The Java(TM) Language Specification: Gosling, James; Joy, Bill; Steele, Guy; Bracha, Gilad: 9780321246783: Book: Computers: eCampus.com

Preface

xxi

Preface to the Second Edition

xxv

Preface to the Third Edition

xxix

Introduction

(8)

Example Programs

(1)

Notation

(1)

Relationship to Predefined Classes and Interfaces

(1)

References

(3)

Grammars

(4)

Context-Free Grammars

(1)

The Lexical Grammar

(1)

The Syntactic Grammar

(1)

Grammar Notation

(3)

Lexical Structure

(20)

Unicode

(1)

Lexical Translations

(1)

Unicode Escapes

(1)

Line Terminators

(1)

Input Elements and Tokens

(1)

White Space

(1)

Comments

(1)

Identifiers

(2)

Keywords

(1)

Literals

(10)

Integer Literals

(2)

Floating-Point Literals

(2)

Boolean Literals

(1)

Character Literals

(2)

String Literals

(2)

Escape Sequences for Character and String Literals

(1)

The Null Literal

(1)

Separators

(1)

Operators

(2)

Types, Values, and Variables

(44)

The Kinds of Types and Values

(1)

Primitive Types and Values

(10)

Integral Types and Values

(1)

Integer Operations

(1)

Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values

(3)

Floating-Point Operations

(3)

The boolean Type and boolean Values

(1)

Reference Types and Values

(5)

Objects

(2)

The Class Object

(1)

The Class String

(1)

When Reference Types Are the Same

(1)

Type Variables

(2)

Parameterized Types

(5)

Type Arguments and Wildcards

(3)

Type Argument Containment and Equivalence

(1)

Members and Constructors of Parameterized Types

(1)

Type Erasure

(1)

Reifiable Types

(1)

Raw Types

(5)

Intersection Types

(1)

Subtyping

(2)

Subtyping among Primitive Types

(1)

Subtyping among Class and Interface Types

(1)

Subtyping among Array Types

(1)

Where Types Are Used

(2)

Variables

(10)

Variables of Primitive Type

(1)

Variables of Reference Type

(1)

Heap Pollution

(1)

Kinds of Variables

(2)

Final Variables

(1)

Initial Values of Variables

(2)

Types, Classes, and Interfaces

(4)

Conversions and Promotions

(36)

Kinds of Conversion

(13)

Identity Conversions

(1)

Widening Primitive Conversion

(2)

Narrowing Primitive Conversions

(2)

Widening and Narrowing Primitive Conversions

(1)

Widening Reference Conversions

(1)

Narrowing Reference Conversions

(1)

Boxing Conversion

(2)

Unboxing Conversion

(1)

Unchecked Conversion

(1)

Capture Conversion

(3)

String Conversions

(1)

Forbidden Conversions

(1)

Value Set Conversion

(1)

Assignment Conversion

(6)

Method Invocation Conversion

(2)

String Conversion

101

(1)

Casting Conversion

101

(7)

Numeric Promotions

108

(5)

Unary Numeric Promotion

108

(2)

Binary Numeric Promotion

110

(3)

Names

113

(40)

Declarations

114

(1)

Names and Identifiers

115

(2)

Scope of a Declaration

117

(5)

Shadowing Declarations

119

(3)

Obscured Declarations

122

(1)

Members and Inheritance

122

(4)

The Members of Type Variables, Parameterized Types, Raw Types and Intersection Types

122

(1)

The Members of a Package

122

(1)

The Members of a Class Type

123

(1)

The Members of an Interface Type

124

(1)

The Members of an Array Type

125

(1)

Determining the Meaning of a Name

126

(12)

Syntactic Classification of a Name According to Context

127

(2)

Reclassification of Contextually Ambiguous Names

129

(2)

Meaning of Package Names

131

(1)

Simple Package Names

131

(1)

Qualified Package Names

132

(1)

Meaning of Package or Type Names

132

(1)

Simple Package or Type Names

132

(1)

Qualified Package or Type Names

132

(1)

Meaning of Type Names

132

(1)

Simple Type Names

132

(1)

Qualified Type Names

132

(2)

Meaning of Expression Names

134

(1)

Simple Expression Names

134

(1)

Qualified Expression Names

135

(2)

Meaning of Method Names

137

(1)

Simple Method Names

137

(1)

Qualified Method Names

137

(1)

Access Control

138

(7)

Determining Accessibility

138

(1)

Details on protected Access

139

(1)

Access to a protected Member

139

(1)

Qualified Access to a protected Constructor

140

(1)

An Example of Access Control

140

(1)

Example: Access to public and Non-public Classes

141

(1)

