Social Problems: Kornblum, William; Julian, Joseph; Smith, Carolyn D.: 9780136084808: Book: Social Science: eCampus.com

This proactive book probes the nature and causes of major social problems and delves into the social control and social action issues inherent to each particular problem. Offering a theoretically balanced perspective, it covers topics in a micro to macro format, pointing out the interrelationships among today's social problems and the possibility of approaching them from several perspectives. The book describes many of the serious challenges facing our society, demonstrates the human ability to innovate and improve social conditions, and emphasizes social policy and its intended and unintended effects. It supports material with current statistics, cross-cultural examples, and numerous charts and tables. The book incorporates many new and interesting topics, including worldwide efforts to improve health, the impact of the growing elderly population on our social security system, and juggling work and family responsibilities.

BOX FEATURES

xiv

(2)

PREFACE

xvi

1 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL PROBLEMS

(26)

WHAT IS A SOCIAL PROBLEM?

(2)

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL PROBLEMS

(8)

The Functionalist Perspective

(1)

Other Approaches to the Study of Social Problems

(4)

The Conflict Perspective

(1)

The Interactionist Perspective

(2)

ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT SOCIAL PROBLEMS

(3)

RESEARCH ON SOCIAL PROBLEMS

(5)

Demographic Studies

(1)

Survey Research

(1)

Field Observation

(1)

Social Experiments

(3)

SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOCIAL POLICY

(3)

The Natural History of Social Problems

(2)

The Media and Social Problems

(1)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

(1)

SUMMARY

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

(2)

2 PROBLEMS OF PHYSICAL HEALTH

(36)

HEALTH CARE AS A GLOBAL SOCIAL PROBLEM

(4)

THE SCOPE OF HEALTH-CARE PROBLEMS IN AMERICA

(14)

Unequal Access to Health Care

(2)

The High Cost of Health Care

(5)

Inadequate Protection

(3)

Women and Health Care

(2)

The Disabled and Handicapped

(2)

AIDS--A MODERN PLAGUE

(4)

EXPLANATIONS OF HEALTH-CARE PROBLEMS

(4)

Class and Class Conflict

(2)

Institutions and Health Care

(1)

Health and Social Interaction

(1)

SOCIAL POLICY

(5)

Managed Care

(1)

Insurance Reform

(1)

The Disabled and Handicapped

(2)

Social Policy and AIDS

(1)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

(1)

SUMMARY

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

(2)

3 MENTAL ILLNESS

(28)

MENTAL ILLNESS AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM

(2)

THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MENTAL ILLNESS

(5)

Defining Mental Illness

(3)

Classification of Mental Disorders

(1)

Diagnosis or Label?

(2)

INEQUALITY, CONFLICT, AND MENTAL ILLNESS

(6)

Social Class and Mental Disorder

(2)

Mental Disorder and Urban Life

(2)

Other Factors

(1)

INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS OF TREATMENT AND CARE

(10)

Methods of Treatment

(1)

Changes in Mental-health Professions

(1)

Treatment Institutions

(5)

Deinstitutionalization and Homelessness

(3)

SOCIAL POLICY

(1)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

(1)

SUMMARY

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

(1)

4 SEX-RELATED SOCIAL PROBLEMS

(32)

SEX AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM

(4)

Tolerated Sex Variance

(1)

Asocial Sex Variance

(2)

Structured Sex Variance

(1)

HOMOSEXUALITY

(7)

Social-Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality

(2)

Who Becomes a Homosexual?

101

(2)

Lesbianism

103

(1)

The Homosexual Subculture

104

(2)

PROSTITUTION

106

(7)

Social-Scientific Perspectives on Prostitution

106

(1)

Norms of Prostitution

107

(2)

Prostitution as Functional Deviance

109

(1)

Why Do People Become Prostitutes?

110

(1)

The Prostitute Subculture

111

(1)

The Impact of AIDS

112

(1)

PORNOGRAPHY

113

(4)

Social-Scientific Perspectives on Pornography

114

(1)

Pornography and Censorship

115

(1)

Research on Pornography

116

(1)

Pornography and Public Opinion

117

(1)

SOCIAL POLICY

117

(5)

Homosexuality

117

(2)

Prostitution

119

(1)

Pornography

120

(2)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

122

(1)

SUMMARY

122

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

123

(1)

5 ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS

124

(32)

THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM

126

(3)

Drug Abuse

127

(1)

Abuse, Addiction, and Dependence

128

(1)

ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE

129

(11)

Problem Drinkers and Alcoholics

131

(1)

Who Drinks?

