
Diatoms, Brown Algae, and Relatives	231	(1)
Red Algae	232	(1)
Green Algae	232	(2)
Amoebozoans	234	(1)
The Fabulous Fungi	234	(5)
Characteristics of Fungi	234	(1)
Fungal Diversity	234	(1)
The Club Fungi	235	(1)
Spores and More Spores	236	(1)
Fungal Symbionts	237	(1)
The Unloved Few	238	(1)
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions	239	(2)
Characteristics of Viruses	239	(1)
Viral Multiplication Cycles	240	(1)
Viroids and Prions	240	(1)
Evolution and Infectious Diseases	241	(4)
Plant Evolution
Beginnings, and Endings	244	(1)
Pioneers in a New World	245	(2)
Roots, Stems, and Leaves	245	(1)
From Haploid to Diploid Dominance	245	(1)
Seeds and Pollen Grains	246	(1)
The Bryophytes---No Vascular Tissues	247	(1)
Seedless Vascular Plants	248	(3)
Club Mosses	249	(1)
Horsetails	249	(1)
Ferns	250	(1)
The Rise of Seed-Bearing Plants	251	(1)
Gymnosperms---Plants With ``Naked'' Seeds	252	(2)
Angiosperms---the Flowering Plants	254	(2)
Deforestation in the Tropics	256	(4)
Animal Evolution
Interpreting and Misinterpreting the Past	259	(1)
Overview of the Animal Kingdom	260	(2)
Animal Origins	260	(1)
A Look at Body Plans	260	(2)
Getting Along Well Without Organs	262	(1)
Sponges	262	(1)
Cnidarians	262	(1)
Flatworms---Introducing Organ Systems	263	(1)
Annelids---Segments Galore	264	(2)
The Evolutionarily Pliable Mollusks	266	(1)
Hiding Out, Or Not	266	(1)
On the Cephalopod Need for Speed	266	(1)
Amazingly Abundant Roundworms	267	(1)
Arthropods---the Most Successful Animals	268	(4)
Keys to Success	268	(1)
Spiders and Their Relatives	269	(1)
Crustaceans	269	(1)
A Look at Insect Diversity	270	(2)
The Puzzling Echinoderms	272	(1)
Evolutionary Trends Among Vertebrates	273	(2)
Early Craniates	273	(1)
The Key Innovations	274	(1)
Major Groups of Jawed Fishes	275	(1)
Early Amphibious Tetrapods	276	(2)
The Rise of Amniotes	278	(3)
The ``Reptiles''	278	(1)
Birds	279	(1)
Mammals	280	(1)
From Early Primates to Humans	281	(9)
Origins and Early Divergences	282	(1)
The First Hominids	283	(1)
Emergence of Early Humans	284	(1)
Emergence of Modern Humans	284	(2)
Where Did Modern Humans Originate?	286	(3)
Plants and Animals: Common Challenges
Too Hot To Handle	289	(1)
Levels of Structural Organization	290	(2)
From Cells to Multicelled Organisms	290	(1)
Growth Versus Development	290	(1)
Structural Organization Has a History	290	(1)
The Body's Internal Environment	291	(1)
How Do Parts Contribute to the Whole?	291	(1)
Recurring Challenges to Survival	292	(1)
Requirements for Gas Exchange	292	(1)
Requirements for Internal Transport	292	(1)
Maintaining a Solute-Water Balance	293	(1)
Requirements for Integration and Control	293	(1)
On Variations in Resources and Threats	293	(1)
Homeostasis in Animals	293	(2)
Negative Feedback	294	(1)
Positive Feedback	295	(1)
Does Homeostasis Occur In Plants?	295	(2)
Resisting Pathogens	295	(1)
Sand, Wind, and the Yellow Bush Lupine	296	(1)
About Rhythmic Leaf Folding	296	(1)
How Cells Receive and Respond to Signals	297	(4)
Unit Four How Plants Work
Plant Form and Function
Drought Versus Civilization	300	(1)
Overview of the Plant Body	301	(3)
Three Plant Tissue Systems	301	(1)
Simple Tissues	301	(1)
Complex Tissues	302	(1)
Eudicots and Monocots---Same Tissues, Different Features	303	(1)
Primary Structure of Shoots	304	(2)
Inside the Stem	304	(1)
Leaf Structure	305	(1)
How Do Stems and Leaves Form?	306	(1)
Primary Structure of Roots	306	(2)
Secondary Growth---the Woody Plants	308	(2)
