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9780205832569

Biopsychology

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780205832569

  • ISBN10:

    0205832563

  • Edition: 8th
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2010-10-19
  • Publisher: Pearson
  • View Upgraded Edition

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Supplemental Materials

What is included with this book?

Summary

Pinel clearly presents the fundamentals Biopsychology and makes the topics personally and socially relevant to the reader.

The defining feature of Biopsychology is its unique combination of biopsychological science and personal, reader-oriented discourse. Rather than introducing biopsychology in the usual textbook fashion, it interweaves the fundamentals of the field with clinical case studies, social issues, personal implications, and humorous anecdotes. It tries to be a friendly mentor that speaks directly to the reader, enthusiastically relating recent advances in biopsychological science.

Available with MyPsychLab! www.pearsonhighered.com/newmylabs

Through MyPsychLab for Biopsychology, 8th edition, students can interact with a virtual brain simulation and see various animations to help them better understand the content being covered in class and in their textbook. You can access MyPsychLab at www.mypsychlab.com.

Clear, witty, and inspiring, Pinel's third edition builds on the considerable strengths of its predecessors strong research base, and comprehensive topical coverage and adds a totally redesigned illustration package. Now, this outstanding book has an art and photo program to match, with the majority of art redesigned and enhanced to better complement Pinel's wide range of pedagogy. This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

‘’I am a student at Walden University in the PhD Psychology program, I live in Michigan. I must admit, when I first heard that I would have to take Biopsychology I was not happy as I gasped for breath. I had already made up in my mind that it would prove to be a difficult course and I would probably have to drop the course. However, surprisingly, I found that your ease of writing in talking with the student proved me wrong. I actually LOVED the textbook. It was as if you were talking right to me in a manner in which I could easily comprehend. I never thought of learning about the human brain before taking the class, but must admit, it has to this point in my program been one of my favorites. ‘’- Dr. Pinel, OUTSTANDING

‘’I wanted to say thank you, thank you, thank you. You opened up a new world to me. I just started teaching at a local college this year and I tell you, having taken Biopsychology has truly prepared me to teach general psychology and other classes within the counseling cohort. I am still amazed at how much information I have retained due to the colorful illustrations and ease of reading. Though I am in a doctorate program, and the program is truly rigourous, having read your text was a breath of fresh air. Top quality education with all of the learning tools needed for todays adult learners. Continued success to you on your endeavors. By the way, thanks for all of the stories including yours that you shared. Sincerely grateful"- Michelle Brown, Ph.D. candidate at Walden University

Author Biography

John Pinel, the author of Biopsychology , obtained his Ph.D. from McGill University in Montreal and worked briefly at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, before taking a faculty position at the University of British Columbia, where he is currently Professor Emeritus. Professor Pinel is an award-winning teacher and the author of over 200 scientific papers. However, he feels that Biopsychology is his major career-related accomplishment. “It ties together everything I love about my job; students, teaching, writing, and research.”

 

Pinel attributes much of his success to his wife Maggie who is an artist and professional designer. Over the years, they have collaborated on many projects, and the quality of Biopsychology’s illustrations is largely attributable to her skill and effort.

Table of Contents

Brief Table of Contents

 

Part 1: What is Biopsychology?

 

Chapter 1:  Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?

 

Part 2: Foundations of  Biopsychology

 

Chapter 2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking about the Biology of Behavior 

Chapter 3: Anatomy of the Nervous System: Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System

Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals

Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do

            PART ONE   Methods of Studying the Nervous System     

            PART TWO   Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology  

 

Part 3: Sensory and Motor Systems

 

Chapter 6: The Visual System: How We See

Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention: How You Know the World

Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System: How You Move

 

Part 4: Brain Plasticity

 

Chapter 9: Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You

Chapter 10: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage?

Chapter 11: Learning, Memory, and Amnesia:    How Your Brain Stores Information

 

Part 5: Biopsychology of Motivation

 

Chapter 12: Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do Many People Eat Too Much?

Chapter 13: Hormones and Sex: What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?

Chapter 14: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep?

