Fundamentals and Assessment Tools for Occupational Ergonomics: Marras, William S.: 9780849319372: Book: Technology: eCampus.com

I. Fundamentals of Ergonomics

A Guide to Certification in Professional Ergonomics

(1)

Dieter W. Jahns

Introduction

(5)

BCPE Certification Requirements

Criteria for Certification

Procedures for Certification

Examination Administration

Scoring Methods

Retaking the Examination

Written Examination Approximate Weighting of Subject Areas

Magnitude of Occupationally-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

(1)

Methods

(9)

Criteria for Selection and Review of Articles

Literature Search Methods

Analysis of Study Results

Measures of Workplace Exposures

Measures of Musculoskeletal Disorder Outcomes

Results

(9)

Work-Related Physical Factors

Psychosocial Factors

Conclusion

Legal Issues in Occupational Ergonomics

(1)

George A. Peters

Barbara J. Peters

Introduction

(2)

Objectives of the Law

Human Fault

Liability Prevention

(Your) Involvement with the Law

Human Factors Testimony

(2)

Typical Testimony

The Prediction of Behavior

Forensic Issues

(4)

Business Records

Description of the Discipline

The Failure of Daubert

Junk Science

Differential Diagnosis

Root Cause

Cognitive Impairment Complexity

Court Appearances

(6)

Full and Timely Disclosure

Organized Files

Criticism

Records Requested from Expert Witnesses

Fees

Personal Opinion Testimony

Proffered Testimony

Bias

Cost Justification for Implementing Ergonomics Intervention

(1)

Maurice Oxenburgh

Pepe Marlow

Introduction

(2)

Productivity and Profit for an Enterprise Is Compatible with Good Working Conditions

Why Should Economics be Part of Ergonomics?

Using Financial Arguments

Financial Modeling

(4)

How is Work Valued in Economics?

What Models Suit Ergonomists?

What Do We Need to Measure?

What Are the Limitations of Cost-Benefit Analysis?

What Are the Benefits of Enterprise-Based Cost-Benefit Analysis?

Cost-Benefit Analysis

(2)

Cost-Benefit Analysis as a Checklist

Cost-Benefit Analysis Assumptions

A Cost-Benefit Analysis Model: The Productivity Assessment Tool

Applications

Warehouse Work --- Truck Loading

Manual Handling Made Easy: Barrel Handling

Manual Handling in Coal Mines

Humans in Work System Environment

(1)

Holger Luczak

Sven Hinrichsen

Susane Mutze-Niewohner

Objectives and Structure of the Article

(1)

Overview of Selected System Approaches

(8)

General System Theory and Cybernetics

Socio-Technical System Approach

Evolution-Theoretical Approach

Engineering-Scientific System Approaches

Sociologically Formed System Approaches

Work System Approach as an Analytical Framework

(8)

Overview of Work System Approach

Elements of a Work System

Systematic Design of Work Systems

(6)

Process of Work System Design

Corrective and Conceptive Work System Design

Sequential and Integrated Work System Design

Technocentric and Anthropocentric Work System Design

Approaches to Anticipatory Work System Design

(23)

Ordering Model

Inter-relations between Ordering Model and Work System Approach

Identification of Recovery Times in Heat Work as an Example of Work System Design at Level SI

Coordination of Movements as an Example of Work System Design at Level S2

User-Centered Design of an Autonomous Production Cell (APC) as an Example of Work System Design at Level S3

Computer-Based Prospective Job Design and Evaluation with Space + as an Example of Work System Design at Level S4

Criteria-Based Identification of Areas for Group Work as an Example of Work System Design at Level S5

Aachener PPC-Model as an Example of Work System Design at Level S6

Cooperation between Companies as an Example of Work System Design at Level S7

Conclusion

Human Factors and TQM

(1)

Colin G. Drury

Introduction: TQM and Human Factors Programs in Industry

(1)

Fundamentals: The Basic Tenets of TQM and Human Factors

(2)

Applications of TQM and Ergonomics to Each Other

(2)