Example: Default-Access Fields, Methods, and Constructors

142

(1)

Example: public Fields, Methods, and Constructors

143

(1)

Example: protected Fields, Methods, and Constructors

143

(1)

Example: private Fields, Methods, and Constructors

144

(1)

Fully Qualified Names and Canonical Names

145

(1)

Naming Conventions

146

(7)

Package Names

147

(1)

Class and Interface Type Names

147

(1)

Type Variable Names

148

(1)

Method Names

149

(1)

Field Names

150

(1)

Constant Names

150

(1)

Local Variable and Parameter Names

151

(2)

Packages

153

(20)

Package Members

154

(1)

Host Support for Packages

155

(2)

Storing Packages in a File System

155

(2)

Storing Packages in a Database

157

(1)

Compilation Units

157

(1)

Package Declarations

158

(2)

Named Packages

158

(1)

Package Annotations

158

(1)

Unnamed Packages

159

(1)

Observability of a Package

160

(1)

Scope of a Package Declaration

160

(1)

Import Declarations

160

(6)

Single-Type-Import Declaration

161

(2)

Type-Import-on-Demand Declaration

163

(1)

Single Static Import Declaration

164

(1)

Static-Import-on-Demand Declaration

165

(1)

Automatic Imports

165

(1)

A Strange Example

165

(1)

Top Level Type Declarations

166

(3)

Unique Package Names

169

(4)

Classes

173

(86)

Class Declaration

175

(15)

Class Modifiers

175

(1)

abstract Classes

176

(2)

final Classes

178

(1)

strictfp Classes

178

(1)

Generic Classes and Type Parameters

178

(3)

Inner Classes and Enclosing Instances

181

(3)

Superclasses and Subclasses

184

(2)

Superinterfaces

186

(3)

Class Body and Member Declarations

189

(1)

Class Members

190

(6)

Examples of Inheritance

192

(1)

Example: Inheritance with Default Access

192

(1)

Inheritance with public and protected

193

(1)

Inheritance with private

193

(1)

Accessing Members of Inaccessible Classes

194

(2)

Field Declarations

196

(13)

Field Modifiers

197

(1)

static Fields

198

(1)

final Fields

199

(1)

transient Fields

199

(1)

volatile Fields

199

(2)

Initialization of Fields

201

(1)

Initializers for Class Variables

202

(1)

Initializers for Instance Variables

202

(1)

Restrictions on the use of Fields during Initialization

203

(2)

Examples of Field Declarations

205

(1)

Example: Hiding of Class Variables

205

(1)

Example: Hiding of Instance Variables

206

(1)

Example: Multiply Inherited Fields

207

(2)

Example: Re-inheritance of Fields

209

(1)

Method Declarations

209

(28)

Formal Parameters

210

(2)

Method Signature

212

(2)

Method Modifiers

214

(1)

abstract Methods

214

(2)

static Methods

216

(1)

final Methods

217

(1)

native Methods

218

(1)

strictfp Methods

218

(1)

synchronized Methods

218

(2)

Generic Methods

220

(1)

Method Return Type

220

(1)

Method Throws

221

(2)

Method Body

223

(1)

Inheritance, Overriding, and Hiding

224

(1)

Overriding (by Instance Methods)

224

(1)

Hiding (by Class Methods)

225

(1)

Requirements in Overriding and Hiding

225

(3)

Inheriting Methods with Override-Equivalent Signatures

228

(1)

Overloading

229

(1)

Examples of Method Declarations

230

(1)

Example: Overriding

230

(1)

Example: Overloading, Overriding, and Hiding

231

(1)

Example: Incorrect Overriding

231

(1)

Example: Overriding versus Hiding

232

(2)

Example: Invocation of Hidden Class Methods

234

(1)

Large Example of Overriding

234

(2)

Example: Incorrect Overriding because of Throws

236

(1)

Member Type Declarations

237

(1)

Modifiers

238

(1)

Static Member Type Declarations

238

(1)

Instance Initializers

238

(1)

Static Initializers

239

(1)

Constructor Declarations

240

(9)

Formal Parameters and Formal Type Parameter

240

(1)

Constructor Signature

241

(1)

Constructor Modifiers

241

(1)

Generic Constructors

242

(1)

Constructor Throws

242

(1)

The Type of a Constructor

242

(1)

Constructor Body

242

(1)

Explicit Constructor Invocations

243

(3)

Constructor Overloading

246

(1)

Default Constructor

247

(1)

Preventing Instantiation of a Class

248

(1)

Enums

249

(10)

Interfaces

259

(28)

Interface Declarations

260

(3)

