Physiology of the Graafian Follicle and Ovulation: R. H. F. Hunter: 9780521781985: Book: : eCampus.com

Ovulation is a key event in the female mammalian reproductive cycle, yet the process of ovulation itself remains poorly understood. Much of our knowledge comes from studies of laboratory rodents or domestic farm animals, with more recent human studies focusing on problems of fertility or in vitro fertilization. This volume integrates the vast available literature from both animal and human systems to provide a comprehensive summary highlighting the key role played by the oocytes in all stages of ovulation.

Integrates the vast available literature from both animal and human systems to provide a comprehensive and digestible summary.

Preface

Acknowledgements

xiv

List of abbreviations

xviii

Mammalian ovaries, Graafian follicles and oocytes: selected historical landmarks

(23)

Introduction

(1)

Steps in classical antiquity

(2)

Sixteenth and seventeenth century contributions

(11)

Eighteenth and nineteenth century views

(2)

Twentieth century highlights

(3)

Prospects for the current century

(1)

References

(4)

Formation and structure of ovaries: elaboration of follicular compartments

(36)

Introduction

(1)

Sex determination

(3)

Differentiation of an ovary; primordial germ cells

(6)

Oogenesis, meiosis, growth of oocyte

(5)

Formation and function of zona pellucida

(4)

Follicular growth and formation of a Graafian follicle

(6)

Follicular development, acquisition of follicle stimulating hormone dependence

(2)

Transcription factors in folliculogenesis

(1)

Oocyte macromolecules and maternal RNA programme

(1)

Concluding remarks

(1)

References

(8)

Physiology of the ovaries and maturing Graafian follicles

(46)

Introduction

(1)

Ovarian vasculature

(8)

Ovarian and neighbouring lymphatic pathways

(8)

Ovarian innervation, especially of follicles

(6)

Ovarian blood flow

(7)

Temperature gradients within the ovaries

(6)

Why do Graafian follicles grow so large?

(2)

Concluding remarks

(1)

References

(7)

Ovarian follicular-antral fluid

106

(32)

Introduction

106

(1)

Formation of follicular fluid

107

(3)

Physical condition of follicular fluid

110

(2)

Composition of follicular fluid

112

(10)

Intra-follicular pressure, PO2, PCO2, pH

122

(2)

Contribution to Fallopian tube and peritoneal fluids

124

(3)

Involvement of follicular fluid in events of fertilisation

127

(3)

Concluding remarks

130

(1)

References

131

(7)

Endocrine potential and function of a Graafian follicle

138

(48)

Introduction

138

(1)

Steroids and gonadotrophins: `two-cell' theory of oestradiol synthesis

139

(8)

Steroid acute regulatory protein

147

(3)

Ovarian proteins - inhibin, activin and follistatin

150

(8)

Peptide growth factors

158

(5)

Cytokines and eicosanoids

163

(6)

Endorphins and enkephalins

169

(1)

Involvement of nitric oxide

170

(2)

Concluding remarks

172

(1)

References

172

(14)

Follicular recruitment, growth and development: selection - or atresia

186

(38)

Introduction

186

(1)

Recruitment of follicles, selection, dominance

187

(1)

Waves of follicular development

188

(9)

Endocrine activity associated with dominance

197

(1)

Models for follicular selection and dominance

198

(6)

Follicle growth inhibitory factors

204

(1)

Atresia of follicles and germ cells

204

(5)

Apoptosis within ovarian follicles

209

(6)

Concluding remarks

215

(1)

References

216

(8)

Follicular responses to the pre-ovulatory surge of gonadotrophic hormones

224

(38)

Introduction

224

(2)

Events underlying the pre-ovulatory surge

226

(3)

Gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor

229

(1)

Resumption of meiosis

230

(14)

Expansion and mucification of cumulus oophorus

244

(4)

Extracellular matrix of follicle

248

(2)

Remodelling of basement membrane

250

(1)

Concluding remarks

251

(1)

References

252

(10)

The process of ovulation and shedding of an oocyte

262

(33)

Introduction

262

(1)

Spontaneous versus induced ovulation

263

(3)

Timing of ovulation and dimensions of follicle

266

(2)

Process of ovulation - general features

268

(2)

Process of ovulation - morphological highlights

270

(4)

Process of ovulation - biochemical events

274

(2)

Contribution of leucocytes and cytokines

276

(5)

Role of fimbriated extremity of Fallopian tube

281

(1)

Ischaemic model for studying ovulation

282

(1)

Genes involved in the ovulatory cascade

283

(1)

Concluding remarks

284

(2)

References

286

(9)

Post-ovulatory fate of follicle and oocyte: contributions of somatic cells and follicular fluid

295

(30)

Introduction

295

(1)

Collapsed follicle evolves into corpus luteum

296

(1)

Role of fimbriated infundibulum, cilia and myosalpinx

297

(4)

Liberated follicular cells as paracrine tissue

301

(3)

Contribution and fate of follicular fluid

304

(2)

Regional fluid environments within the Fallopian tube(s)

306

(1)

Local ovarian influences on tubal physiology

307

(3)

Increasing progesterone secretion modifies tubal physiology

310

(1)

Progression of fertilised versus unfertilised eggs

311

(2)

Post-ovulatory ageing of oocytes

313

(3)

Concluding remarks

316

(1)

References

317

(8)

Failure of ovulation: status of the gonads

325

(20)

Introduction

325

(1)

Cystic follicles in animals

326

(2)

Polycystic ovarian disease in women

328

(3)

Ovarian dysgenesis

331

(2)

Kallmann's syndrome

333

(1)

Ovotestis and ovulation failure

334

(2)

Ovulation failure as a response to stress

336

(1)

Leptin involvement in ovulation failure

337

(1)

Concluding remarks

338

(1)

References

339

(6)

Induction of ovulation in women and domestic animals

345

(21)

Introduction

345

(1)

Treatments for overcoming anovulation in women

346

(4)

Induction of multiple ovulation in women

350

(5)

Maintenance of a functional corpus luteum

355

(1)

Control of ovulation time in animals

356

(1)

Induction of superovulation in animals

357

(3)

Manipulation of prepuberal animals

360

(1)

Concluding remarks

361

(1)

References

362

(4)

Concluding thoughts and a current perspective

366

(13)

Introduction

366

(1)

Historical landmarks

366

(2)

Formation of ovarian follicles

368

(1)

Blood vessels, lymphatics, innervation and temperature

369

(1)

Contribution of antral fluid

370

(1)

Endocrine potential of Graafian follicle

371

(1)

Follicular selection, dominance, atresia

372

(1)

Responses to the gonadotrophin surge

373

(1)

Components of ovulation and shedding of the oocyte

374

(1)

Post-ovulatory fate of follicle and contents

375

(1)

Ovulatory failure and ovarian anomalies

376

(1)

Induction of ovulation and control of ovulation time

377

(2)

Index

379




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