PART ONE SYMPTOMS AND THREATS

(114)

Damage and Upset

(10)

Nature of Electrical Overstress Problem

(1)

Organization of This Book

(1)

Symptoms and Threats

(1)

Nonlinear Protection Components

(1)

Applications of Protective Devices

(1)

Validating Protective Measures

(1)

Nomenclature

(1)

Damage and Upset Thresholds

(7)

Damage Threshold

(5)

Upset Threshold

(1)

Threats

(21)

Lightning

(2)

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) from Nuclear Weapons

(9)

High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse

(3)

Effects of HEMP

(2)

Magnetohydrodynamic HEMP

(1)

Surface Burst EMP

(2)

System-Generated Electromagnetic Pulse

(1)

Comparison of Lightning and HEMP

(1)

Significance of EMP

(1)

High-Power Microwave

(1)

Electrostatic Discharge

(1)

Switching of Reactive Loads

(7)

Interruption of Current in Inductive Load

(1)

Propagation of Surges Through Transformers

(1)

Showering Arc

(4)

Overvoltage Produced by Fuse Opening

(1)

Surveys of Threats in Specific Environments

(21)

Overvoltages on Telephone Lines

(1)

Overvoltages on Computer Data Lines

(2)

Definitions of Disturbances on the Mains

(4)

Disturbance

(2)

Overvoltage

(1)

Notch

(1)

Swell

(1)

Sag

(1)

Brownout

(1)

Outage

(1)

Combinations of Disturbances

(1)

Surveys of Disturbances on the Mains: Review of the Literature

(7)

Bull and Nethercot

(1)

Hayter

(1)

Martzloff and Hahn

(1)

Cannova

(1)

Allen and Segall

(1)

Bachman et al.

(1)

Goldstein and Speranza

(1)

Wernstrom et al.

(1)

Odenberg and Braskich

(1)

Goedbloed

(1)

Standler

(1)

Conclusions from Review of the Literature

(5)

Transient Overvoltages

(1)

Questions to Be Answered by Future Surveys

(1)

Distribution of Peak Voltages

(2)

Effects of Surge Protective Devices on Surveys of Overvoltages

(1)

Other Disturbances

(1)

Suggestions for Monitoring Disturbances

(2)

What to Measure

(1)

Duration of Monitoring at One Site

(1)

Propagation of Overvoltages

(25)

Introduction

(1)

Common and Differential Modes

(7)

Voltages

(2)

Current and Power

(2)

Balance

(1)

Examples of Generation of Common-Mode Voltages

(2)

Transmission Line Theory

(5)

Ideal Lumped Line

(2)

Continuous Transmission Line

(2)

Ideal Case

(1)

Distortion

(1)

Effect of Series Resistance

(2)

DC Resistance

(1)

Skin Effect

(1)

Real Transmission Lines: Nonuniformity

(1)

Reflections

(1)

Transmission Line versus Ordinary Circuit Analysis

(1)

Attenuation of Short-Duration Surges

(1)

Generation of Ring Waves

(2)

Artificial Mains Network

(4)

Standard Overstress Waveforms Used in the Laboratory

(29)

Introduction

(1)

Nomenclature

(5)

Virtual Origin

(1)

Front Time

(1)

Rise Time

(1)

Time to Half-Value

(1)

Full Width at Half-Maximum

(1)

α/β Format

(1)

Recommendation: Nomenclature for New Waveforms

(1)

Standard Overstress Test Waveforms

(14)

8/20 μs Current Waveform

(2)

1.2/50 μs Voltage Waveform

(2)

Combination 8/20 and 1.2/50 μs Waveform

(1)

0.5 μs--100 kHz Ring Waveform

(2)

1.25 MHz Ring Waveform (SWC)

(1)

Electrical Fast Transient (EFT)

(1)

10/1000 μs Waveform

(2)

10/700 μs Waveform

(1)

FCC Part 68

(1)

HEMP Test Waveform

(1)

Constant dV / dt Waveform

(1)

Constant dI / dt Waveform

100

(1)

Energy Transfer

100

(4)

Frequency Spectra

104

(4)