Plant Nutrients and Availability In Soil	310	(2)
Properties of Soil	310	(1)
Leaching and Erosion	311	(1)
How Do Roots Absorb Water and Mineral Ions?	312	(2)
Specialized Absorptive Structures	312	(1)
How Roots Control Water Uptake	313	(1)
Water Transport Through Plants	314	(2)
Transpiration Defined	314	(1)
Cohesion---Tension Theory	314	(2)
How Do Stems and Leaves Conserve Water?	316	(1)
The Water-Conserving Cuticle	316	(1)
Controlled Water Loss at Stomata	316	(1)
How Organic Compounds Move Through Plants	317	(5)
Plant Reproduction and Development
Imperiled Sexual Partners	321	(1)
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants	322	(3)
Regarding the Flowers	322	(1)
Regarding the Pollinators	323	(1)
From Spores to Zygotes	324	(1)
From Zygotes to Seeds Packaged in Fruit	325	(2)
Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants	327	(1)
Asexual Reproduction in Nature	327	(1)
Induced Propagation	327	(1)
Patterns of Early Growth and Development	328	(2)
How Do Seeds Germinate?	328	(1)
Genetic Programs, Environmental Cues	328	(2)
Cell Communication in Plant Development	330	(2)
Major Types of Plant Hormones	330	(2)
Adjusting Rates and Directions of Growth	332	(2)
Responses to Gravity	332	(1)
Responses to Light	332	(1)
Responses to Contact	333	(1)
Responses to Mechanical Stress	333	(1)
Meanwhile, Back At the Flower	334	(1)
How Do Plants Know When to Flower?	334	(1)
Life Cycles End, and Turn Again	335	(1)
Regarding the World's Most Nutritious Plant	336	(4)
Unit Five How Animals Work
Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
It's All About Potential	339	(1)
Organization and Control in Animal Bodies	340	(1)
Four Basic Types of Tissues	340	(5)
Epithelial Tissues	340	(1)
Connective Tissues	341	(2)
Muscle Tissues	343	(1)
Nervous Tissue	343	(2)
Organ Systems Made From Tissues	345	(1)
Overview of Major Organ Systems	345	(1)
Tissue and Organ Formation	345	(1)
Skin---Example Of An Organ System	346	(4)
How Animals Move
Pumping Up Muscles	349	(1)
So What Is A Skeleton?	350	(3)
Types of Skeletons	350	(1)
Evolution of Vertebrate Skeletons	350	(2)
Bone Structure and Function	352	(1)
Where Bones Meet---Skeletal Joints	352	(1)
How Do Bones And Muscles Interact?	353	(1)
How Does Skeletal Muscle Contract?	354	(2)
Sliding-Filament Model for Contraction	355	(1)
Getting Energy for Contraction	355	(1)
Properties Of Whole Muscles	356	(5)
Muscle Tension	356	(1)
A Bad Case of Tetanic Contraction	357	(1)
What Is Muscle Fatigue?	357	(1)
What Are Muscular Dystrophies?	357	(1)
Muscles, Exercise, and Aging	358	(2)
Circulation and Respiration
Up In Smoke	360	(1)
The Nature Of Blood Circulation	361	(1)
The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems of Vertebrates Evolved Together	361	(1)
Links With the Lymphatic System	362	(1)
Characteristics Of Human Blood	362	(2)
Human Cardiovascular System	364	(3)
One Big Circuit and a Special Circuit to the Lungs	364	(1)
The Heart Is a Lonely Pumper	364	(2)
How Does Cardiac Muscle Contract?	366	(1)
Structure And Function Of Blood Vessels	367	(3)
Rapid Transport in Arteries	367	(1)
Adjusting Resistance at Arterioles	367	(1)
Measuring Blood Pressure	368	(1)
From Capillaries Back to the Heart	368	(1)
Venous Pressure	369	(1)
Cardiovascular Disorders	370	(1)
Good Clot, Bad Clot	370	(1)
The Silent Killer	370	(1)
Atherosclerosis	370	(1)
Risk Factors	371	(1)
The Nature Of Respiration	371	(3)
The Basis of Gas Exchange	371	(1)
Which Factors Influence Gas Exchange?	372	(1)
