Planar Microwave Engineering: A Practical Guide to Theory, Measurement, and Circuits: Thomas H. Lee: 9780521835268: Book: : eCampus.com

Modern wireless communications hardware is underpinned by RF and microwave design techniques. This insightful book contains a wealth of circuit layouts, design tips, and practical measurement techniques for building and testing practical gigahertz systems. The book covers everything you need to know to design, build, and test a high-frequency circuit. Microstrip components are discussed, including tricks for extracting good performance from cheap materials. Connectors and cables are also described, as are discrete passive components, antennas, low-noise amplifiers, oscillators, and frequency synthesizers. Practical measurement techniques are presented in detail, including the use of network analyzers, sampling oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, and noise figure meters. Throughout the focus is practical, and many worked examples and design projects are included. There is also a CD-ROM that contains a variety of design and analysis programs. The book is packed with indispensable information for students taking courses on RF or microwave circuits and for practicing engineers.

Circuit layouts, design tips, and measurement techniques for building and testing RF and microwave systems.

Preface

xiii

A Microhistory of Microwave Technology

(36)

Introduction

(10)

Birth of the Vacuum Tube

(3)

Armstrong and the Regenerative Amplifier/Detector/Oscillator

(4)

The Wizard War

(9)

Some Closing Comments

(1)

Appendix A: Characteristics of Other Wireless Systems

(2)

Appendix B: Who Really Invented Radio?

(8)

Introduction to RF and Microwave Circuits

(23)

Definitions

(1)

Conventional Frequency Bands

(3)

Lumped versus Distributed Circuits

(3)

Link between Lumped and Distributed Regimes

(1)

Driving-Point Impedance of Iterated Structures

(2)

Transmission Lines in More Detail

(5)

Behavior of Finite-Length Transmission Lines

(2)

Summary of Transmission Line Equations

(1)

Artificial Lines

(4)

Summary

(2)

The Smith Chart and S-Parameters

(14)

Introduction

(1)

The Smith Chart

(6)

S-Parameters

(3)

Appendix A: A Short Note on Units

(2)

Appendix B: Why 50 (or 75)Ω?

(3)

Impedance Matching

(34)

Introduction

(1)

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

(2)

Matching Methods

(31)

Connectors, Cables, and Waveguides

108

(15)

Introduction

108

(1)

Connectors

108

(7)

Coaxial Cables

115

(3)

Waveguides

118

(2)

Summary

120

(1)

Appendix: Properties of Coaxial Cable

121

(2)

Passive Components

123

(35)

Introduction

123

(1)

Interconnect at Radio Frequencies: Skin Effect

123

(6)

Resistors

129

(4)

Capacitors

133

(5)

Inductors

138

(9)

Magnetically Coupled Conductors

147

(10)

Summary

157

(1)

Microstrip, Stripline, and Planar Passive Elements

158

(80)

Introduction

158

(1)

General Characteristics of PC Boards

158

(4)

Transmission Lines on PC Board

162

(16)

Passives Made from Transmission Line Segments

178

(3)

Resonators

181

(2)

Combiners, Splitters, and Couplers

183

(47)

Summary

230

(1)

Appendix A: Random Useful Inductance Formulas

230

(3)

Appendix B: Derivation of Fringing Correction

233

(4)

Appendix C: Dielectric Constants of Other Materials

237

(1)

Impedance Measurement

238

(37)

Introduction

238

(1)

The Time-Domain Reflectometer

238

(8)

The Slotted Line

246

(8)

The Vector Network Analyzer

254

(10)

Summary of Calibration Methods

264

(1)

Other VNA Measurement Capabilities

265

(1)

References

265

(1)

Appendix A: Other Impedance Measurement Devices

265

(3)

Appendix B: Projects

268

(7)

Microwave Diodes

275

(30)

Introduction

275

(1)

Junction Diodes

276

(3)

Schottky Diodes

279

(2)

Varactors

281

(3)

Tunnel Diodes

284

(3)

PIN Diodes

287

(2)

Noise Diodes

289

(1)

Snap Diodes

290

(3)

Gunn Diodes

293

(2)

MIM Diodes

295

(1)

IMPATT Diodes

295

(2)

Summary

297

(1)

Appendix: Homegrown ``Penny'' Diodes and Crystal Radios

297

(8)

Mixers

305

(36)

Introduction

305

(1)

Mixer Fundamentals

306

(6)

Nonlinearity, Time Variation, and Mixing

312

(5)

Multiplier-Based Mixers

317

(24)

Transistors

341

(28)

History and Overview

341

(10)

Modeling

351

(1)