Summary

User-Centered Design of Information Technology

(1)

V. Kathlene Leonard

Kevin P. Moloney

Julie A. Jacko

Primer: The Need for User-Centered Design (UCD)

(2)

Introduction to UCD

(5)

Use of UCD

Summary

Common Tools and Techniques for UCD

(26)

Overview

Understanding Users, Their Needs, and Their Work

Testing and Evaluation of Proposed Design Solutions

Conclusions

(1)

Message from the Authors

Application of Risk Theory in Man--Machine--Environment Systems

(1)

Juraj Sinay

Hana Pacaiova

Melichar Kopas

Milan Oravec

Relation between Safety and Technical Risk

(1)

Evaluation of Technical Risk

(3)

Example 1

Example 2

Complex Method of Risk Evaluation in the Workplace

(3)

Application and Purpose

Procedure for Risk Evaluation

Example 3

Application of Risk Management in Maintenance

Engineering Anthropometry

(1)

Karl H.E. Kroemer

Overview

(1)

Terminology

(1)

Designing to Fit the Body

(5)

Using Percentiles

To Determine a Single (Distinct) Percentile Point

To Determine a Range

To Determine Tariffs

Body Postures

(1)

Available Body Size Data

(1)

How to Get Missing Data

(14)

Estimation by ``Ratio Scaling''

Estimation by Regression Equation

Estimation by Probability Statistics

Combining Anthropometric Data Sets

(2)

The ``Normative'' Adult versus ``Real Persons''

(1)

Posture versus Motions

(4)

Summary

Human Strength Evaluation

(1)

Karl H.E. Kroemer

Overview

(1)

Background and Terminology

(1)

Relation Between Muscle Length and Tension

(2)

Muscle Endurance and Fatigue

(1)

Muscle Tension and Its Internal Transmission to the Point of Application

(3)

Muscle Tension --- ``Muscle Strength''

Internal Transmission

External Application --- ``Body (Segment) Strength''

Assessment of Body Segment Strength

(2)

Static Strength

Dynamic Strength

Designing for Body Strength

(11)

Designing for Hand Strength

The Use of Tables of Exerted Torques and Forces

Designing for Foot Strength

Summary

Biomechanical Basis for Ergonomics

(1)

William S. Marras

Biomechanic Analyses and Ergonomics

(1)

Definitions

Occupational Biomechanics Approach

Biomechanical Concepts

(11)

The Load --- Tolerance Construct

Acute vs. Cumulative Trauma

Moments and Levers

External and Internal Loading

Factors Affecting Internal Loading

Load Tolerance

The Application of Biomechanics to the Workplace

(14)

Biomechanics of Commonly Affected Body Structures

Analysis and Control Measures Used in the Workplace

(12)

Lifting Belts

1981 NIOSH Lifting Guide

1993 Revised NIOSH Equation

Static Models

Multiple Muscle System Models

Dynamic Motion and LBD

TLVs

Summary

Fundamentals of Manual Control

(1)

Max Mulder

Marinus M. Van Paassen

John M. Flach

Richard J. Jagacinski

Introduction

(1)

Fundamentals of Systems and Control Theory

(8)

Linear, Time-Invariant Systems

Transfer Function

Frequency Response

Control

Motivation and Overview of Human Manual Control Models

(1)

Motivation

Quasi-Linear Function Theory

The COM

The OCM

More Recent Models

The Cross-Over Model

(7)

The Problem with Modeling Humans

Quasi-Linear Pilot Models

The COM Theorem

Model Parametrization: Structural-Isomorphic Models

Verbal Adjustment Rules

Remnant

The Optimal Control Model

(6)

Introduction

Mathematical Formulation of the OCM Parameters

Model Parameters, Outputs, Solution, and Identification

Allocation of Attention

Final Remarks

Cumulative Spine Loading

(1)

Jack P. Callaghan

Introduction

(2)

A Description of Cumulative Loading

(1)

Tissue-Based Evidence for Cumulative Injuries

(2)

In Vitro Cumulative Loading Response and Tolerance Limits

(2)

Cumulative Injury Theories

(1)

Workplace Studies Documenting Cumulative Exposure

(3)

Towards a Cumulative Compression Tolerance Limit Value (TLV)

(3)

Challenges of Documenting Cumulative Exposure

(6)

2D-vs. 3D-Biomechanical Models

Static, Quasi-Dynamic or Quasi-Static and Dynamic Models

Extrapolation of Short-Time Periods to Represent a Shift Exposure

Reducing the Information to Represent Task Exposure

What Exposure Variable Should Be Used to Quantify Dose Exposure?

