Interpreting the Medical Literature: Practical Epidemiology for Clinicians: Gehlbach, Stephen H.: 9780071054515: Book: : eCampus.com

This text helps students and clinicians better understand the medical literature by instilling the essential skills to critically evaluate article findings. The fundamental principles of study design, data analysis, statistical significance and data interpretation are examined in depth. Easy to read and highly practical, the test is an invaluable aid to researchers, practitioners and students.

Preface

Tasting an Article

(13)

Validity

(1)

Reasons to Read

(2)

The Bones of an Article

(3)

Approaching an Article

(5)

Study Design: General Considerations

(20)

Descriptive Studies

(3)

Explanatory Studies

(9)

More Confusing Terminology

(5)

Summary

(2)

Study Design: The Case-Control Approach

(21)

Advantages of the Case-Control Design

(1)

Problems of Case-Control Designs

(15)

Summary

(4)

Study Design: The Cross-Sectional and Follow-up Approaches

(23)

Cross-Sectional Designs

(10)

Follow-up Studies

(7)

Summary

(4)

Study Design: The Experimental Approach

(33)

Subjects: Who Gets in

(8)

Controls: Their Presence and Comparability

(6)

The Intervention or Treatment

(6)

Allocation: Subject Assignment

(5)

Attrition

104

(2)

End Points

106

(1)

Summary

107

(4)

Making Measurements

111

(16)

Reliability and Validity

112

(1)

Variability of the Unsystematic Sort

113

(3)

Systematic Error

116

(6)

Controlling Measurement Error

122

(2)

Summary

124

(3)

Interpretation: Distributions, Averages, and the Normal

127

(18)

Frequency Distributions

128

(2)

Measures of Central Tendency

130

(2)

Indicators of Variability

132

(2)

Normality

134

(6)

Regression to the Mean

140

(3)

Summary

143

(2)

Interpretation: Statistical Significance

145

(16)

Inference

146

(1)

Sampling Variability

147

(1)

The Null Hypothesis and Statistical Significance

148

(1)

Some Problems of Statistical Significance

149

(5)

Beta Errors and Statistical Power

154

(2)

Confidence Intervals

156

(1)

Testing for Statistical Significance May Be Irrelevant

157

(2)

Summary

159

(2)

Interpretation: Some Statistical Tests

161

(17)

Tests for Continuous Data

166

(3)

Correlation

169

(2)

Regression

171

(5)

Summary

176

(2)

Interpretation: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value

178

(23)

Prevalence

184

(3)

Making Choices

187

(1)

Multiple Tests

188

(5)

Spectrum

193

(1)

Standards

194

(2)

Cost Considerations

196

(2)

Summary

198

(3)

Interpretation: Risk

201

(13)

Statements of Risk

202

(1)

Relative Risk

203

(1)

Relative Risk and Study Design

204

(5)

Attributable Risk

209

(1)

Balancing Risks

210

(2)

Summary

212

(2)

Interpretation: Causes

214

(17)

Confounding

215

(3)

Dealing with Confounding

218

(5)

Making Associations into Causes

223

(6)

Summary

229

(2)

Case Series, Editorials, and Reviews

231

(21)

Case Series

232

(7)

Editorials and Letters to the Editor

239

(4)

Reviews

243

(6)

Summary

249

(3)

A Final Word

252

(7)

Clarity

253

(2)

Apologies, Tentative Conclusions, Self-Criticism, and the Like

255

(1)

The Final Word

256

(2)

Summary

258

(1)

Index

259


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