Interface Modifiers

260

(1)

abstract Interfaces

261

(1)

strictfp Interfaces

261

(1)

Generic Interfaces and Type Parameters

261

(1)

Superinterfaces and Subinterfaces

261

(2)

Interface Body and Member Declarations

263

(1)

Access to Interface Member Names

263

(1)

Interface Members

263

(1)

Field (Constant) Declarations

264

(2)

Initialization of Fields in Interfaces

265

(1)

Examples of Field Declarations

265

(1)

Ambiguous Inherited Fields

265

(1)

Multiply Inherited Fields

266

(1)

Abstract Method Declarations

266

(4)

Inheritance and Overriding

267

(1)

Overloading

268

(1)

Examples of Abstract Method Declarations

269

(1)

Example: Overriding

269

(1)

Example: Overloading

269

(1)

Member Type Declarations

270

(1)

Annotation Types

270

(11)

Predefined Annotation Types

277

(1)

Target

278

(1)

Retention

278

(1)

Inherited

279

(1)

Override

279

(1)

Suppress Warnings

280

(1)

Deprecated

280

(1)

Annotations

281

(6)

Arrays

287

(10)

Array Types

288

(1)

Array Variables

288

(1)

Array Creation

289

(1)

Array Access

289

(1)

Arrays: A Simple Example

290

(1)

Array Initializers

290

(2)

Array Members

292

(1)

Class Objects for Arrays

293

(1)

An Array of Characters is Not a String

294

(1)

Array Store Exception

294

(3)

Exceptions

297

(12)

The Causes of Exceptions

298

(1)

Compile-Time Checking of Exceptions

299

(3)

Exception Analysis of Expressions

299

(1)

Exception Analysis of Statements

300

(1)

Exception Checking

301

(1)

Why Errors are Not Checked

301

(1)

Why Runtime Exceptions are Not Checked

301

(1)

Handling of an Exception

302

(2)

Exceptions are Precise

303

(1)

Handling Asynchronous Exceptions

303

(1)

An Example of Exceptions

304

(2)

The Exception Hierarchy

306

(3)

Loading and Linkage Errors

307

(1)

Virtual Machine Errors

307

(2)

Execution

309

(24)

Virtual Machine Start-Up

309

(3)

Load the Class Test

310

(1)

Link Test: Verify, Prepare, (Optionally) Resolve

310

(1)

Initialize Test: Execute Initializers

311

(1)

Invoke Test.main

312

(1)

Loading of Classes and Interfaces

312

(2)

The Loading Process

313

(1)

Linking of Classes and Interfaces

314

(2)

Verification of the Binary Representation

314

(1)

Preparation of a Class or Interface Type

315

(1)

Resolution of Symbolic References

315

(1)

Initialization of Classes and Interfaces

316

(6)

When Initialization Occurs

316

(3)

Detailed Initialization Procedure

319

(2)

Initialization: Implications for Code Generation

321

(1)

Creation of New Class Instances

322

(3)

Finalization of Class Instances

325

(5)

Implementing Finalization

326

(2)

Interaction with the Memory Model

328

(1)

Finalizer Invocations are Not Ordered

329

(1)

Unloading of Classes and Interfaces

330

(1)

Program Exit

331

(2)

Binary Compatibility

333

(26)

The Form of a Binary

334

(5)

What Binary Compatibility Is and Is Not

339

(1)

Evolution of Packages

340

(1)

Evolution of Classes

340

(16)

abstract Classes

340

(1)

final Classes

341

(1)

public Classes

341

(1)

Superclasses and Superinterfaces

341

(1)

Class Formal Type Parameters

342

(1)

Class Body and Member Declarations

343

(1)

Access to Members and Constructors

344

(1)

Field Declarations

345

(2)

final Fields and Constants

347

(2)

Static Fields

349

(1)

transient Fields

350

(1)

Method and Constructor Declarations

350

(1)

Method and Constructor Formal Type Parameters

351

(1)

Method and Constructor Parameters

352

(1)

Method Result Type

352

(1)

abstract Methods

352

(1)

final Methods

353

(1)

native Methods

354

(1)

static Methods

354

(1)

synchronized Methods

354

(1)

Method and Constructor Throws

354

(1)

Method and Constructor Body

354

(1)

Method and Constructor Overloading

355

(1)

Method Overriding

356

(1)

Static Initializers

356

(1)

Evolution of Enums

356

(1)

Evolution of Interfaces

356

(3)

public Interfaces

356

(1)

Superinterfaces

357

(1)

The Interface Members

357

(1)

Interface Formal Type Parameters

357

(1)

Field Declarations

358

(1)