Summary

Low-Level Static Exertions

(1)

Gisela Sjogaard

Bente Rona Jensen

Low-Level Static Exertions in the Workplace

(2)

What Are ``Static Exertions''?

(1)

What Is a ``Low-Level''?

(2)

Which Work Requirements Induce ``Low-Level Static Exertions''?

(1)

Why Do ``Low-Level Static Exertions'' Imply a Risk?

(4)

How to Prevent Musculoskeletal Disorders from ``Low-Level Static Exertions''?

(1)

Recommendation for the Practitioner Regarding Job Profile and Workplace Design

Soft-Tissue Pathomechanics

(1)

Robert G. Cutlip

Soft-Tissue Pathomechanics

(1)

Skeletal Muscle Physiology

(6)

Muscle Physiology and Anatomy

Cellular Processes Initiating Muscle Contractions

Force Generation and Transmission in Skeletal Muscle

Types of Muscle Contractions

Musculotendon Actuator

Contraction-Induced Injury Models

(5)

Human Studies

Animal Models of Muscle Performance and Injury

Injury Mechanisms

(9)

Acute Muscle Injury

Eccentric Muscle Actions in Acute Myofiber Injury

Factors Affecting Acute Muscle Injury

Cellular Biology of Muscle Damage

(5)

Strain Injuries and Skeletal Muscle

Physical Damage to Tissue

Intracellular Ca2+ and Muscle Damage

Muscle Inflammation

Muscle Regeneration and Repair

Muscle Injuries Associated with Low-Force Repetitive Tasks

Long-Term Changes in Muscle in Response to Injuries

Biomarkers of Injury

Recommendations for Future Work

The Need for More Refined In Vivo Models

The Need for Tissue Mechanobiology Studies

Summary

Mechanisms for Pain and Injury in Musculoskeletal Disorders

(1)

Beth A. Winkelstein

Neurophysiologic Mechanisms of Pain

(6)

Neural Anatomy Relevant to Pain

Tissue Injury, Central Sensitization, and Pain

Biochemical Mediators of Pain

Neuroimmunologic Responses in the CNS

Implications for MSD: Pain Mechanisms and Injury Biomechanics

(1)

Confounding Factors Affecting Pain

(2)

Implications for MSD: Applications and Future Research

(1)

Summary

Ergonomics and Aging

(1)

Tracy L. Mitzner

Christopher B. Mayhorn

Arthur D. Fisk

Wendy A. Rogers

Sensation and Perception

(2)

Intelligence

(1)

Language Production and Comprehension

(1)

Memory

(1)

Decision-Making

(1)

Attention

(1)

Motor Control

(1)

How can Employers Maximize the Productivity of Older Adults?

(5)

Matching KSAOs of Tasks to those of the Worker

Putting Experience to Work by Using Well-Learned Skills

Making Use of the Speed-Accuracy Trade-off

Complex Tasks and Multiple Task Environments

Using Environmental Support to Reduce Memory Load

Experience and Decision-Making

Equipment Factors for Improving Worker/Task Match

Environmental Factors for Improving Worker/Task Match

Promoting Safety on the Job with Warnings

Training

Conclusions and Recommendations

Vision and Work

(1)

James Sheedy

Visual Acuity and Refractive Error

(2)

Visual Acuity

Refractive Errors

Visual Acuity, Refractive Error, and Job Performance

Visual Acuity

Refractive Error

Short-Working Distances

Individual Factors and Musculoskeletal Disorders

(1)

Donald C. Cole

Irina Rivilis

Introduction

(1)

What Do Individual Factors Associated with MSK Disorders Represent?