Conclusion

108

(1)

Overview of Surge Protection

109

(6)

Blocking or Diverting

109

(1)

General Form

110

(1)

Voltage Discrimination

110

(1)

Frequency Discrimination

110

(1)

State Discrimination

111

(1)

General Overvoltage Suppression Circuit

111

(2)

Voltage and Current Division

112

(1)

Parasitic Elements

112

(1)

Hybrid Circuits

113

(1)

Overview of Nonlinear Components

113

(2)

PART TWO PROTECTIVE DEVICES

115

(104)

Gas Tubes

117

(16)

Introduction

117

(1)

V -I Characteristic

118

(3)

Follow Current

121

(3)

Arc Regime

121

(1)

Glow Regime

121

(1)

Prevention of Follow Current

122

(2)

Specification of Spark Gap Parameters for Reliable Operation

124

(1)

Transient Operation

124

(3)

Spark Gaps

127

(3)

Problems with Spark Gaps

127

(1)

Three-Electrode Spark Gaps

128

(1)

Coaxial Spark Gap

129

(1)

Neon Lamps

130

(2)

Packaging Options

132

(1)

Varistors

133

(13)

V -I Curve

133

(5)

Varistor Device Model

134

(1)

Circuit Model

134

(3)

Response Time

137

(1)

Fabrication

138

(1)

Failure Modes

138

(1)

Applications

138

(4)

Selection of VN

138

(2)

Parallel Connection of Two Varistors

140

(2)

Use of Varistors with Spark Gaps

142

(1)

Varistor Packages

143

(1)

Silicon Carbide Varistors

144

(2)

Avalanche and Zener Diodes

146

(10)

Avalanche versus Zener Diodes

146

(6)

V -I Curve

147

(1)

Bipolar Circuits

148

(1)

Response Time

148

(1)

Diode Capacitance and How to Reduce It

149

(1)

Clamping Voltage

150

(1)

Power Ratings

151

(1)

Noise

151

(1)

Failure Modes

152

(1)

Comparison with Other Surge Protective Devices

152

(1)

Models of Avalanche Diodes

152

(3)

Special Transient Suppressor Diodes

153

(1)

Models with Large Steady-State Power Ratings

154

(1)

Low-Voltage Avalanche Diodes

155

(1)

Selenium Diodes

155

(1)

Semiconductor Diodes and Rectifiers

156

(10)

Forward-Biased Diodes

156

(4)

V -I Curve

156

(2)

Switching Time

158

(2)

Use of Diodes as Clamps

160

(1)

Types of Diodes

161

(1)

Rectifiers

161

(1)

Schottky Barrier Diodes

162

(1)

Low-Leakage Diodes

162

(3)

JFET Gate to Channel Diode

162

(1)

GaAs Diodes

163

(2)

PIN Diodes

165

(1)

Thyristors

166

(5)

Description of Devices

166

(1)

Basic Crowbar Circuits

167

(2)

SCR and Triac Circuits

167

(1)

Failure Mechanisms

168

(1)

Comparison with Other Surge Protective Devices

169

(1)

Integrated Avalanche Diode and SCR

169

(2)

Impedances and Current Limiters

171

(13)

Resistors

171

(3)

Positive Temperature Coefficient Devices

174

(1)

Inductors

175

(1)

Choke Coils

175

(1)

Ferrite

176

(1)

Common-Mode Choke

176

(1)

Capacitors

177

(2)

Fuses and Circuit Breakers

179

(4)

Superconductors

183

(1)

Filters

184

(10)

Introduction

184

(1)

Customary Use of Filters

185

(3)

Applications on the Mains

185

(1)

Simple Filter Circuit

186

(2)

Problems with the Use of Filters as a Surge Protective Device

188

(2)

General

188

(1)

Spectrum of Surges and Linear Devices

189

(1)

Insulation Breakdown

189

(1)

50 Ω Impedance in Test Fixture

190

(1)

Use of Filters with Nonlinear Surge Protective Devices

190

(2)

Lossy Line

192

(2)

Isolation Devices

194

(8)

Introduction

194

(1)

Isolation Transformers

194

(3)

