Biomaterials: A Nano Approach

by Ramakrishna; Seeram

• ISBN13: 9781420047813
• ISBN10: 1420047817
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-06-14
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Using a multi-disciplinary approach, this book examines basic concepts, various processing methodologies, and techniques involved in the preparation and characterization of nanobiomaterials that are specific to biomedical applications. Biomaterials: A Nano Approach spans the historical development of biomaterials to current advances in the field. It describes how basic concepts in nanotechnology are applied to the processing of novel nanobiomaterials, including nanostructured metals and alloys. Presenting illustrative examples and a variety of applications, this text offers a solid framework for understanding present and future trends of biomaterials in human health care systems.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
About the Book	p. xix
Authors	p. xxi
Overview of Biomaterials	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Biomaterials: From Then to Now	p. 3
Impact of Biomaterials	p. 9
Characteristics of Biomaterials	p. 11
Classification of Biomaterials	p. 14
Metallic Biomaterials	p. 18
Ceramic Biomaterials	p. 19
Polymeric Biomaterials	p. 19
Composite Biomaterials	p. 20
Surface Modification of Biomaterials	p. 20
Recent Trends in Biomaterials	p. 22
Nanobiomaterials: A New Generation Biomaterial	p. 22
Processing of Nanobiomaterials	p. 23
Sol-Gel Processing	p. 23
Biomimetic Processing	p. 24
Tissue Engineering Approach	p. 26
Summary	p. 28
Glossary	p. 29
References	p. 32
Basics of Human Biology	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Structure and Function of the Human Body	p. 35
Chemical Level	p. 36
Cellular Level	p. 37
Nucleus	p. 38
Cytoplasm	p. 39
Cell Membrane	p. 39
Transport across the Cell Membrane	p. 40
Tissue Level	p. 41
Epithelial Tissue	p. 42
Connective Tissue	p. 43
Muscle Tissue	p. 43
Nerve Tissue	p. 44
Organ Level	p. 44
Skin	p. 44
Bone	p. 46
System Level	p. 49
Glossary	p. 51
References	p. 54
Further Reading	p. 55
Degradation and Corrosion of Biomaterials	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Surface Properties	p. 57
Degradation of Biomaterials	p. 62
Corrosion of Biomaterials	p. 63
Galvanic Corrosion	p. 66
Crevice Corrosion	p. 66
Pitting Corrosion	p. 66
Intergranular Corrosion	p. 67
Stress Corrosion	p. 67
Fretting Corrosion	p. 68
Methods of Corrosion Testing	p. 68
Biocompatibility of Implants	p. 70
In Vitro Test Methods	p. 71
In Vivo Test Methods	p. 73
Case Study	p. 74
Summary	p. 77
Glossary	p. 77
References	p. 78
Further Reading	p. 79
Failure and Tribology of Biomaterials	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Deformation Mechanics	p. 82
Elastic Deformation	p. 84
Plastic Deformation	p. 85
Deformation Analysis of Biomaterials	p. 86
Fracture Mechanics	p. 88
Classification of Fracture	p. 91
Brittle Fracture	p. 92
Ductile Fracture	p. 93
Brittle to Ductile Transition of Biomaterials	p. 94
Fracture Toughness	p. 96
Toughness Analysis of Biomaterials	p. 100
Fatigue Mechanics	p. 104
Fatigue Analysis of Biomaterials	p. 107
Tribology	p. 109
Friction	p. 109
Wear	p. 111
Tribological Analysis of Biomaterials	p. 114
Case Study	p. 117
Summary	p. 119
Glossary	p. 119
References	p. 121
Further Reading	p. 121
Nanoscale Phenomena	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Nanoscale Phenomena	p. 125
Properties at Nanoscale	p. 126
Processing of Nanostructured Materials	p. 129
Top-Down Methods	p. 130
Bottom-Up Methods	p. 134
Characterization Techniques	p. 139
X-Ray Diffraction and Scattering Methods	p. 140
Electron Microscopy	p. 141
Scanning Probe Microscopy	p. 143
Light Scattering Techniques	p. 145
Gas Adsorption Measurements	p. 147
Environmental and Safety Aspects of Nanomaterials	p. 148
Summary	p. 155
Glossary	p. 155
References	p. 157
Further Reading	p. 159
Metallic Biomaterials	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Metallic Biomaterials	p. 161
Stainless Steels	p. 163
Cobalt-Chromium Alloys	p. 168
Titanium and Titanium-Based Alloys	p. 169
Shape Memory Alloys	p. 172
Dental Amalgam Alloys	p. 175
Noble and Other Metals	p. 175
Nanostructured Metallic Implants	p. 176