Abstract Method Declarations

358

(1)

Evolution of Annotation Types

358

(1)

Blocks and Statements

359

(50)

Normal and Abrupt Completion of Statements

360

(1)

Blocks

361

(1)

Local Class Declarations

361

(2)

Local Variable Declaration Statements

363

(5)

Local Variable Declarators and Types

364

(1)

Scope of Local Variable Declarations

364

(3)

Shadowing of Names by Local Variables

367

(1)

Execution of Local Variable Declarations

367

(1)

Statements

368

(2)

The Empty Statement

370

(1)

Labeled Statements

370

(1)

Expression Statements

371

(1)

The if Statement

372

(1)

The if-then Statement

372

(1)

The if-then-else Statement

372

(1)

The assert Statement

373

(4)

The switch Statement

377

(3)

The while Statement

380

(2)

Abrupt Completion

381

(1)

The do Statement

382

(2)

Abrupt Completion

383

(1)

Example of do statement

383

(1)

The for Statement

384

(4)

The basic for Statement

384

(1)

Initialization of for statement

385

(1)

Iteration of for statement

385

(1)

Abrupt Completion of for statement

386

(1)

The enhanced for statement

387

(1)

The break Statement

388

(2)

The continue Statement

390

(2)

The return Statement

392

(1)

The throw Statement

393

(2)

The synchronized Statement

395

(1)

The try statement

396

(6)

Execution of try-catch

398

(1)

Execution of try-catch-finally

399

(3)

Unreachable Statements

402

(7)

Expressions

409

(118)

Evaluation, Denotation, and Result

409

(1)

Variables as Values

410

(1)

Type of an Expression

410

(1)

FP-strict Expressions

411

(1)

Expressions and Run-Time Checks

411

(2)

Normal and Abrupt Completion of Evaluation

413

(1)

Evaluation Order

414

(6)

Evaluate Left-Hand Operand First

415

(1)

Evaluate Operands before Operation

416

(1)

Evaluation Respects Parentheses and Precedence

417

(1)

Argument Lists are Evaluated Left-to-Right

418

(1)

Evaluation Order for Other Expressions

419

(1)

Primary Expressions

420

(3)

Lexical Literals

420

(1)

Class Literals

421

(1)

this

421

(1)

Qualified this

422

(1)

Parenthesized Expressions

422

(1)

Class Instance Creation Expressions

423

(8)

Determining the Class being Instantiated

424

(1)

Determining Enclosing Instances

425

(2)

Choosing the Constructor and its Arguments

427

(1)

Run-time Evaluation of Class Instance Creation Expressions

428

(1)

Anonymous Class Declarations

429

(1)

Anonymous Constructors

429

(1)

Example: Evaluation Order and Out-of-Memory Detection

430

(1)

Array Creation Expressions

431

(4)

Run-time Evaluation of Array Creation Expressions

432

(1)

Example: Array Creation Evaluation Order

433

(1)

Example: Array Creation and Out-of-Memory Detection

434

(1)

Field Access Expressions

435

(5)

Field Access Using a Primary

435

(3)

Accessing Superclass Members using super

438

(2)

Method Invocation Expressions

440

(42)

Compile-Time Step 1: Determine Class or Interface to Search

440

(2)

Compile-Time Step 2: Determine Method Signature

442

(1)

Identify Potentially Applicable Methods

443

(2)

Phase 1: Identify Matching Arity Methods Applicable by Subtyping

445

(1)

Phase 2: Identify Matching Arity Methods Applicable by Method Invocation Conversion

446

(1)

Phase 3: Identify Applicable Variable Arity Methods

446

(1)

Choosing the Most Specific Method

447

(3)

Method Result and Throws Types

450

(1)

Inferring Type Arguments Based on Actual Arguments

451

(15)

Inferring Unresolved Type Arguments

466

(1)

Examples

466

(2)

Example: Overloading Ambiguity

468

(1)

Example: Return Type Not Considered

468

(1)

Example: Compile-Time Resolution

469

(2)

Compile-Time Step 3: Is the Chosen Method Appropriate?