Chapter 15: Drug Addiction and the Brain’s Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure

 

Part 6: Disorders of Cognition and Emotion

 

Chapter 16: Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and the Right Brain of Language

Chapter 17: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion

Chapter 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged

 

 

 

Detailed Table of Contents

Chapter 1

Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?

 Four Major Themes of This Book        

1.1  What Is Biopsychology?        

1.2  What Is the Relation between Biopsychology and the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience?        

1.3  What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach?

            Human and Nonhuman Subjects

            Experiments and Nonexperiments

            Pure and Applied Research        

1.4  What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology?

            Physiological Psychology

            Psychopharmacology

            Neuropsychology

            Psychophysiology

            Cognitive Neuroscience

            Comparative Psychology         

1.5  Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together?  

1.6   Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain?

1.7   Critical Thinking about Biopsychological Claims

        Themes Revisited

        Think about it

        Sample study questions

        Key terms

 


Chapter 2

Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking about the Biology of Behavior

2.1  Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From Dichotomies to Interactions

            Is It Physiological, or Is It Psychological?

            Is It Inherited, or Is It Learned?

            Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies

2.2   Human Evolution

            Course of Human Evolution

            Thinking about Human Evolution

            Evolution of the Human Brain

            Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Mate Bonding

            Thinking about Evolutionary Psychology

2.3   Fundamental Genetics

            Mendelian Genetics

            Chromosomes: Reproduction and Recombination

            Chromosomes: Structure and Replication

            Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits

            The Genetic Code and Gene Expression

            Mitochondrial DNA

            Modern Genetics

2.4    Behavioral Development: Interaction of Genetic Factors and Experience

            Selective Breeding of “Maze-Bright” and “Maze-Dull” Rats

            Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder

            Development of Birdsong

2.5    Genetics of Human Psychological Differences

            Development of Individuals versus Development of Differences among Individuals

            Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

         Sample study questions

         Key Terms

 

Chapter 3

Anatomy of the Nervous System: Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System

3.1      General Layout of the Nervous System

            Divisions of the Nervous System

            Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid

            Blood–Brain Barrier

3.2    Cells of the Nervous System

            Anatomy of Neurons

            Glial Cells: The Forgotten Cells

3.3    Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions

            Neuroanatomical Techniques

            Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System

3.4    Spinal Cord

3.5    Five Major Divisions of the Brain

3.6    Major Structures of the Brain

            Myelencephalon

            Metencephalon

            Mesencephalon

            Diencephalon

            Telencephalon

            The Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

          Sample study questions

          Key Terms

 


Chapter 4

Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals

4.1     Neuron’s Resting Membrane Potential

            Recording the Membrane Potential

            Resting Membrane Potential

            Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

4.2     Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials

4.3     Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials

4.4     Conduction of Action Potentials

            The Ionic Basis of Action Potentials

            Refractory Periods

            Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials

            Conduction in Myelinated Axons

            The Velocity of Axonal Conduction

            Conduction in Neurons without Axons

            The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective

4.5     Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals Among Neurons

            Structure of Synapses

            Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules

            Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules

            Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules

            Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling

            Glial Function and Synaptic Transmission

4.6     Neurotransmitters

            Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

            Monoamine Neurotransmitters

            Acetylcholine

            Unconventional Neurotransmitters

            Neuropeptides

4.7     Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

            How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission

            Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines of Research

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

         Sample study questions

         Key Terms

 


Chapter 5

The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do

 

PART ONE    Methods of Studying the Nervous System

5.1    Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

            Contrast X-Rays

            X-Ray Computed Tomography

            Magnetic Resonance Imaging

            Positron Emission Tomography

            Functional MRI

            Magnetoencephalography

            Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

5.2    Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

            Scalp Electroencephalography

            Muscle Tension

            Eye Movement

            Cardiovascular Activity

5.3    Invasive Physiological Research Methods

            Stereotaxic Surgery

            Lesion Methods

            Electrical Stimulation

            Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods

5.4    Pharmacological Research Methods

            Routes of Drug Administration

            Selective Chemical Lesions

            Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain

            Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain

5.5    Genetic Engineering

            Gene Knockout Techniques

            Gene Replacement Techniques

            Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow

     

