Biomedical Applications of Light Scattering

by Wax, Adam; Backman, Vadim

• ISBN13: 9780071598804
• ISBN10: 0071598804
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-10-13
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education

Summary

Extend tissue characterization and analysis capabilities using cutting-edge biophotonics tools and technologies. This comprehensive resource details the principles, devices, and procedures necessary to fully employ light scattering in clinical and diagnostic applications.

Author Biography

Adam Wax, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Duke University.

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Vadim Backman, Ph.D., is a professor of biomedical engineering at Northwestern University, where he specializes in optical imaging.

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Table of Contents

Contributors	p. xiii
Introduction to Light Scattering Models
Classical Light Scattering Models	p. 3
Introduction to Light Scattering	p. 3
Structure and Organization of Biological Tissue	p. 4
Basics of Light Scattering Theory	p. 10
Approximate Solutions to Light Scattering	p. 15
Review of Computational Light Scattering Codes	p. 22
Mie Theory Calculators	p. 23
T-Matrix Calculations	p. 25
Discrete Dipole Approximation	p. 26
Time-Domain Codes	p. 26
Inverse Light Scattering Analysis	p. 27
Nonuniqueness Problem	p. 27
III-Conditioned Problem	p. 28
Summary	p. 28
References	p. 29
Light Scattering from Continuous Random Media	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
3D Continuous Random Media	p. 33
Mean Differential Scattering Cross Section	p. 33
Scattering Coefficient and Related Parameters	p. 37
Simplifying Approximations	p. 40
2D Continuous Random Media	p. 42
Mean Differential Scattering Cross Section	p. 42
Scattering Coefficient and Related Parameters	p. 43
1D Continuous Random Media	p. 44
Generation of Continuous Random Media Samples	p. 45
References	p. 47
Modeling of Light Scattering by Biological Tissues Via Computational Solution of Maxwell's Equations	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Overview of FDTD Techniques for Maxwell's Equations	p. 50
Advantages of FDTD Solution Techniques for Maxwell's Equations	p. 51
Characteristics of the Yee-Algorithm FDTD Technique	p. 53
FDTD Modeling Applications	p. 55
Vertebrate Retinal Rod	p. 55
Precancerous Cervical Cells	p. 57
Validation of the Born Approximation in 2D Weakly Scattering Biological Random Media	p. 60
Sensitivity of Backscattering Signatures to Nanometer-Scale Cellular Changes	p. 62
Overview of Liu's Fourier-Basis PSTD Technique for Maxwell's Equations	p. 64
PSTD Modeling Applications	p. 65
Total Scattering Cross Section of a Round Cluster of 2D Dielectric Cylinders	p. 65
Enhanced Backscattering of Light by a Large Rectangular Cluster of 2D Dielectric Cylinders	p. 65
Optical Phase Conjugation for Turbidity Suppression	p. 68
Multiple Light Scattering in 3D Random Media	p. 69
Summary	p. 72
References	p. 73
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Microscopy	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Background	p. 79
Theory	p. 81
Physics of Data Acquisition	p. 81
Compact Forward Model	p. 83
Rigorous Forward Model	p. 87
Inverse Scattering Procedure	p. 89
Numerical Simulations for a Single Scatterer	p. 90
Alternate Acquisition Geometries	p. 91
Experimental Implementation and Validation	p. 92
Phase Stability and Data Acquisition Requirements	p. 92
Three-Dimensional ISAM of Tissue Phantoms	p. 96
Cross-Validation of ISAM and OCT	p. 97
ISAM Processing and Real-Time Implementation	p. 98
Practical Limitations	p. 100
Clinical and Biological Applications	p. 101
Optical Biopsy	p. 102
Surgical Guidance	p. 102
Imaging Tumor Development	p. 106
Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 106
References	p. 107
Application to In Vitro Cell Biology
Light Scattering as a Tool in Cell Biology	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Light Scattering Assessments of Mitochondrial Morphology	p. 116
Light Scattering Assessments of Lysosomal Morphology	p. 121
Light Scattering Assessments of Nuclear Morphology	p. 127
Light Scattering Assessments of General Subcellular Structure	p. 135
Future Perspectives	p. 137
References	p. 139
Light Absorption and Scattering Spectroscopic Microscopies	p. 143
Introduction	p. 143
Absorption and Scattering in Microscopic Applications	p. 144
Physical Principles and Basic Parameters of Elastic Light Scattering	p. 147
Light Scattering from Cells and Subcellular Structures	p. 150
Confocal Light Absorption and Scattering Spectroscopic (CLASS) Microscopy	p. 153
Applications of CLASS Microscopy	p. 159
Conclusion	p. 165
References	p. 166
Assessing Bulk Tissue Properties from Scattering Measurements
Light Scattering in Confocal Reflectance Microscopy	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
