| Preface for Instructors |
|
v | |
| How to Use This Book |
|
xix | |
| PART I The Writing Process |
|
1 | (136) |
|
Generate ideas and sketch a plan |
|
|
2 | (30) |
|
Assessing the writing situation |
|
|
2 | (16) |
|
|
|
18 | (8) |
|
Setting on a tentative focus |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
Sketching a tentative plan |
|
|
28 | (4) |
|
Rough out an initial draft |
|
|
32 | (9) |
|
Drafting an introduction that includes a thesis |
|
|
33 | (7) |
|
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
Make global revisions; then revise sentences |
|
|
41 | (36) |
|
|
|
43 | (5) |
|
Approaching global revision in cycles |
|
|
48 | (11) |
|
Revising and editing sentences |
|
|
59 | (5) |
|
Proofreading the final manuscript |
|
|
64 | (13) |
|
Expository Student Essay: Explaining an insight |
|
|
65 | (12) |
|
Build effective paragraphs |
|
|
77 | (32) |
|
|
|
78 | (5) |
|
Developing the main point |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Choosing a suitable pattern of organization |
|
|
84 | (10) |
|
|
|
94 | (3) |
|
Making paragraphs coherent |
|
|
97 | (9) |
|
Adjusting paragraph length |
|
|
106 | (3) |
|
Choose an appropriate document design |
|
|
109 | (28) |
|
Principles of document design |
|
|
109 | (10) |
|
|
|
119 | (3) |
|
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
|
|
122 | (5) |
|
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
|
127 | (6) |
|
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
|
133 | (4) |
|
|
|
135 | (2) |
| PART II Critical Thinking |
|
137 | (44) |
|
Writing about texts: Enter into a conversation with authors |
|
|
138 | (19) |
|
Acquainting yourself with an author |
|
|
138 | (2) |
|
Reading actively, with a pencil in hand |
|
|
140 | (7) |
|
Summarizing to demonstrate understanding |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Analyzing to demonstrate crirtical thinking |
|
|
149 | (8) |
|
|
|
152 | (5) |
|
Construct reasonable arguments |
|
|
157 | (24) |
|
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
Framing a thesis and stating major arguments |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
Supporting each argument with specific evidence |
|
|
163 | (3) |
|
Anticipating objections; refuting opposing arguments |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Establishing common ground |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Avoding common mistakes in reasoning |
|
|
168 | (13) |
|
|
|
177 | (4) |
| PART III Clear Sentences |
|
181 | (66) |
|
Coordinate equal ideas; subordinate minor ideas |
|
|
182 | (12) |
|
|
|
186 | (3) |
|
Ineffective or excessive coordination |
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
Subordination for emphasis |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
|
192 | (2) |
|
|
|
194 | (7) |
|
Parallel ideas in a series |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Parallel ideas presented as pairs |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
Repetition of function words |
|
|
198 | (3) |
|
|
|
201 | (6) |
|
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
Untangle mixed constructions |
|
|
207 | (6) |
|
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
is when, is where, and reason... is because |
|
|
210 | (3) |
|
Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers |
|
|
213 | (11) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Misplaced phrases and clauses |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Awkwardly placed modifiers |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
|
218 | (6) |
|
Eliminate distracting shifts |
|
|
224 | (7) |
|
Point of view (person, number) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Indirect to direct questions or quotations |
|
|
227 | (4) |
|
|
|
231 | (9) |
|
|
|
231 | (4) |
|
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
|
|
240 | (7) |
|
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Adding a question or quotation |
|
|
244 | (3) |
| PART IV Word Choice |
|
247 | (36) |
|
|
|
248 | (8) |
|
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Empty or inflated phrases |
|
|
249 | (2) |
|
Simplifying the structure |
|
|
251 | (3) |
|
Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words |
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
Choose appropriate language |
|
|
256 | (14) |
|
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Pretentious language, euphemisms, ``doublespeak'' |
|
|
258 | (4) |
|
Obsolete, archaic, and invented words |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Slang, regional expressions, nonstandard English |
|
|
262 | (2) |
|
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (5) |
|
|
|
270 | (13) |
|
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
Worn-out expressions (cliches) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
|
279 | (4) |
| PART V Grammatical Sentences |
|
283 | (106) |
|
Repair sentence fragments |
|
|
284 | (12) |
|
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Other fragmented word groups |
|
|
288 | (3) |
|
|
|
291 | (5) |
|
|
|
296 | (12) |
|
Correction with coordinating conjunction |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Correction with semicolon, colon, or dash |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Correction by separating sentences |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Correction by restructuring |
|
|
300 | (8) |
|
Make subjects and verbs agree |
|
|
308 | (15) |
|
Standard subject-verb combinations |
|
|
308 | (4) |
|
Words between subject and verb |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Subjects joined with or, nor, either... or, or neither... nor |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Subject, not subject complement |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