PART TWO    Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology

5.6    Neuropsychological Testing

            Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing

            Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery

            Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function

            Frontal-Lobe Function

5.7    Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

5.8    Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

            Paradigms for Assessment of Species-Common Behaviors

            Traditional Conditioning Paradigms

            Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

         Sample study questions

         Key Terms

 


Chapter 6

The Visual System: How We See

6.1    Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina

            The Pupil and the Lens

            Eye Position and Binocular Disparity

6.2    The Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals

            Cone and Rod Vision

            Spectral Sensitivity

            Eye Movement

            Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals

6.3    From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex

            Retinotopic Organization

            The M and P Channels

6.4    Seeing Edges

            Lateral Inhibition and Contrast Enhancement

            Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons

            Receptive Fields: Neurons of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System

            Receptive Fields: Simple Cortical Cells

            Receptive Fields: Complex Cortical Cells

            Columnar Organization of Primary Visual Cortex

            Plasticity of Receptive Fields of Neurons in the Visual Cortex

6.5    Seeing Color

            Component and Opponent Processing

            Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory

6.6    Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Awareness

            Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and Completion

            Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas, Blindsight, and Conscious Awareness

            Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex

            Dorsal and Ventral Streams

            Prosopagnosia

            Akinetopsia

         Conclusion

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

         Sample study questions

         Key Terms

 


Chapter 7

Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention: How You Know the World

7.1    Principles of Sensory System Organization

            Hierarchical Organization

            Functional Segregation

            Parallel Processing

            Summary Model of Sensory System Organization

7.2    Auditory System

            The Ear

            From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex

            Subcortical Mechanisms of Sound Localization

            Auditory Cortex

            Effects of Damage to the Auditory System

7.3    Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain

            Cutaneous Receptors

            Dermatomes

            Two Major Somatosensory Pathways

            Cortical Areas of Somatosensation

            Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex

            Somatosensory System and Association Cortex

            Somatosensory Agnosias

            Perception of Pain

            Neuropathic Pain

7.4    Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

            Olfactory System

            Gustatory System

            Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses

7.5    Selective Attention

            Change Blindness

            Neural Mechanisms of Attention

            Simultanagnosia

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

          Sample study questions

          Key Terms

 


Chapter 8

The Sensorimotor System: How You Move

8.1    Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function

            The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized

            Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input

            Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Sensorimotor Control

            A General Model of Sensorimotor System Function

8.2    Sensorimotor Association Cortex

             Posterior Parietal Association Cortex

             Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex

8.3     Secondary Motor Cortex

            Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex

            Mirror Neurons

8.4    Primary Motor Cortex

            Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind

8.5    Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

            Cerebellum

            Basal Ganglia

8.6    Descending Motor Pathways

            Dorsolateral Corticospinal Tract and Dorsolateral Corticorubrospinal Tract

            Ventromedial Corticospinal Tract and Ventromedial Cortico-brainstem-spinal Tract

            Comparison of the Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways

8.7    Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits

            Muscles

            Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles

            Stretch Reflex

            Withdrawal Reflex

            Reciprocal Innervation

            Recurrent Collateral Inhibition

            Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex

8.8    Central Sensorimotor Programs

            Central Sensorimotor Programs Are Capable of Motor Equivalence

            Sensory Information That Controls Central Sensorimotor Programs Is Not Necessarily Conscious

            Central Sensorimotor Programs Can Develop without Practice

            Practice Can Create Central Sensorimotor Programs

            Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

         Sample study questions

         Key Terms

 


Chapter 9

Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You

9.1    Phases of Neurodevelopment

            Induction of the Neural Plate

            Neural Proliferation

            Migration and Aggregation

            Axon Growth and Synapse Formation

            Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement

9.2     Postnatal Cerebral Development in Human Infants

            Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain

            Development of the Prefrontal Cortex

9.3    Effects of Experience on the Early Development, Maintenance, and Reorganization of Neural          Circuits

            Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Deprivation and Enrichment

            Competitive Nature of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Ocular Dominance Columns

            Effects of Experience on Topographic Sensory Cortex Maps

            Experience Fine-Tunes Neurodevelopment

9.4    Neuroplasticity in Adults

            Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals

            Effects of Experience on the Reorganization of the Adult Cortex

9.5    Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Autism and Williams Syndrome

            Williams Syndrome

            Epilogue

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

          Sample study questions

          Key Terms

 


Chapter 10

Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage?