Optical Isolators

197

(3)

Fiber Optics

200

(2)

Parasitic Inductance

202

(17)

Introduction

202

(1)

Parasitic Inductance and Shunt SPDs

202

(3)

Techniques for Minimizing Inductance in Shunt Devices

205

(4)

Four-Terminal Structure

206

(2)

Surface Mount Devices

208

(1)

Inadvertent Transformer Effect

209

(4)

Physics

209

(1)

Ways to Minimize the Inadvertent Transformer Effect

210

(1)

Mounting Techniques for Spark Gaps

210

(1)

Point-to-Point Wiring of SPDs

211

(2)

Parasitic Inductance of Capacitors

213

(6)

General

213

(2)

Bypassing DC Power Supplies

215

(4)

PART THREE APPLICATIONS OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES

219

(128)

Overview of Applications

221

(15)

Lessons for Managers

221

(1)

Design Strategies

222

(4)

Three Strategies

222

(1)

Should Overvoltage Protection Be Included Inside a Chassis?

223

(1)

Suppression at Source

224

(1)

Graceful Failure

225

(1)

What to Protect

225

(1)

Economic Issues

226

(1)

Design Goals: Worst-Case Overstress and Absolute Protection

227

(1)

Desirable Properties of Protective Circuits

228

(5)

Where Should SPDs Be Installed?

233

(3)

Applications in Signal Circuits

236

(29)

Introduction

236

(1)

Spark Gap and Avalanche Diode Circuit

236

(8)

General

236

(1)

Specifications for Spark Gap

237

(1)

Specifications for Avalanche Diodes

238

(1)

Specifications for Resistor

239

(3)

Other Considerations on Resistance Value

242

(1)

Assembly Considerations

243

(1)

Diode Clamps to Power Supply

244

(2)

Balanced Line Applications

246

(3)

Analog Applications

249

(5)

Inverting Voltage Amplifier

249

(2)

Noninverting Voltage Amplifier

251

(2)

Protection of Output

253

(1)

Digital Applications

254

(1)

Passive SPD for RS-232 Computer Data Lines

255

(4)

General

255

(1)

Selection of Avalanche Diodes

256

(1)

Selection of R1 for Passive RS-232 Protection

257

(1)

Protection of RS-232 Interface Against Continuous Overstress

257

(1)

Use of Connectors on RS-232 SPD

258

(1)

Active Overvoltage-Protected Receiver for RS-232 Computer Data Lines

259

(3)

Protection of Radio Frequency Signal Circuits

262

(3)

Applications in DC Power Supply

265

(19)

Introduction

265

(1)

Simple Linear Power Supply

266

(2)

General

266

(1)

Choice of Value of Filter Capacitance

267

(1)

Protection of Linear Power Supply from Overvoltages

268

(6)

Transformer Specifications

268

(1)

Use of Varistors on the Mains

269

(1)

Use of Bypass Capacitors at the Secondary Coil

270

(1)

Protection of Rectifiers, Filter Capacitors, and Regulator

271

(2)

Summary

273

(1)

Bypassing at Input of Regulator

273

(1)

Protection Against Transients at Loads

274

(3)

Suppression at Source

274

(1)

Bypassing

275

(2)

DC Crowbar

277

(1)

DC Uninterruptible Power Supply

278

(3)

Switching Power Supplies

281

(3)

Applications on the Mains

284

(25)

Introduction

284

(2)

Secondary Arrester

286

(1)

Branch Circuit Protection

287

(2)

Three Varistors

288

(1)

Noise Reduction

289

(1)

Varistors Inside the Chassis

289

(1)

Parameters for Metal Oxide Varistors

290

(4)

Neutral to Ground Varistor

292

(1)

Varistor Diameter

293

(1)

Coordination of Protection

294

(2)

Transient Suppression at Source

296

(1)

Applications of Spark Gap and MOV on Mains

297

(3)

Reduced Leakage Current

297

(2)

Lower Clamping Voltage

299

(1)

Overvoltage-Protected Low-Pass Filters

300

(9)

Basic Design for Normal Environments

300

(2)