131

(3)

Drinking among Young People

134

(1)

Alcohol-related Social Problems

134

(3)

Treatment of Alcoholism

137

(3)

ILLEGAL DRUG USE AND ABUSE

140

(11)

Commonly Abused Drugs

140

(3)

Patterns of Drug Abuse

143

(4)

Drug Use and Crime

147

(1)

Drug Use and AIDS

148

(1)

Treatment of Drug Abuse

149

(2)

SOCIAL POLICY

151

(2)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

153

(1)

SUMMARY

154

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

155

(1)

6 CRIME AND CRIMINALS

156

(40)

THE NATURE OF CRIME

161

(5)

Police Discretion

163

(1)

Problems of Accuracy

164

(2)

TYPES OF CRIME AND CRIMINALS

166

(7)

Violent Personal Crime

166

(1)

Occasional Property Crime

166

(1)

Occupational (White-collar) Crime

167

(1)

Corporate Crime

168

(1)

Public-order Crime

169

(1)

Conventional Crime

169

(1)

Organized Crime

170

(1)

Professional Crime

171

(1)

Juvenile Delinquency

172

(1)

CONDITIONS AND CAUSES OF CRIME

173

(8)

Biological Explanations of Crime

173

(1)

Gender and Crime

174

(1)

Age and Crime

175

(1)

Sociological Explanations of Crime

176

(5)

CONTROLLING CRIME

181

(7)

Retribution-Deterrence

182

(3)

Rehabilitation

185

(2)

Prevention

187

(1)

SOCIAL POLICY

188

(5)

Conventional Crime

190

(1)

Occupational and Corporate Crime

191

(1)

Organized Crime

192

(1)

Public-order and Juvenile-justice Reforms

192

(1)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

193

(1)

SUMMARY

194

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

194

(2)

7 VIOLENCE

196

(30)

THE CONCEPT OF VIOLENCE

199

(2)

EXPLANATIONS OF VIOLENCE

201

(4)

The Biological Viewpoint

201

(1)

Frustration-Aggression and Control Theories

202

(1)

Violence as a Subculture

202

(1)

Violence as Rational Choice

203

(1)

The Influence of the Mass Media

204

(1)

CRIMINAL VIOLENCE

205

(5)

Criminal Homicide

205

(2)

Assault and Robbery

207

(1)

Rape

208

(2)

FAMILY VIOLENCE

210

(3)

Child Abuse

210

(2)

Spouse Abuse

212

(1)

Elder Abuse

213

(1)

GANGS, GUNS, AND VIOLENT DEATH

213

(4)

SOCIAL POLICY

217

(6)

Gun Control

217

(3)

Media Violence

220

(1)

Dealing with Family Violence

221

(1)

Race, Poverty, and Violence: The Unfinished Agenda

222

(1)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

223

(1)

SUMMARY

224

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

225

(1)

8 POVERTY AMID AFFLUENCE

226

(34)

THE HAVES AND THE HAVE-NOTES

229

(6)

The Rich

230

(1)

The Poor

231

(4)

POVERTY AND SOCIAL CLASS

235

(2)

THE NATURE OF POVERTY

237

(8)

The Poverty Line

237

(2)

Who Are the Poor?

239

(6)

CONCOMITANTS OF POVERTY

245

(3)

Health Care

245

(1)

Education

246

(1)

Housing and Homelessness

247

(1)

Justice

247

(1)

EXPLANATIONS OF PERSISTENT POVERTY

248

(4)

Structural Explanations

248

(2)

Cultural Explanations

250

(2)

SOCIAL POLICY

252

(6)

Reform of "Welfare as We Know It,"

252

(3)

Dependency, Work, and Responsibility

255

(2)

Single Mothers: A Special Case

257

(1)

Moving to Opportunity

257

(1)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

258

(1)

SUMMARY

258

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

259

(1)

9 PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

260

(32)

THE MEANING OF MINORITY

264

(1)

DEFINING PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

265

(1)

ORIGINS OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

266

(4)

Prejudice and Bigotry in the Individual

267

(1)

Prejudice and Bigotry in Social Structures

267

(1)

Cultural Factors: Norms and Stereotypes

268

(2)

INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION

270

(10)

Education

271

(3)

Housing

274

(2)

Employment and Income

276

(3)

Justice

279

(1)