10.1  Causes of Brain Damage

            Brain Tumors

            Cerebrovascular Disorders: Strokes

            Closed-Head Injuries

            Infections of the Brain

            Neurotoxins

            Genetic Factors

            Programmed Cell Death

10.2  Neuropsychological Diseases

            Epilepsy

            Parkinson’s Disease

            Huntington’s Disease

            Multiple Sclerosis

            Alzheimer’s Disease

10.3  Animal Models of Human Neuropsychological Diseases

            Kindling Model of Epilepsy

            Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

            MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease

10.4  Neuroplastic Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization, and Recovery

            Neural Regeneration

            Neural Reorganization

            Recovery of Function after Brain Damage

10.5  Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of Nervous System Damage

            Reducing Brain Damage by Blocking Neurodegeneration

            Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Promoting Regeneration

            Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Neurotransplantation

            Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Rehabilitative Training

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

         Sample study questions

         Key Terms

 


Chapter 11

Learning, Memory, and Amnesia:    How Your Brain Stores Information

11.1  Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy

            Formal Assessment of H.M.’s Anterograde Amnesia: Discovery of Unconscious Memories

            Three Major Scientific Contributions of H.M.’s Case

            Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia

            Semantic and Episodic Memories

11.2  Amnesia of Korsakoff’s Syndrome

11.3  Amnesia of Alzheimer’s Disease

11.4  Amnesia after Concussion: Evidence for Consolidation

            Posttraumatic Amnesia

            Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation

            Hippocampus and Consolidation

            Reconsolidation

11.5  Neuroanatomy of Object-Recognition Memory

            Monkey Model of Object-Recognition Amnesia: The Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test

            Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test for Rats

            Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition Deficits Resulting from Medial Temporal Lobectomy

11.6  The Hippocampus and Memory for Spatial Location

            Hippocampal Lesions Disrupt the Performance of Spatial Tasks

            Hippocampal Place Cells

            Hippocampal and Entorhinal Grid Cells

            Comparative Studies of the Hippocampus and Spatial Memory

            Theories of Hippocampal Function

11.7  Where Are Memories Stored?

            Inferotemporal Cortex

            Amygdala

            Prefrontal Cortex

            Cerebellum and Striatum

11.8  Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory

            Long-Term Potentiation

            Induction of LTP: Learning

            Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall

            Variability of LTP

11.9  Conclusion: Biopsychology of Memory and You

            Infantile Amnesia

            Smart Drugs: Do They Work?

            Posttraumatic Amnesia and Episodic Memory

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

         Sample study questions

         Key Terms

 

Chapter 12

Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do Many People Eat Too Much?

 

12.1  Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization

            Digestion

            Energy Storage in the Body

            Three Phases of Energy Metabolism

12.2  Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points versus Positive Incentives

            Set-Point Assumption

            Glucostatic and Lipostatic Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating

            Positive-Incentive Perspective

12.3  Factors That Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat

            Factors That Determine What We Eat

            Factors That Influence When We Eat

            Factors That Influence How Much We Eat

12.4  Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety

            Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety

            Myth of Hypothalamic Hunger and Satiety Centers

            Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety

            Hunger and Satiety Peptides

12.5  Body Weight Regulation: Set Points versus Settling Points

            Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight and Eating

            Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control

12.6  Human Obesity: Causes, Treatments, and Mechanisms

            Who Needs to Be Concerned about Obesity?

            Why Is There an Epidemic of Obesity?

            Why Do Some People Become Obese While Others Do Not?

            Why Are Weight-Loss Programs Typically Ineffective?