Suppression of Resonances

302

(2)

Design of Filter with Minimum Leakage Currents

304

(1)

Performance of Filters

305

(4)

Mitigation of Disturbances on Mains

309

(27)

Introduction

309

(1)

Wiring and Operating Practices

310

(3)

Use of Steel Conduit

310

(1)

Dedicated Line

311

(1)

Turn-On Sequence

311

(1)

Bunched Power Cords

312

(1)

Appliances

313

(15)

Definition of Line Conditioner

313

(1)

Tap-Switching Line Conditioner

313

(2)

Ferroresonant Line Conditioner

315

(3)

Autotransformer

318

(1)

Electronic Voltage Regulator

318

(1)

Motor-Generator Set

319

(1)

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

320

(1)

True UPS

320

(1)

Standby UPS

321

(1)

Examples of Laboratory Tests

322

(6)

Coordination of UPS and Line Conditioner

328

(1)

Rational Protection

329

(2)

Recommended Protection Method

331

(2)

Overvoltage Protection

332

(1)

UPS

332

(1)

Line Conditioners

332

(1)

Does This Scheme of Protection Work?

332

(1)

Use of Overvoltage-Protected Low-Pass Filter

333

(1)

Zones of Protection

333

(2)

Conclusion

335

(1)

Circuits That Avoid Upset

336

(11)

Introduction

336

(1)

Upset Avoidance

336

(1)

Digital Circuits

337

(2)

Coordination of Overvoltage Protection and Upset Avoidance

339

(3)

Overvoltage Detection on Mains

342

(2)

Application of Upset Avoidance Circuits

344

(1)

Upset Due to Interruption of Mains

344

(3)

PART FOUR VALIDATING PROTECTIVE MEASURES

347

(55)

Testing

349

(14)

Introduction

349

(1)

Types of Tests

349

(1)

Test Plan

350

(1)

Test Waveforms

350

(6)

Transient Control Levels

350

(2)

Choice of Test Waveforms

352

(1)

Test Sequence

353

(1)

Blind Spots

354

(1)

Test with Both Polarities

355

(1)

Test Conditions

356

(7)

Which Conductors to Test

356

(4)

EUT Operating During Test

360

(1)

Statistical Considerations

360

(2)

Criteria for Pass/Fail

362

(1)

High-Voltage Laboratory Techniques

363

(26)

Introduction

363

(1)

Coupling Methods

363

(4)

Shunt Coupling

365

(1)

Back Filter

366

(1)

Instrumentation

367

(13)

Time Domain or Frequency Domain

367

(1)

DC Voltmeters

368

(1)

Relationship Between Bandwidth and Rise Time

369

(1)

Oscilloscope for High-Voltage Transients

369

(3)

Pitfalls with Sampling

372

(3)

High-Voltage Probes

375

(1)

Differential Amplifiers

376

(4)

Effects of High Voltage on Compensation

380

(1)

Noisc Reduction

380

(1)

Current Measurements

380

(6)

Current Transformers

381

(3)

Current Viewing Resistors

384

(2)

Surge Generators

386

(3)

Safety

389

(13)

Introduction

389

(1)

Traditional Rules

389

(4)

One Hand in Pocket

389

(1)

Two People in Room

390

(1)

Ground Stick

390

(1)

Check Grounds

390

(1)

Coaxial Cable

391

(1)

Safety Resistors

391

(1)

Shorting Strap

392

(1)

Barriers

393

(1)

Explosive Failures

393

(1)

Fence Around Apparatus

393

(1)

Do Not Work with Energized High-Voltage Circuits

394

(2)

Redundant Safety Rules

394

(1)

Shock Hazard from Test Mains

395

(1)

X-Rays

396

(1)

Corona and Ozone

396

(1)

First Aid for Electric Shock

397

(1)

Medical Treatment of Electric Shock

398

(4)

Medical References

401

(1)

Appendices

402

(29)

A. Glossary

402

(8)

B. List of Manufacturers

410

(4)

C. Bibliography

414

(17)

Index

431

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Protection of Electronic Circuits from Overvoltages

9780486425528

0486425525

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