471

(2)

Runtime Evaluation of Method Invocation

473

(1)

Compute Target Reference (If Necessary)

473

(1)

Evaluate Arguments

474

(1)

Check Accessibility of Type and Method

475

(1)

Locate Method to Invoke

476

(1)

Create Frame, Synchronize, Transfer Control

477

(2)

Example: Target Reference and Static Methods

479

(1)

Example: Evaluation Order

479

(1)

Example: Overriding

480

(1)

Example: Method Invocation using super

481

(1)

Array Access Expressions

482

(3)

Runtime Evaluation of Array Access

483

(1)

Examples: Array Access Evaluation Order

483

(2)

Postfix Expressions

485

(2)

Expression Names

485

(1)

Postfix Increment Operator ++

485

(1)

Postfix Decrement Operator --

486

(1)

Unary Operators

487

(3)

Prefix Increment Operator ++

487

(1)

Prefix Decrement Operator --

488

(1)

Unary Plus Operator +

489

(1)

Unary Minus Operator --

489

(1)

Bitwise Complement Operator ~

490

(1)

Logical Complement Operator !

490

(1)

Cast Expressions

490

(1)

Multiplicative Operators

491

(5)

Multiplication Operator *

492

(1)

Division Operator /

493

(2)

Remainder Operator %

495

(1)

Additive Operators

496

(6)

String Concatenation Operator +

497

(1)

String Conversion

497

(1)

Optimization of String Concatenation

498

(1)

Examples of String Concatenation

498

(2)

Additive Operators (+ and -) for Numeric Types

500

(2)

Shift Operators

502

(1)

Relational Operators

503

(2)

Numerical Comparison Operators <, <=, >, and >=

503

(1)

Type Comparison Operator instanceof

504

(1)

Equality Operators

505

(3)

Numerical Equality Operators == and !=

506

(1)

Boolean Equality Operators == and !=

507

(1)

Reference Equality Operators == and !=

507

(1)

Bitwise and Logical Operators

508

(1)

Integer Bitwise Operators &, ^, and |

508

(1)

Boolean Logical Operators &, ^, and |

508

(1)

Conditional-And Operator &&

509

(1)

Conditional-Or Operator ||

509

(1)

Conditional Operator ? :

510

(2)

Assignment Operators

512

(13)

Simple Assignment Operator =

513

(5)

Compound Assignment Operators

518

(7)

Expression

525

(1)

Constant Expression

525

(2)

Definite Assignment

527

(26)

Definite Assignment and Expressions

533

(5)

Boolean Constant Expressions

533

(1)

The Boolean Operator &&

533

(1)

The Boolean Operator II

534

(1)

The Boolean Operator !

534

(1)

The Boolean Operator ? :

534

(1)

The Conditional Operator ? :

535

(1)

Other Expressions of Type boolean

535

(1)

Assignment Expressions

535

(1)

Operators ++ and --

536

(1)

Other Expressions

536

(2)

Definite Assignment and Statements

538

(9)

Empty Statements

538

(1)

Blocks

538

(1)

Local Class Declaration Statements

539

(1)

Local Variable Declaration Statements

539

(1)

Labeled Statements

540

(1)

Expression Statements

540

(1)

If Statements

541

(1)

assert Statements

541

(1)

switch Statements

541

(1)

while Statements

542

(1)

do Statements

543

(1)

for Statements

543

(1)

Initialization Part

544

(1)

Incrementation Part

544

(1)

break, continue, return, and throw Statements

545

(1)

synchronized Statements

545

(1)

try Statements

545

(2)

Definite Assignment and Parameters

547

(1)

Definite Assignment and Array Initializers

547

(1)

Definite Assignment and Enum Constants

548

(1)

Definite Assignment and Anonymous Classes

548

(1)

Definite Assignment and Member Types

549

(1)

Definite Assignment and Static Initializers

549

(1)

Definite Assignment, Constructors, and Instance Initializers

550

(3)

Threads and Locks

553

(32)

Locks

554

(1)

Notation in Examples

554

(1)

Incorrectly Synchronized Programs Exhibit Surprising Behaviors

555

(2)

Memory Model

557

(16)

Shared Variables

558

(1)

Actions

558

(2)

Programs and Program Order

560

(1)

Synchronization Order

561

(1)

Happens-before Order

561

(6)

Executions

567

(1)

Well-Formed Executions

568

(1)

Executions and Causality Requirements

568

(3)

Observable Behavior and Nonterminating Executions

571

(2)

Final Field Semantics

573

(5)

Semantics of Final Fields

575

(1)

Reading Final Fields During Construction

576

(1)

Subsequent Modification of Final Fields

576

(2)

Write Protected Fields

578

(1)

Word Tearing

578

(1)

Non-atomic Treatment of double and long

579

(1)

Wait Sets and Notification

580

(3)

Wait

580

(1)

Notification

581

(1)

Interruptions

582

(1)

Interactions of Waits, Notification and Interruption

582

(1)

Sleep and Yield

583

(2)

Syntax

585

(12)

The Grammar of the Java Programming Language

585

(12)

Index

597

(52)

Credits

649

(2)

Colophon

651


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