            Leptin and the Regulation of Body Fat

            Serotonergic Drugs and the Treatment of Obesity

12.7  Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa

            The Relation between Anorexia and Bulimia

            Anorexia and Positive Incentives

            Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

         Sample study questions

         Key Terms

 


Chapter 13

Hormones and Sex: What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?

 Men-Are-Men-and-Women-Are-Women Assumption

Developmental and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones

13.1  Neuroendocrine System

            Glands

            Gonads

            Classes of Hormones

            Sex Steroids

            Hormones of the Pituitary

            Female Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Cyclic; Male Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Steady

            Neural Control of the Pituitary

            Control of the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary by the Hypothalamus

            Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones

            Regulation of Hormone Levels

            Pulsatile Hormone Release

            Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation

13.2  Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body

            Fetal Hormones and Development of Reproductive Organs

            Puberty: Hormones and the Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics

13.3  Hormones and Sexual Development of Brain and Behavior

            Sex Differences in the Brain

            Perinatal Hormones and Behavioral Development

13.4  Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development

            Do the Exceptional Cases Prove the Rule?

13.5  Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults

            Male Reproduction-Related Behavior and Testosterone

            Female Reproduction-Related Behavior and Gonadal Hormones

            Anabolic Steroid Abuse

            Neuroprotective Effects of Estradiol

13.6  Neural Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior

            Structural Differences between the Male and Female Hypothalamus

            Hypothalamus and Male Sexual Behavior

            Hypothalamus and Female Sexual Behavior

13.7  Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity

            Sexual Orientation and Genes

            Sexual Orientation and Early Hormones

            What Triggers the Development of Sexual Attraction?

            Is There a Difference in the Brains of Homosexuals and Heterosexuals?

            Independence of Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity

        Themes Revisited

        Think about It

        Sample study questions

        Key Terms

 


Chapter 14

Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep?

 

14.1  Stages of Sleep

            Four Stages of Sleep EEG

            REM Sleep and Dreaming

            Testing Common Beliefs about Dreaming

            Interpretation of Dreams

14.2  Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do?

            Comparative Analysis of Sleep

14.3  Effects of Sleep Deprivation

            Interpretation of Sleep Deprivation: The Stress Problem

            Experimental Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans

            Sleep-Deprivation Studies with Laboratory Animals

            REM-Sleep Deprivation

            Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep

14.4  Circadian Sleep Cycles

            Free-Running Circadian Sleep–Wake Cycles

            Jet Lag and Shift Work

            A Circadian Clock Is in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

            Neural Mechanisms of Entrainment

            Genetics of Circadian Rhythms

14.5   Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep

            Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep

            Reticular Activating System and Sleep

            Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei

14.6  Drugs That Affect Sleep

            Hypnotic Drugs

            Antihypnotic Drugs

            Melatonin

14.7  Sleep Disorders

            Insomnia

            Hypersomnia

            REM-Sleep–Related Disorders

14.8  Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction

            Differences Between Short and Long Sleepers

            Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep

            Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping

            Effects of Shorter Sleep Times on Health

            Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal Case Study

            Conclusion

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

         Sample study questions

         Key Terms

 

Chapter 15

Drug Addiction and the Brain’s Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure

 

15.1  Basic Principles of Drug Action

            Drug Administration and Absorption

            Drug Penetration of the Central Nervous System

            Mechanisms of Drug Action

            Drug Metabolism and Elimination

            Drug Tolerance

            Drug Withdrawal Effects and Physical Dependence

            Addiction: What Is It?

15.2  Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance

            Contingent Drug Tolerance

            Conditioned Drug Tolerance

            Thinking about Drug Conditioning

15.3  Five Commonly Abused Drugs

            Tobacco

            Marijuana

            Cocaine and Other Stimulants

            The Opiates: Heroin and Morphine

            Comparison of the Hazards of Tobacco, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin

15.4  Biopsychological Approaches to Theories of Addiction

            Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction

            From Pleasure to Compulsion: Incentive-Sensitization Theory

            Relapse and Its Causes

15.5  Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Pleasure Centers of the Brain

            Fundamental Characteristics of Intracranial Self-Stimulation

            Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System and Intracranial Self-Stimulation

15.6  Early Studies of Brain Mechanisms of Addiction: Dopamine

            Two Key Methods for Measuring Drug-Produced Reinforcement in Laboratory Animals

            Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine in Drug Addiction

            The Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction

            Support for the Involvement of Dopamine in Addiction: Evidence from Imaging Human Brains

            Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens: What Is Its Function?