SOME CONSEQUENCES OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

280

(3)

SOCIAL POLICY

283

(7)

Job Training

283

(1)

Affirmative Action

284

(2)

Education for Equality

286

(2)

Some Trends and Prospects

288

(2)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

290

(1)

SUMMARY

290

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

291

(1)

10 SEX ROLES AND INEQUALITY

292

(26)

TRADITIONAL SEX ROLES

295

(3)

THE NATURE OF SEXISM

298

(6)

Stereotyping

298

(1)

Sexism and Employment

299

(2)

Sexual Harassment

301

(2)

Homemaking

303

(1)

The Women's Movement

303

(1)

SOURCES OF SEXISM

304

(6)

Socialization

305

(1)

Education

305

(1)

The Family

306

(1)

Language and the Media

307

(1)

Organized Religion

308

(1)

Government

308

(1)

The Legal System

309

(1)

SOCIAL POLICY

310

(5)

Changes in Child-rearing Practices

310

(1)

Changes in the Educational System

311

(1)

Changes in the Legal System

312

(1)

Reproductive Control

313

(1)

Social Policy and the Women's Movement

314

(1)

Changes in Men's Roles

314

(1)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

315

(1)

SUMMARY

316

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

316

(2)

11 AN AGING SOCIETY

318

(28)

PERSPECTIVES ON AGING

321

(1)

THE ELDERLY IN AMERICA TODAY

322

(8)

Age Stratification

323

(2)

Who Are the Elderly?

325

(2)

Ageism

327

(3)

DIMENSIONS OF THE AGING PROCESS

330

(4)

Physiological Aspects of Aging

330

(1)

Psychological Dimensions of Aging

331

(1)

Social and Cultural Dimensions of Aging

332

(2)

CONCOMITANTS OF AGING

334

(4)

Victimization of the Elderly

334

(1)

Elder Abuse

334

(1)

Health Care and the Aged

334

(1)

Economic Discrimination

335

(2)

Family Problems

337

(1)

RETIREMENT

338

(1)

DEATH

338

(2)

SOCIAL POLICY

340

(4)

Housing

340

(1)

Health Care

341

(1)

Retirement and Social Security

342

(2)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

344

(1)

SUMMARY

344

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

345

(1)

12 THE CHANGING FAMILY

346

(28)

THE NATURE OF FAMILIES

349

(8)

Adequate Family Functioning

350

(1)

Effects of Women's Employment

351

(4)

The Black Family

355

(2)

DIVORCE

357

(4)

Stepfamilies

358

(1)

Explanations of Trends in Divorce Rates

359

(1)

The Impact of Divorce

359

(2)

Cohabiting Couples

361

(1)

POSTPONEMENT OF MARRIAGE

361

(1)

CHANGING NORMS OF PARENTHOOD

362

(2)

Births to Unmarried Women (Illegitimacy)

362

(1)

Teenage Pregnancy

363

(1)

Gay and Lesbian Families

364

(1)

HOMELESS FAMILIES

364

(2)

REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES

366

(2)

Advances in Reproductive Technology

366

(1)

Surrogacy

367

(1)

SOCIAL POLICY

368

(3)

Divorce Law

368

(1)

Efforts to Reduce Teenage Pregnancy

369

(1)

Child Care and Family Support

369

(2)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

371

(1)

SUMMARY

372

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

372

(2)

13 PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION

374

(30)

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION

378

(2)

Functionalist Approaches

378

(1)

Conflict Approaches

379

(1)

Interactionist Approaches

379

(1)

EDUCATION: AN INSTITUTION UNDER FIRE

380

(13)

Education and Equality: The Issue of Equal Access

381

(4)

The Great Achievement Controversy

385

(1)

Problems of Institutional Change

386

(7)

SOCIAL POLICY

393

(8)

Educational Conservatism and "Back to Basics,"

395

(2)

Humanism and "Open Education,"

397

(1)

Preschool Programs

398

(1)

Access to Higher Education

399

(2)

Trends and Prospects

401

(1)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

401

(1)

SUMMARY

402

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

402

(2)

14 PROBLEMS OF WORK AND THE ECONOMY

404

(32)

BIG BUSINESS AND CORPORATE POWER

407

(10)

The Shrinking Marketplace

407

(2)

Conglomerates

409

(1)

Multinational Corporations

410

(2)

The Global Factory

412

(1)

Effects on American Workers

413

(1)

Corporate Power and Wealth

414

(3)