Small-Signal Models for Bipolar Transistors

352

(9)

FET Models

361

(7)

Summary

368

(1)

Amplifiers

369

(71)

Introduction

369

(1)

Microwave Biasing 101

370

(11)

Bandwidth Extension Techniques

381

(14)

The Shunt-Series Amplifier

395

(18)

Tuned Amplifiers

413

(4)

Neutralization and Unilateralization

417

(3)

Strange Impedance Behaviors and Stability

420

(7)

Appendix: Derivation of Bridged T-Coil Transfer Function

427

(13)

LNA Design

440

(32)

Introduction

440

(1)

Classical Two-Port Noise Theory

440

(5)

Derivation of a Bipolar Noise Model

445

(6)

The Narrowband LNA

451

(4)

A Few Practical Details

455

(2)

Linearity and Large-Signal Performance

457

(5)

Spurious-Free Dynamic Range

462

(2)

Cascaded Systems

464

(3)

Summary

467

(1)

Appendix A: Bipolar Noise Figure Equations

468

(1)

Appendix B: FET Noise Parameters

468

(4)

Noise Figure Measurement

472

(22)

Introduction

472

(1)

Basic Definitions and Noise Measurement Theory

472

(5)

Noise Temperature

477

(2)

Friis's Formula for the Noise Figure of Cascaded Systems

479

(1)

Noise Measure

480

(1)

Typical Noise Figure Instrumentation

481

(6)

Error Sources

487

(4)

Special Considerations for Mixers

491

(1)

References

492

(1)

Appendix: Two Cheesy Eyeball Methods

492

(2)

Oscillators

494

(35)

Introduction

494

(1)

The Problem with Purely Linear Oscillators

494

(1)

Describing Functions

495

(20)

Resonators

515

(4)

A Catalog of Tuned Oscillators

519

(5)

Negative Resistance Oscillators

524

(4)

Summary

528

(1)

Synthesizers

529

(45)

Introduction

529

(1)

A Short History of PLLs

529

(3)

Linearized PLL Model

532

(4)

PLL Rejection of Noise on Input

536

(1)

Phase Detectors

537

(5)

Sequential Phase Detectors

542

(2)

Loop Filters and Charge Pumps

544

(7)

Frequency Synthesis

551

(10)

A Design Example

561

(3)

Summary

564

(1)

Appendix: Inexpensive PLL Design Lab Tutorial

565

(9)

Oscillator Phase Noise

574

(27)

Introduction

574

(2)

General Considerations

576

(3)

Detailed Considerations: Phase Noise

579

(3)

The Roles of Linearity and Time Variation in Phase Noise

582

(10)

Circuit Examples -- LC Oscillators

592

(5)

Amplitude Response

597

(2)

Summary

599

(1)

Appendix: Notes on Simulation

600

(1)

Measurement of Phase Noise

601

(12)

Introduction

601

(1)

Definitions and Basic Measurement Methods

601

(3)

Measurement Techniques

604

(7)

Error Sources

611

(1)

References

612

(1)

Sampling Oscilloscopes, Spectrum Analyzers, and Probes

613

(17)

Introduction

613

(1)

Oscilloscopes

614

(11)

Spectrum Analyzers

625

(4)

References

629

(1)

RF Power Amplifiers

630

(58)

Introduction

630

(1)

Classical Power Amplifier Topologies

631

(19)

Modulation of Power Amplifiers

650

(29)

Additional Design Considerations

679

(8)

Summary

687

(1)

Antennas

688

(35)

Introduction

688

(2)

Poynting's Theorem, Energy, and Wires

690

(1)

The Nature of Radiation

691

(4)

Antenna Characteristics

695

(2)

The Dipole Antenna

697

(10)

The Microstrip Patch Antenna

707

(13)

Miscellaneous Planar Antennas

720

(1)

Summary

721

(2)

Lumped Filters

723

(61)

Introduction

723

(1)

Background -- A Quick History

723

(3)

Filters from Transmission Lines

726

(12)

Filter Classifications and Specifications

738

(2)

Common Filter Approximations

740

(26)

Appendix A: Network Synthesis

766

(8)

Appendix B: Elliptic Integrals, Functions, and Filters

774

(7)

Appendix C: Design Tables for Common Low-pass Filters

781

(3)

Microstrip Filters

784

(63)

Background

784

(1)

Distributed Filters from Lumped Prototypes

784

(19)

Coupled Resonator Bandpass Filters

803

(38)

Practical Considerations

841

(2)

Summary

843

(1)

Appendix: Lumped Equivalents of Distributed Resonators

844

(3)

Index

847


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