Words with plural form, singular meaning |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Titles of works, company names, words mentioned as words, gerund phrases |
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
Make pronouns and antecedents agree |
|
|
323 | (8) |
|
Singular with singular, plural with plural (indefinite pronouns, generic nouns) |
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Antecedents joined with and |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Antecedents joined with or, nor, either... or, or neither... nor |
|
|
326 | (5) |
|
Make pronoun references clear |
|
|
331 | (6) |
|
Ambiguous or remote reference |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Broad reference of this, that, which, and it |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Indefinite use of they, it, and you |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
who for persons, that or which for things |
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
Distinguish between pronouns such as I and me |
|
|
337 | (9) |
|
Subjective case for subjects and subject complements |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Objective case for objects |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Pronoun following than or as |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Subjects and objects of infinitives |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Pronoun modifying a gerund |
|
|
341 | (5) |
|
Distinguish between who and whom |
|
|
346 | (6) |
|
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
|
|
349 | (3) |
|
Choose adjectives and adverbs with care |
|
|
352 | (7) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Adjectives as complements |
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
Comparatives and superlatives |
|
|
356 | (2) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Choose standard English verb forms |
|
|
359 | (17) |
|
|
|
360 | (4) |
|
|
|
364 | (2) |
|
|
|
366 | (5) |
|
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
|
|
373 | (3) |
|
Use verbs in the appropriate tense, mood, and voice |
|
|
376 | (13) |
|
|
|
376 | (7) |
|
|
|
383 | (3) |
|
|
|
386 | (3) |
| PART VI ESL Trouble Spots |
|
389 | (36) |
|
Be alert to special problems with verbs |
|
|
390 | (15) |
|
Helping verbs and main verbs |
|
|
390 | (5) |
|
Verbs in conditional sentences |
|
|
395 | (3) |
|
Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives |
|
|
398 | (4) |
|
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Use the articles a, an, and the appropriately |
|
|
405 | (8) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
When not to use a (or an) |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
Be aware of other potential trouble spots |
|
|
413 | (12) |
|
Omitted subjects, omitted there, it |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Repeated objects, adverbs in adjective clauses |
|
|
415 | (2) |
|
Placement of adjectives and adverbs |
|
|
417 | (3) |
|
Confusion of present and past participles |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
Prepositions showing time and place |
|
|
422 | (3) |
| PART VII Punctuation |
|
425 | (62) |
|
|
|
426 | (19) |
|
Independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunction |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Introductory clauses or phrases |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
|
|
432 | (5) |
|
Transitional and parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, contrasted elements |
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
Nouns of direct address, the words yes and no, interrogative tags, mild interjections |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Expressions such as he said |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Dates, addresses, titles, numbers |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (4) |
|
|
|
445 | (9) |
|
Between compound elements that are not independent clauses |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
After a phrase beginning an inverted sentence |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Before the first or after the last item in a series |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Between cumulative adjectives, an adjective and a noun, or an adverb and an adjective |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Before and after restrictive or mildly parenthetical elements |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Before essential adverbial concluding elements |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Between a verb and its subject or object |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (5) |
|
|
|
454 | (6) |
|
Independent clauses not joined with a coordinating conjunction |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Independent clauses linked with a transitional expression |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Series containing internal punctuation |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (3) |
|
|
|
460 | (3) |
|
Before a list, an appositive, or a quotation introduced by an independent clause |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Between independent clauses |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Salutations, hours and minutes, proportions, titles and subtitles, bibliographic entries |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
|
463 | (5) |
|
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
Possessive indefinite pronouns |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Plurals of numbers mentioned as numbers, letters mentioned as letters, words mentioned as words, abbreviations |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