Case Study	p. 179
Summary	p. 183
Glossary	p. 184
References	p. 185
Ceramic Biomaterials	p. 187
Introduction	p. 187
Bioceramics	p. 187
Nearly Inert Bioceramics	p. 189
Porous Bioceramics	p. 193
Bioactive Bioceramics	p. 194
Bioactive Glasses	p. 195
Calcium Phosphate Ceramics	p. 197
Bioresorbable Bioceramics	p. 200
Nanostructured Bioceramics	p. 201
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Bioceramics	p. 201
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Alumina	p. 202
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Calcium Phosphate Ceramics	p. 208
Case Study	p. 211
Summary	p. 212
Glossary	p. 213
References	p. 214
Polymeric Biomaterials	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Polymerization Process	p. 217
Addition Polymerization	p. 217
Condensation Polymerization	p. 218
Types of Polymers	p. 219
Factors Influencing the Properties of Polymers	p. 221
Molecular Weight	p. 221
Molecular Structures	p. 221
Intermolecular Forces	p. 222
Polymer Crystallinity	p. 223
Polymer Characterization	p. 224
Polymers as Biomaterials	p. 224
Classification of Polymeric Biomaterials	p. 225
Naturally Derived Polymers	p. 226
Collagen	p. 227
Gelatin	p. 228
Chitosan	p. 228
Synthetic Polymers	p. 229
Nonbiodegradable Synthetic Polymers	p. 229
Poly(methyl methacrylate)	p. 229
Poly(ethylene)	p. 230
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)	p. 230
Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers	p. 230
Poly(lactic acid)	p. 230
Poly(glycolic acid)	p. 231
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)	p. 231
Polymeric Nanobiomaterials	p. 231
Processing of Polymer Nanofibers: Current Scenarios	p. 232
Drawing	p. 233
Template Synthesis	p. 233
Self-Assembly	p. 237
Phase Separation	p. 237
Electrospinning: A New Approach	p. 239
Experimental System	p. 240
Spinning Mechanism	p. 240
Electrospun Polymer Nanofibrous Scaffolds	p. 248
Collagen Nanofibrous Scaffold	p. 248
Gelatin Nanofibrous Scaffold	p. 250
Chitosan Nanofibrous Scaffold	p. 250
Poly(L-lactic acid) Nanofibrous Scaffold	p. 251
Poly(glycolic acid) Nanofibrous Scaffold	p. 252
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanofibrous Scaffold	p. 254
Biomedical Applications of Polymer Nanofibers	p. 254
Medical Prostheses	p. 255
Dental Restoration	p. 256
Wound Dressing	p. 256
Drug Delivery	p. 258
Tissue Scaffolds	p. 259
Summary	p. 259
Glossary	p. 260
References	p. 261
Composite Biomaterials	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Classification of Composite Biomaterials	p. 265
Fibrous Composite Biomaterials	p. 265
Particulate Composite Biomaterials	p. 266
Biological Responses to Composite Biomaterials	p. 269
Biomedical Applications of Composite Biomaterials	p. 269
Bone Fracture Repair	p. 271
Bone Plates and Screws	p. 273
Joint Replacements	p. 275
Total Hip Replacement	p. 276
Bone Graft Materials	p. 278
Dental Applications	p. 280
Dental Restorative Materials	p. 281
Dental Post	p. 282
Dental Arch Wires and Brackets	p. 283
Evolution of Nanocomposite Biomaterials	p. 284
Nanocomposites: A New Class of Nanobiomaterials	p. 285
Conventional Nanocomposites	p. 286
Biomimetic Nanocomposites	p. 288
Tissue-Engineered Nanocomposites	p. 290
Nanocomposites for Growth Factor Delivery	p. 292
Summary	p. 295
Glossary	p. 295
References	p. 297
Nanobiomaterials for Tissue Regeneration	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
Concept of Tissue Engineering	p. 300
The Promise of Stem Cells	p. 301
Mesenchymal Stem Cells	p. 302
Nanobiomaterials: A New Generation Scaffolding Material	p. 304
Characteristics of a Scaffold	p. 305
Types of Scaffolding Materials	p. 306
Ceramic Nanobiomaterials	p. 307
Polymeric Nanobiomaterials	p. 307
Scaffold Designing Using Nanobiomaterials	p. 308
Tissue-Engineered Ceramic Nanobiomaterials	p. 308
Tissue-Engineered Polymeric Nanobiomaterials	p. 311
Patterning of Biomaterials for Cell Engineering	p. 314
Chemical Patterning	p. 316
Patterning by Microcontact Printing	p. 317
Topographical Patterning	p. 320
Nanoimprint Lithography	p. 321
Tissue-Engineered Products: The Artificial Skin and Cartilage	p. 324
Case Study	p. 326
Summary	p. 328
Glossary	p. 330
References	p. 333
Index	p. 335
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