(2)

Work-Related Factors

Concommitant External/Internal Exposures

Vulnerabilities

Where in the Course of MSK Disorders Do Individual Factors Operate?

(2)

Etiology

Prognosis

Intervention Effectiveness

How Can We Estimate the Contribution of Individual Factors to MSK Disorders?

(1)

Directions

Rehabilitating Low Back Disorders

(1)

Stuart M. McGill

The Injury Process --- Tissues Damage

(3)

The Injury Process --- Motor Changes

(1)

Instability as a Cause of Injury

(1)

On Stability: The Foundation

(3)

A Philosophy of Low Back Exercise Prescription

(1)

Training QL

(2)

Training Rectus Abdominis, the Obliques and Transverse Abdominis

(1)

Training the Back Extensors (and Stabilizers)

(1)

The Beginner's Program for Stabilization

(2)

Advanced Techniques --- A General Approach to Preparing the Occupational Athlete

(1)

Looking Forward

Human Adaptation in the Workplace

(1)

Ash Genaidy

Setenay Tuncel

Introduction

(1)

Definition

(1)

Occupational Adaptation Process

(1)

Adaptive Response Generation Subprocess

Adaptive Response Evaluation Subprocess

Adaptive Response Integration Subprocess

Work Variables Impacting Individual Adaptation

(1)

Human Capacity

(1)

Discussion

Rehabilitation Ergonomics

(1)

Susan J. Isernhagen

Definition

(1)

Professional Guidelines

(1)

Laws and Regulations That Effect Rehabilitation Ergonomics

(1)

Rehabilitation Ergonomics Components

(5)

Functional Capacity Testing

Work Rehabilitation

Functional Restoration

Job Modification

Early Intervention

Rehabilitation Ergonomics as Part of a Medical Continuum

(1)

Three Models of Rehabilitation Ergonomics for Return to Work

(3)

Overview

Case Study I: Clinical Model

Case Study II: Combined Clinical and Worksite Model

Case Study III: Worksite Model

The Aging Worker: Special Considerations

(1)

Rehabilitation Ergonomics in Prevention

(1)

Challenges for the Future

Visual, Tactile, and Multimodal Information Processing

(1)

Nadine Sarter

Introduction

(1)

Vision

(10)

Touch

(5)

Combining Vision, Touch, and Other Modalities: The Benefits and Limitations of Multimodal Information Presentation

(4)

Modality Affordances

Multimodal Interface Design to Date

Crossmodal Constraints on Multimodal Information Processing

Concluding Remarks

Applying Cognitive Psychology to System Development

(1)

Philip J. Smith

R. Brian Stone

Amy L. Spencer

Introduction

(1)

Defining the Design Problem: Initial User Studies

(1)

Consideration of the User During the Evaluation of a Proposed Design

(12)

Analytical Evaluations

Conclusions

The Role Personality in Ergonomics

(1)

W. Gary Allread

Background

(2)

Personality Assessments for Use in Occupational Settings

(6)

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Type A Personality Behavior

Five Factor Model

Personality Traits and Physical Outcomes

(1)

Personality, Low Back Pain, and Spinal Loading

Personality and Loading on the Upper Extremities

Conclusions

Psychosocial Work Factors

(1)

Pascale Carayon

Soo-Yee Lim

Introduction

(1)

Definitions

(1)

Examples of Psychosocial Work Factors

(2)

Occupational Ergonomics and Psychosocial Work Factors

(1)

Measurement of Psychosocial Work Factors

(1)

Managing and Controlling Psychosocial Work Factors

(1)

Conclusion

Biomechanical Modeling for the Shoulder

(1)

Krystyna Gielo-Perczak

Introduction

(1)

Methods

(5)

Theoretical Consideration

Method of Geometrical Description

Data Collection

(1)

Results and Discussion

(3)