Gills of Fishes and Amphibians	372	(1)
Evolution of Paired Lungs	373	(1)
Human Respiratory System	374	(2)
The System's Many Functions	374	(1)
From Airways Into the Lungs	375	(1)
Moving Air And Transporting Gases	376	(2)
The Respiratory Cycle	376	(1)
Exchanges at the Respiratory Membrane	376	(1)
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport	376	(2)
Balancing Air and Blood Flow Rates	378	(1)
When The Lungs Break Down	378	(5)
Bronchitis and Emphysema	378	(1)
Smoking's Impact	379	(3)
Immunity
The Face of AIDS	382	(1)
Integrated Responses To Threats	383	(2)
Evolution of the Body's Defenses	383	(1)
Three Lines of Defense	383	(1)
Introducing the Defenders	384	(1)
Surface Barriers	385	(2)
Intact Skin	385	(1)
Linings of Tubes and Cavities	385	(1)
An Uneasy Balance	386	(1)
The Innate Immune Response	387	(2)
Tailoring Responses To Specific Antigens	389	(3)
Features of Adaptive Immunity	389	(1)
First Step---The Antigen Alert	389	(1)
Two Arms of Adaptive Immunity	390	(1)
So Where Is Antigen Intercepted?	390	(2)
Antibodies And Other Antigen Receptors	392	(2)
B Cell Weapons---The Antibodies	392	(1)
The Making of Antigen Receptors	393	(1)
Antibody-Mediated Immune Response	394	(1)
The Cell-Mediated Immune Response	395	(2)
Defenses Enhanced Or Compromised	397	(1)
Immunization	397	(1)
Allergies	397	(1)
Autoimmune Disorders	397	(1)
Deficient Immune Responses	397	(1)
Aids: Immunity Lost	398	(5)
HIV Infection---A Titanic Struggle Begins	398	(1)
How Is HIV Transmitted?	399	(1)
What About Drugs and Vaccines?	399	(3)
Digestion, Nutrition, and Excretion
Hips and Hunger	402	(1)
The Nature Of Digestive Systems	403	(1)
Incomplete and Complete Systems	403	(1)
Correlations With Feeding Behavior	403	(1)
Human Digestive System	404	(6)
Into the Mouth, Down the Tube	404	(2)
The Stomach	406	(1)
The Small Intestine	406	(1)
How Nutrients Are Absorbed	407	(1)
Controls Over Digestion	408	(1)
The Large Intestine	409	(1)
Human Nutritional Requirements	410	(3)
Carbohydrates	410	(1)
Good Fat, Bad Fat	410	(1)
Body-Building Proteins	411	(1)
Dietary Recommendation	411	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals	412	(1)
Weighty Questions, Tantalizing Answers	413	(2)
Urinary System Of Mammals	415	(1)
Shifts in Water and Solutes	415	(1)
Components of the Human Urinary System	415	(1)
How The Kidneys Make Urine	416	(3)
Nephrons---Functional Units of Kidneys	416	(1)
Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion	416	(1)
Adjusting Urine Concentration	417	(2)
When Kidneys Break Down	419	(4)
Neural Control and the Senses
In Pursuit of Ecstasy	422	(1)
Neurons---The Great Communicators	423	(3)
Neurons and Their Functional Zones	423	(1)
Resting Membrane Potential	423	(1)
The Action Potential	424	(2)
How Messages Flow From Cell To Cell	426	(2)
Chemical Synapses	426	(1)
Synaptic Integration	427	(1)
A Sampling of Signals	427	(1)
The Paths Of Information Flow	428	(2)
Blocks and Cables of Neurons	428	(1)
Reflex Arcs	429	(1)
Types Of Nervous Systems	430	(2)
Regarding the Nerve Net	430	(1)
On the Importance of Having a Head	430	(1)
Evolution of the Spinal Cord and Brain	430	(2)
The Peripheral Nervous System	432	(1)
Somatic and Autonomic Divisions	432	(1)
Subdivisions of the Autonomic System	432	(1)
The Central Nervous System	433	(3)
The Spinal Cord	433	(1)
Regions of the Brain	434	(1)
The Blood-Brain Barrier	435	(1)
Focus on the Cerebral Cortex	435	(1)
Connections With the Limbic System	435	(1)
Drugging The Brain	436	(2)
Effects of Some Psychoactive Drugs	436	(2)