|
|
468 | (8) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Quotation within a quotation |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
With other punctuation marks |
|
|
471 | (3) |
|
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
|
|
476 | (4) |
|
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
Other punctuation marks: the dash, parentheses, brackets, the ellipsis mark, the slash |
|
|
480 | (7) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (3) |
| PART VIII Mechanics |
|
487 | (32) |
|
|
|
488 | (4) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Conventional abbreviations |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
|
|
492 | (3) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
|
|
495 | (4) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
Names of spacecraft, aircraft, ships, and trains |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Words mentioned as words, letters mentioned as letters, and numbers mentioned as numbers |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (10) |
|
|
|
499 | (3) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (3) |
|
Commonly misspelled words |
|
|
506 | (3) |
|
|
|
509 | (4) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Fractions and compound numbers |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
With certain prefixes and suffixes |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
To avoid ambiguity or to separate awkward double or triple letters |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
|
|
513 | (6) |
|
Proper versus common nouns |
|
|
513 | (2) |
|
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Titles and subtitles of works |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
First word of a quoted sentence |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
|
|
518 | (1) |
| PART IX Researched Writing |
|
519 | (122) |
|
|
|
521 | (25) |
|
Posing questions worth exploring |
|
|
521 | (4) |
|
Mapping out a search strategy |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
Tracking down library sources |
|
|
527 | (12) |
|
|
|
539 | (5) |
|
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
Selecting and reading sources |
|
|
546 | (8) |
|
|
|
546 | (3) |
|
Maintaining a working bibliography |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
Reading with a critical eye |
|
|
551 | (3) |
|
Managing information; avoding plagiarism |
|
|
554 | (8) |
|
Managing information systematically |
|
|
555 | (3) |
|
Avoiding unintentional plagiarism |
|
|
558 | (4) |
|
Planning and drafting the paper |
|
|
562 | (7) |
|
Forming a tentative thesis |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Sketching a rough outline |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Drafting the paper in your own voice |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Including your thesis in the introduction |
|
|
566 | (2) |
|
Providing organizational cues |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism |
|
|
569 | (4) |
|
Using a consistent system for citing sources |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
570 | (3) |
|
Integrating information from sources |
|
|
573 | (8) |
|
Using signal phrases to introduce quotations; limiting your use of quotations |
|
|
573 | (6) |
|
Using signal phrases to introduce most summaries and paraphrases |
|
|
579 | (2) |
|
Omitting a signal phrase, if you wish, with statistics and other facts |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
581 | (3) |
|
|
|
584 | (28) |
|
|
|
585 | (6) |
|
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
|
|
593 | (19) |
|
MLA format; two sample research papers |
|
|
612 | (29) |
|
|
|
612 | (3) |
|
Two sample research papers |
|
|
615 | (26) |
|
Sample Papers on a Political Issue |
|
|
616 | (11) |
|
Sample Paper on a Scholarly Controversy |
|
|
627 | (14) |
| PART X Literature and Other Disciplines |
|
641 | (86) |
|
|
|
642 | (33) |
|
|
|
642 | (2) |
|
Forming an interpretation |
|
|
644 | (4) |
|
Drafting a thesis and sketching an outline |
|
|
648 | (3) |
|
Supporting your interpretation; avoiding simple plot summary |
|
|
651 | (3) |
|
Integrating quotations from the work |
|
|
654 | (5) |
|
Observing the conventions |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
Documenting secondary sources; avoiding plagiarism |
|
|
661 | (14) |
|
Sample Essay (Without Secondary Sources) |
|
|
663 | (4) |
|
Sample Essay (With Secondary Sources) |
|
|
667 | (8) |
|
Documenting sources across the curriculum |
|
|
675 | (52) |
|
Apa Style (Social Sciences) |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
|
676 | (3) |
|
|
|
679 | (8) |
|
|
|
687 | (13) |
|
|
|
689 | (11) |
|
Chicago Style (History and Humanities) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
Chicago-style footnotes or endnotes |
|
|
700 | (9) |
|
Chicago-style bibliography |
|
|
709 | (8) |
|
Chicago-style manuscript format |
|
|
717 | (7) |
|
|
|
720 | (4) |
|
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (3) |
| PART XI Grammar Basics |
|
727 | (46) |
|
|
|
728 | (17) |
|
|
|
728 | (2) |
|
|
|
730 | (3) |
|
|
|
733 | (3) |
|
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
|
|
737 | (2) |
|
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
|
741 | (4) |
|
|
|
745 | (10) |
|
|
|
745 | (3) |
|
Verbs, objects, and complements |
|
|
748 | (5) |
|
|
|
753 | (2) |
|
|
|
755 | (13) |
|
|
|
756 | (2) |
|
|
|
758 | (5) |
|
|
|
763 | (4) |
|
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
|
768 | (5) |
|
|
|
768 | (3) |
|
|
|
771 | (2) |
| Glossary of Usage |
|
773 | (16) |
| Answers to Tutorials and Lettered Exercises |
|
789 | |
| Index |
|
1 | |
Shopping Cart