Conclusions

Application of Ergonomics to the Low Back

(1)

Kermit G. Davis, III

Overview

(1)

Assessment of Weight Lifted

(1)

Assessment of Trunk Moment

(1)

Assessment of Trunk Posture

(2)

Assessment of Trunk Motion

(1)

Assessment of Other Manual Material Handling Modes

(1)

Assessment of Whole-Body Vibration

(1)

Assessment of Psychosocial Work Characteristics and Responses

(1)

Summary of Assessment Tools

Application of Ergonomics to the Legs

(1)

Steven A. Lavender

Introduction

(1)

Lower Extremity Injuries: Is There an Occupational Problem?

(4)

Hip Disorders

Knee Disorders

Stress Fractures

Preventing Injury: Types of Ergonomics Controls

(3)

Floor Mats

Shoe Insoles

Help for Those in Kneeling Postures

Summary

Application of Ergonomics of the Foot

(1)

Stephan Konz

Foot/Leg

(3)

Anatomy

Physiology

Dimensions

Activities of the Foot

(1)

Standing

Walking

Running

Stepping

Accidents

(2)

Problem of Falls

Causes/Solutions of Falls

Fatigue/Comfort

(3)

Walking/Running

Standing

Foot Controls

(1)

Pedals

Switches

Defining Terms

Noise in Industry

(1)

John G. Casali

Gary S. Robinson

Introduction

(1)

Sound and Noise

(5)

Basic Parameters

Physical Quantification: Sound Levels and the Decibel Scale

Psychophysical Quantification: Loudness Scales

Effects of Noise in Occupational Settings

(4)

Nonauditory Effects

Signal Detection and Communications Effects

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

Measurement and Quantification of Noise Exposures

(12)

Basic Instrumentation

Measures for Quantifying Occupational Noise Levels

Industrial Noise Regulation and Abatement

Indicators of the Need for Attention to Noise

Hearing Conservation Programs and the Systems Approach

Shiftwork

(1)

Timothy H. Monk

Introduction

(1)

Circadian Factors

(2)

Sleep Factors

(2)

Domestic Factors

(1)

Solutions

(1)

Conclusions

Vibrometry

(1)

Donald E. Wasserman

David G. Wilder

Introduction

(1)

Vibration Basics

(3)

Vibration Measurements Basics

(3)

Occupational Vibration Standards/Guides

(5)

Whole-Body Vibration Standards/Guides Used in the U.S.

Hand-Arm Vibration Standards/Guides Used in the U.S.

Summary

II. Assessment Tools

Overview of Ergonomic Assessment

(1)

Chris Hamrick

Introduction

(1)

Use of Assessment Tools by Practitioners

(1)

Health and Medical Indicators

(2)

Assessment Tools

(7)

Material Handling Assessment Tools

Psychophysical Data Tables

Upper Extremity Assessment Tools

Entire Body Assessment Tools

Conclusions

Low Back Injury Risk Assessment Tools

(1)

Gary Mirka

Gwanseob Shin

Introduction

(1)

NIOSH Lifting Equations

(1)

LMM Risk Assessment Model

(2)

Three-Dimensional Static Strength Prediction Program Model

(1)

Discussion of Similarities and Differences

(1)

A Hybrid Assessment Tool

(1)

Additional Low Back Risk Assessment Tool Needs

Cognitive Task Analysis --- A Review

(1)

Paul Salmon

Neville Stanton

Guy Walker

Damian Green

Introduction to Cognitive Task Analysis

(1)

Cognitive Task Analysis of Teams

(2)

CTA in C4i Environments

(1)

The Problem with CTA

(2)

Current Trends and the Future of CTA

(1)

CTA Methods Review

(22)

Stage 1: Initial Literature Review of Existing CTA Methods

Stage 2: Initial Methods Screening

Stage 3: Methods Review

Summary and Recommendations for CTA in C4i Systems

Subjective Scales of Effort and Workload Assessment

(1)

B. Sherehiy

W. Karwowski

Subjective Workload Assessment

(2)