WORK IN CORPORATE AMERICA

417

(10)

From Manufacturing to Services

417

(1)

Problem Aspects of Work

418

(9)

CONSUMERS AND CREDIT

427

(4)

Problems of Debt Entanglement

429

(1)

Possessions and Self-expression

429

(2)

SOCIAL POLICY

431

(2)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

433

(1)

SUMMARY

433

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

434

(2)

15 URBAN PROBLEMS

436

(32)

AN URBANIZING WORLD

438

(2)

THE AMERICAN CITY

440

(3)

Urban Growth and Social Problems

440

(1)

Management Problems

441

(1)

Antiurban Bias

441

(1)

The Composition of Urban Populations

442

(1)

THEORIES OF URBANISM

443

(3)

Wirth's Theory

443

(1)

Compositionalism

444

(1)

Subcultural Theory

445

(1)

METROPOLITAN GROWTH

446

(6)

The Transportation Boom

447

(3)

The Impact of Suburban Growth

450

(2)

PROBLEMS OF CITIES

452

(5)

Deconcentration

453

(2)

Relocation of Manufacturing

455

(1)

Financial Problems

455

(1)

Government

456

(1)

SHELTER POVERTY, HOMELESSNESS, AND NEIGHBORHOOD DISTRESS

457

(4)

Shelter Poverty

457

(2)

Homelessness

459

(1)

Distressed Neighborhoods

460

(1)

SOCIAL POLICY

461

(4)

Housing

463

(1)

Homelessness

463

(2)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

465

(1)

SUMMARY

465

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

466

(2)

16 POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION

468

(24)

THE WORLD'S POPULATION

470

(6)

Measures of Population Growth

470

(2)

The Demographic Transition

472

(2)

Rising Expectations

474

(2)

THE U.S. POPULATION

476

(1)

POPULATION CONTROL

476

(4)

Family Planning

477

(1)

ZPG

478

(1)

Population Control in LDCs

478

(2)

IMMIGRATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

480

(7)

Immigration to the United States: A Brief History

481

(2)

Recent Trends in Immigration to the United States

483

(1)

Urban Concentration of Immigrants

484

(2)

Undocumented Immigrants

486

(1)

SOCIAL POLICY

487

(2)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

489

(1)

SUMMARY

490

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

490

(2)

17 TECHNOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

492

(30)

DEFINING TECHNOLOGY

494

(1)

TECHNOLOGICAL DUALISM

495

(1)

CONTROLLING TECHNOLOGY

496

(5)

Autonomous Technology

496

(2)

Automation

498

(1)

Whistle-blowers

499

(1)

Bureaucracy and Morality

500

(1)

TECHNOLOGY AND INSTITUTIONS

501

(3)

TECHNOLOGY AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

504

(1)

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS

505

(9)

Origins of the Problem

505

(2)

Air Pollution

507

(2)

Water Pollution

509

(1)

Solid-waste Disposal

510

(2)

Other Hazards

512

(2)

THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD ENVIRONMENT

514

(1)

SOCIAL POLICY

515

(5)

Futures Studies

517

(1)

Appropriate Technology

517

(1)

Technology Assessment

517

(1)

Environmental Action

518

(2)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

520

(1)

SUMMARY

520

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

521

(1)

18 WAR AND TERRORISM

522

(23)

THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM

524

(4)

Direct Effects of War

524

(1)

Indirect Effects of War

525

(1)

Effects of Nuclear War

526

(2)

MILITARY TECHNOLOGY AND THE CONDUCT OF WAR

528

(1)

Controlling Warfare

529

(1)

THEORIES ABOUT WAR AND ITS ORIGINS

529

(8)

Ethological and Sociobiological Theories

531

(1)

Clausewitz: War as State Policy

532

(1)

Marx and Lenin on War

533

(1)

Institutional and International Perspectives

533

(4)

TERRORISM: UNDECLARED WAR

537

(2)

SOCIAL POLICY

539

(3)

Arms Control: A Promise Unfulfilled

539

(1)

Alternatives to the Arms Race

540

(1)

Dealing with Terrorism

541

(1)

BEYOND LEFT AND RIGHT

542

(1)

SUMMARY

542

(1)

SUGGESTED READINGS

543

(2)

GLOSSARY

545

(4)

REFERENCES

549

(18)

PHOTO CREDITS

567

(1)

NAME INDEX

568

(3)

SUBJECT INDEX

571


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