Overview Of Sensory Systems	438	(1)
Somatic Sensations	439	(1)
The Special Senses	440	(9)
Senses of Smell and Taste	440	(1)
The Sense of Vision	441	(3)
The Sense of Hearing	444	(1)
The Sense of Balance	445	(3)
Endocrine Controls
Hormones in the Balance	448	(1)
Hormones And Other Signaling Molecules	449	(3)
Categories of Signaling Molecules	449	(1)
How Hormones Exert Their Effects	450	(1)
Variations in Hormone Action	450	(2)
The Hypothalamus And Pituitary Gland	452	(1)
Posterior Pituitary Secretions	452	(1)
Anterior Pituitary Secretions	452	(1)
Abnormal Pituitary Outputs	453	(1)
Thymus, Thyroid, And Parathyroid Glands	453	(2)
Feedback Control of Thyroid Secretion	453	(1)
Parathyroid Glands and Calcium	454	(1)
Adrenal Glands And Stress Responses	455	(1)
The Pancreas And Glucose Homeostasis	456	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus	457	(1)
Hormones And Reproductive Behavior	457	(5)
The Gonads	457	(1)
The Pineal Gland	458	(3)
Reproduction and Development
Mind-Boggling Births	461	(1)
Methods Of Reproduction	462	(2)
Sexual Versus Asexual Reproduction	462	(1)
Costs of Sexual Reproduction	462	(2)
Processes Of Animal Development	464	(3)
How Tissues and Organs Form	464	(2)
Embryonic Induction	466	(1)
A Theory of Pattern Formation	466	(1)
Reproductive System Of Human Males	467	(2)
A Sperm's Journey	467	(1)
Cancers of the Prostate and Testes	468	(1)
How Sperm Form	468	(1)
Reproductive System Of Human Females	469	(3)
Overview of the Menstrual Cycle	469	(1)
Cyclic Changes in the Ovary	470	(1)
Cyclic Changes in the Uterus	471	(1)
How Pregnancy Happens	472	(2)
Sexual Intercourse	472	(1)
Fertilization	472	(1)
Preventing Pregnancy	473	(1)
Seeking or Ending Pregnancy	474	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	474	(2)
Consequences of Infection	474	(1)
Major Agents of STDs	475	(1)
Human Prenatal Development	476	(7)
Cleavage and Implantation	477	(1)
Extraembryonic Membranes	477	(1)
The Role of the Placenta	478	(1)
Emergence of the Vertebrate Body Plan	479	(1)
Emergence of Distinctly Human Features	480	(2)
Mother as Provider, Protector, Potential Threat	482	(1)
From Birth Onward	483	(6)
The Process of Birth	483	(1)
Nourishing the Newborn	484	(1)
Postembryonic Development	484	(1)
Why Do We Age and Die?	484	(4)
Unit Six Ecology
Population Ecology
The Human Touch	488	(1)
Characteristics Of Populations	489	(2)
Overview of the Demographics	489	(490)
Elusive Heads To Count	490	(1)
Population Size And Exponential Growth	491	(1)
From Zero to Exponential Growth	491	(1)
What Is the Biotic Potential?	492	(1)
Limits On The Growth Of Populations	492	(3)
What Are the Limiting Factors?	492	(1)
Carrying Capacity and Logistic Growth	493	(1)
Density-Dependent Controls	494	(1)
Density-Independent Factors	494	(1)
Life History Patterns	495	(3)
Life Tables	495	(1)
Patterns of Survival and Reproduction	495	(1)
Evolution of Life History Traits	496	(2)
Human Population Growth	498	(6)
Why Have Human Populations Soared?	498	(1)
Fertility Rates and Family Planning	499	(1)
Economics and Population Growth	500	(1)
Environmental Impacts of Populations	501	(2)
Community Structure and Biodiversity
Fire Ants in the Pants	503	(1)
Which Factors Shape Community Structure?	504	(1)
The Niche	504	(1)
Categories of Species Interactions	504	(1)
Mutually Beneficial Interactions	505	(1)
Competitive Interactions	506	(2)
Competitive Exclusion	506	(1)
Coexisting Competitors	507	(1)
Predator-Prey Interactions	508	(3)