Psychophysical Scaling

(1)

Scales of Perceived Physical Effort

(4)

Borg's Scales for Perceived Exertion

Other Scales of Perceived Effort

Subjective Scales for Postural Assessment

Subjective Scales of Mental Workload Measurement

(6)

NASA Task Load Index

Subjective Workload Assessment Technique

Modified Cooper-Harper Scale

Workload Profile

Other Methods of Mental Workload Assessment

Summary

Rest Allowances

(1)

Stephan Konz

Introduction

(1)

Time Standard Concept

(1)

Personal Allowances

(1)

Delay Allowances

(1)

Machine Allowances

(1)

ILO Fatigue Allowances

(5)

Physical Fatigue Allowances

Mental Fatigue Allowances

Environmental Fatigue Allowances

Overview of ILO Fatigue Allowances

Temporal Aspects of Fatigue

(4)

Cardiovascular System

Musculoskeletal System

Brain

Sleep/Biological Clock

Fatigue Guidelines

Guideline 1: Have a Work Scheduling Policy

Guideline 2: Optimize Stimulation During Work

Guideline 3: Minimize the Fatigue Dose

Guideline 4: Use Work Breaks

Guideline 5: Use Frequent Short Breaks

Guideline 6: Maximize the Recovery Rate

Guideline 7: Increase the Recovery/Work Ratio

Wrist Posture in Office Work

(1)

Mircea Fagarasanu

Shrawan Kumar

Introduction --- Ergonomic Relevance

(1)

Anatomic vs. Physiologic Wrist Neutral Zone

(1)

Wrist Neutral Zone --- Experimental Evidence

(3)

Self-Selected Wrist Position

EMG Muscle Activity

Keyboarding and Upper Extremity

(6)

Risk Factors for CTS

The Effect of Alternative Design on CTS Risk Factors

Training Effect on Typing on Ergonomic Keyboards

Conclusions and Summary

PLIBEL --- A Method Assigned for Identification of Ergonomics Hazards

(1)

Kristina Kemmlert

Introduction

(3)

Procedure

(1)

Example

(1)

Reliability and Validity

(1)

Conclusion

The ACGIH TLV® for Hand Activity Level

(1)

Thomas J. Armstrong

Introduction

(1)

ACGIH TLVs

(1)

The Basis for a TLV on Hand Activity Level

(3)

Applying the ACGIH TLV

(5)

Monotask Hand Work

Hand Activity Level

Peak Finger Force

Applying the TLV

(1)

Determining Compliance with the TLV

(2)

Summary

REBA and RULA: Whole Body and Upper Limb Rapid Assessment Tools

(1)

Sue Hignett

Lynn McAtamney

Introduction

(2)

REBA: The Postures

(1)

Examples

(4)

Example 1: Filing Medical Notes

Example 2: Raising a Cot Side

Reliability and Validity

(1)

Reliability

Validity

Using RULA

(3)

Step 1 --- Observing and Selecting the Postures to Assess

Step 2 --- Scoring and Recording the Posture

Step 3 --- Action Level

Example

An Assessment Technique for Postural Loading on the Upper Body (LUBA)

(1)

Dohyung Kee

Waldemar Karwowski

Posture Classification Scheme

(1)

Objectives

(1)

LUBA

(5)

Relative Discomfort Scores by Joint Motions

Posture Evaluation Procedures

Application Example

(1)

Conclusions

The Washington State SHARP Approach to Exposure Assessment

(1)

Stephen Bao

Barbara Silverstein

Ninica Howard

Peregrin Spielholz

Introduction

(1)

Exposure Parameters, Measurement Strategy, and Measurement Methods

(7)

Self-Report Questionnaires

Observational Methods

Direct Measurement Methods

SHARP Study Exposure Assessment Methods

(11)

Job Sampling

On-Site Data Collection

Job Analysis (Significant Force Analysis)

Posture Analysis, Event Based vs. Time Based

Repetitive Exertion Analysis

Repetitive Movement Analysis

Work Organization Measurement

Summary

Upper Extremity Analysis of the Wrist

(1)