The Basic Idea	p. 173
Theory Mapping (?, ?) to (?s, g)	p. 177
Experimental Data	p. 178
Basic Instrument	p. 180
Monte Carlo Simulations	p. 182
Current Ongoing Work	p. 186
Literature Describing Confocal Reflectance Measurements	p. 188
References	p. 190
Tissue Ultrastructure Scattering with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Ex Vivo and In Vivo Interpretation	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Understanding Light Scattering Measurements in Tissue	p. 195
Ex Vivo Measurements: Analysis of Scatter Signatures	p. 197
Microsampling Reflectance Spectroscopy	p. 199
Phase-Contrast Microscopy	p. 202
Electron Microscopy: Understanding the Submicroscopic Source of Scatter	p. 204
Diagnostic Imaging: Approaches for In Vivo Use	p. 206
Therapeutic Imaging: Surgical Assist	p. 208
Acknowledgment	p. 208
References	p. 208
Dynamic Light Scattering Methods
Dynamic Light Scattering and Motility-Contrast Imaging of Living Tissue	p. 213
Dynamic Light Scattering and Speckle	p. 213
Single-Mode Scattering	p. 214
Planar Scattering	p. 215
Volumetric Scattering	p. 216
Spatial Homodyne and Heterodyne	p. 217
Dynamic Scattering	p. 219
Holographic Optical Coherence Imaging	p. 221
Fourier-Domain Holography	p. 221
Digital Holography	p. 223
Multicellular Tumor Spheroids	p. 225
Biology in Three Dimensions	p. 227
Holographic Optical Coherence Imaging of Tumor Spheroids	p. 227
Subcellular Motility in Tissues	p. 230
Motility-Contrast Imaging	p. 230
Conclusions and Prospects	p. 234
Acknowledgment	p. 236
References	p. 236
Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging of Blood Flow	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Single-Exposure Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging	p. 242
Applications of LSCI to Brain Imaging	p. 247
Methodological Details for Imaging CBF Using LSCI	p. 247
Functional Brain Activation	p. 248
Stroke	p. 250
Multiexposure Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (MESI)	p. 253
MESI Theory	p. 254
MESI Instrument	p. 255
MESI Measurements in Microfluidics Flow Phantoms	p. 256
Future Directions	p. 258
References	p. 258
Clinical Applications
Elastic-Scattering Spectroscopy for Optical Biopsy: Probe Designs and Analytical Methods for Clinical Applications	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Fiberoptic Probe Designs	p. 264
Single Optical Fiber Probes	p. 265
Differential Pathlength Spectroscopy	p. 266
Angled Probes	p. 266
Probes Incorporating Full and Half-Ball Lenses	p. 267
Side-Sensing Probes	p. 268
Diffusing-Tip Probes	p. 268
Polarized Probes	p. 270
Models for the Reflectance Spectra	p. 270
Methods for Analyzing Reflectance Spectra	p. 270
A Quantitative Analytical Model Well-Suited to Superficial Tissues	p. 272
Influence of Blood Vessel Radius	p. 274
In Vivo Application in a Human Study	p. 277
Influence of Probe Pressure	p. 281
Influence of Probe Pressure on Normal Colon Mucosa: A Preliminary Clinical Study	p. 281
Influence of Probe Pressure on Reflectance Measurements: A Quantitative Animal Study	p. 283
Temporal Influence of Probe Pressure on Reflectance Measurements: An Animal Study	p. 286
Conclusions	p. 287
References	p. 288
Differential Pathlength Spectroscopy	p. 293
Basic Concepts	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
Main Properties and Features	p. 294
Pathlength	p. 295
Basic Mathematical Analysis of Spectra	p. 297
DPS Measurements In Vivo	p. 299
Main Features	p. 299
Additional Spectral Features	p. 302
Confidence Intervals	p. 303
Clinical Measurements	p. 305
Conclusion	p. 309
References	p. 310
Angle-Resolved Low-Coherence Interferometry: Depth-Resolved Light Scattering for Detecting Neoplasia	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Instrumentation	p. 315
Early Implementations	p. 315
Frequency-Domain Implementation	p. 319
Portable System	p. 321
Processing of a/LCI Signals	p. 322
Data Processing for Phantoms	p. 323
Data Processing for Cell Nuclei	p. 323
Validation Studies	p. 325
Polystyrene Microspheres	p. 325
In Vitro Cell Studies	p. 327
Tissue Studies	p. 330
Animal Studies	p. 330
Human Esophageal Epithelium	p. 335
Conclusion	p. 337
Acknowledgments	p. 337
References	p. 338
Enhanced Backscattering and Low-Coherence Enhanced Backscattering Spectroscopy	p. 341
Principles of Enhanced Backscattering	p. 341
Overview and Further Reading	p. 341
Theory of EBS	p. 342
Applications of EBS	p. 347
Low-Coherence Enhanced Backscattering	p. 347
Enhanced Backscattering of Partially Coherent Light	p. 348
Observation of Low-Coherence Enhanced Backscattering	p. 349
Characteristics of LEBS	p. 350
Theory of LEBS in Tissue	p. 352
Applications of Low-Coherence Enhanced Backscattering Spectroscopy	p. 353
Colorectal Cancer	p. 353
LEBS Detection of Early Cancerous Alterations in Colon Carcinogenesis	p. 355
References	p. 358
Index	p. 361
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