15.7   Current Approaches to Brain Mechanisms of Addiction

            Current Issues in Modern Addiction Research

            Brain Structures That Mediate Addiction: The Current View

15.8   A Noteworthy Case of Addiction

        Themes Revisited

        Think about It

        Sample study questions

        Key Terms

 


Chapter 16

Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and the Right Brain of Language

 

16.1  Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction

            Discovery of the Specific Contributions of Left-Hemisphere Damage to Aphasia and Apraxia

            Tests of Cerebral Lateralization

            Discovery of the Relation between Speech Laterality and Handedness

            Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization

16.2  The Split Brain

            Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers and Sperry

            Commissurotomy in Human Epileptics

            Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain Patients Can Function Independently

            Cross-Cuing

            Doing Two Things at Once

            The Z Lens

            Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients

            Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current Perspective

16.3  Differences between Left and Right Hemispheres

            Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function

            What Is Lateralized—Broad Clusters of Abilities or Individual Cognitive Processes?

            Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain

16.4  Evolutionary Perspective of Cerebral Lateralization and Language

            Theories of the Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization

            When Did Cerebral Lateralization Evolve?

            What Are the Survival Advantages of Cerebral Lateralization?

            Evolution of Human Language

16.5  Cortical Localization of Language: Wernicke-Geschwind Model

            Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model

            The Wernicke-Geschwind Model

16.6  Wernicke-Geschwind Model: The Evidence

            Effects of Cortical Damage on Language Abilities

            Effects of Electrical Stimulation to the Cortex on Language Abilities

            Current Status of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model

16.7  Cognitive Neuroscience of Language

            Functional Brain Imaging and the Localization of Language

16.8  Cognitive Neuroscience of Dyslexia

            Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms

            Developmental Dyslexia and Culture

            Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep and Surface Dyslexia

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

          Sample study questions

          Key Terms

 


Chapter 17

Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion

 

17.1  Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction

            Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Investigation of Emotion

            Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

            Emotions and Facial Expression

17.2  Fear, Defense, and Aggression

            Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors

            Aggression and Testosterone

17.3  Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning

            Amygdala and Fear Conditioning

            Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus

            Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning

17.4  Stress and Health

            The Stress Response

            Animal Models of Stress

            Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers

            Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune System, and the Brain

            Early Experience of Stress

            Stress and the Hippocampus

17.5  Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion

            Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion

            Amygdala and Human Emotion

            Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion

            Lateralization of Emotion

            Individual Differences in the Neural Mechanisms of Emotion

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

         Sample study questions

         Key Terms

 


Chapter 18

Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders : The Brain Unhinged

 

18.1  Schizophrenia

            What Is Schizophrenia?

            Causal Factors in Schizophrenia

            Discovery of the First Antischizophrenic Drugs

            Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia

            Neural Basis of Schizophrenia: Limitations of the Dopamine Theory

18.2  Affective Disorders: Depression and Mania

            Major Categories of Affective Disorders

            Causal Factors in Affective Disorder.

            Discovery of Antidepressant Drugs

            Brain Pathology and Affective Disorders

            Theories of Depression

            Treatment of Depression with Brain Stimulation

18.3  Anxiety Disorders

            Five Classes of Anxiety Disorders

            Etiology of Anxiety Disorders

            Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders

            Animal Models of Anxiety

            Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders

18.4  Tourette Syndrome

            What Is Tourette Syndrome?

            Neuropathology of Tourette Syndrome

            Treatment of Tourette Syndrome

18.5  Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs

            Clinical Trials: The Three Phases

            Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials

            Effectiveness of Clinical Trials

            Conclusion

         Themes Revisited

         Think about It

         Sample study questions

         Key Terms

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