Andris Freivalds

Anatomy of the Hand and Wrist

(8)

Bones of the Hand and Wrist

Joints of the Hand and Wrist

Muscles of the Forearm, Hand, and Wrist

The Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Flexor Tendon Sheath Pulley Systems

Wrist Mechanics

Select Anthropometry Data

Models of the Hand and Wrist

(11)

Static Tendon Pulley Models

Dynamic Tendon-Pulley Models

Complex Tendon Models

A Two-Dimensional Hand and Wrist Model

Direct Measurement Studies

(1)

Data-Driven WRMSD Risk Index

(4)

Conclusions

Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation

(1)

Thomas R. Waters

Introduction

(1)

Definition of Terms

(3)

Recommended Weight Limit

Measurement Requirements

Lifting Index

Miscellaneous Terms

Limitations of Equation

(1)

Obtaining and Using the Data

(9)

Horizontal Component

Vertical Component

Distance Component

Asymmetry Component

Frequency Component

Coupling Component

Procedures

(4)

Step 1: Collect Data

Step 2: Single- and Multi-Task Procedures

Applying the Equations

(1)

Using the RWL and LI to Guide Ergonomics Design

Rationale and Limitations for LI

Job-Related Intervention Strategy

Example Problems

(5)

Loading Supply Rolls, Example 1

Dish-Washing Machine Unloading, Example 2

Validation of the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation

Psychophysical Approach to Task Analysis

(1)

Patrick G. Dempsey

Introduction

(2)

Chapter Goal and Outline

Introduction to Psychophysics

The Current State of Psychophysical Data

The Psychophysical Approach to Designing Manual Materials Handling Tasks

(22)

Setting Weight and Force Limits

Task and Workplace Design

The Psychophysical Approach to Designing Upper Extremity Tasks

(2)

Setting Acceptable Force and Frequency Limits

Tool and Workplace Design

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Psychophysical Approach

(1)

Conclusions

Static Biomechanical Modeling in Manual Lifting

(1)

Don B. Chaffin

Charles B. Woolley

Introduction

(1)

Development of Static Strength Prediction Programs

(4)

Computerization of Strength Prediction and Back Force Prediction Models

(2)

Validation of Strength and Back Force Prediction Models

(3)

Final Comments

Industrial Lumbar Motion Monitor

(1)

William S. Marras

W. Gary Allread

Introduction

(1)

Occupational Back Injuries

Tools for Analyzing Low Back Injury Risk

Development of the Industrial Lumbar Motion Monitor

(1)

Physical Description

Calibration and Measurement Accuracy

Development of the LBD Risk Model

(5)

Approach

Study Design

Data Collection

Analysis

Validation and Predictive Ability

Benefits of the iLMM and the LBD Risk Model

(1)

Applications: How to Use the iLMM and LBD Risk Model

(1)

Recommended Equipment

Adjustable Industrial Lumbar Motion Monitor

iLMM Harnesses

Data Collection System

Other Useful Equipment

Selecting the Job(s) to Monitor

(1)

Defining the Major Components of the Job through a Task Analysis

(1)

Collecting and Recording Workplace Data for Risk Assessment

(2)

Lift Rate

Maximum Moment

Setting Up the iLMM for Data Collection

(2)

Selecting the Correct iLMM Size

Adjusting the iLMM

Putting the iLMM on the Employee

Collecting the Data

(1)

Analyzing and Interpreting the iLMM Data

Trunk Kinematic Information

Probability of High-Risk Group Membership (LBD Risk)

Interpreting Results from Several Individuals

The ACGIH TLV® for Low Back Risk

(1)

William S. Marras

Chris Hamrick

Overview

(1)

TLV Development Background

(5)

Spine Load Estimates

Load Tolerance

Studies of Lift Location

Repetition Modifiers

Using the Lifting TLV

About the Lifting TLV

Instructions for Determining the Lifting TLV

If a Lifting Task Exceeds the TLV

Example 1

Example 2

Index




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