Models for Predator-Prey Interactions	508	(1)
The Canadian Lynx and Snowshoe Hare	508	(1)
An Evolutionary Arms Race	509	(2)
Parasites And Parasitoids	511	(2)
Biological Control Agents	512	(1)
Changes In Community Structure Over Time	513	(2)
Ecological Succession	513	(1)
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis	513	(1)
Species Interactions in Succession	514	(1)
Forces Contributing To Community Instability	515	(3)
The Role of Keystone Species	515	(1)
How Species Introductions Tip the Balance	516	(2)
Patterns Of Species Diversity	518	(1)
Mainland and Marine Patterns	518	(1)
Island Patterns	518	(1)
Conservation Biology	519	(8)
About the Newly Endangered Species	520	(1)
The Major Threats	520	(1)
Emergence of Conservation Biology	521	(5)
Ecosystems
Bye-Bye Bayou	526	(1)
The Nature Of Ecosystems	527	(3)
Overview of the Participants	527	(1)
Trophic Interactions	528	(1)
Food Webs	528	(2)
Biological Magnification In Food Webs	530	(1)
Studying Energy Flow Through Ecosystems	531	(1)
Ecological Pyramids	531	(1)
Primary Productivity	531	(1)
Global Cycling Of Water And Nutrients	532	(2)
Hydrologic Cycle	532	(1)
The Water Crisis	533	(1)
Carbon Cycle	534	(2)
Greenhouse Gases, Global Warming	536	(2)
Greenhouse Effect	536	(1)
Global Warming and Climate Change	536	(2)
Nitrogen Cycle	538	(2)
Human Impact on the Nitrogen Cycle	539	(1)
Phosphorus Cycle	540	(4)
The Biosphere
Surfers, Seals, and the Sea	543	(1)
Air Circulation And Climates	544	(4)
Global Air Circulation Patterns	544	(1)
A Fence of Wind and Ozone Thinning	545	(1)
No Wind, Lots of Pollutants, and Smog	546	(1)
Winds and Acid Rain	546	(1)
Harnessing Solar and Wind Energy	547	(1)
The Ocean, Landforms, And Climates	548	(2)
Ocean Currents and Their Effects	548	(1)
Rain Shadows and Monsoons	549	(1)
Realms Of Biodiversity	550	(7)
Deserts, Natural and Man-Made	552	(1)
Dry Shrublands, Dry Woodlands, and Grasslands	552	(2)
Broadleaf Forests	554	(1)
Coniferous Forests	554	(2)
Arctic and Alpine Tundra	556	(1)
The Water Provinces	557	(5)
Lake Ecosystems	557	(1)
Estuaries and Mangrove Wetlands	558	(1)
Rocky and Sandy Coastlines	559	(1)
Coral Reefs	559	(1)
The Open Ocean	560	(1)
Hydrothermal Vents	560	(1)
Upwelling Along Coasts	561	(1)
Applying Knowledge Of The Biosphere	562	(5)
Behavioral Ecology
My Pheromones Made Me Do It	566	(1)
So Where Does Behavior Start?	567	(5)
Genes and Behavior	567	(1)
Hormones and Behavior	567	(1)
Regarding Instinct and Learning	568	(2)
The Adaptive Value of Behavior	570	(2)
Communication Signals	572	(2)
The Nature of Communication Signals	572	(1)
Examples of Communication Displays	572	(1)
Illegitimate Signalers and Receivers	573	(1)
Mates, Offspring, And Reproductive Success	574	(2)
Sexual Selection and Mating Behavior	574	(1)
Parental Care	575	(1)
Costs And Benefits Of Social Groups	576	(2)
Cooperative Predator Avoidance	576	(1)
The Selfish Herd	576	(1)
Cooperative Hunting	576	(1)
Dominance Hierarchies	577	(1)
Regarding the Costs	577	(1)
Why Sacrifice Yourself?	578	(2)
Social Insects	578	(1)
Social Mole-Rats	578	(1)
Indirect Selection Theory	579	(1)
A Look At Primate Social Behavior	580	(1)
Human Social Behavior	581	(1)
Human Pheromones	581	(1)
Hormones and Bonding Behavior	581	(1)
Evolutionary Questions	581
Epilogue Biological Principles and the Human Imperative
Appendix I Answers to Self-Quizzes
Appendix II Answers to Genetics Problems
Appendix III Annotations to A Journal Article
Appendix IV A Plain English Map of the Human Chromosomes