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The CliffsStudySolver workbooks combine 20 percent review material with 80 percent practice problems (and the answers!) to help make your lessons stick.

CliffsStudySolver Anatomy & Physiology is for students who want to reinforce their knowledge with a learn-by-doing approach. Inside, you’ll get the practice you need to bone up on body systems and more with problem-solving tools such as

• Straightforward, concise reviews of every topic
• Terms and principles for each subject
• Helpful charts and illustrations
• Practice problems in every chapter — with explanations and solutions
• A diagnostic pretest to assess your current skills
• A full-length exam that adapts to your skill level

Starting off with an introduction to anatomical terms and physiological concepts, this workbook ventures into cellular structure, cell reproduction, and chemistry, both organic and inorganic. You'll explore the muscular, central nervous, lymphatic, and endocrine systems, plus details about

• Skin, hair, nails, and glands
• Bones of the cranium, sternum, and vertebral column
• The five senses
• Blood composition and types
• Metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates
• The male and female reproductive systems

Practice makes perfect —and whether you're taking lessons or teaching yourself, CliffsStudySolver guides can help you make the grade.

Author Steven Bassett started teaching anatomy and physiology at the high school level in 1978. He has been the lead instructor for anatomy and physiology at Southeast Community College in Lincoln, Nebraska since 1990. He is currently adjunct professor in the Physician's Assistance Program at Union College in Lincoln.

CliffsStudySolver Anatomy & Physiology

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By Steven Bassett

John Wiley & Sons

ISBN: 0-7645-7469-8

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Chapter One

Introductory Anatomical Terminology and Physiological Concepts

Most of the terms used in anatomy and physiology are of either Greek or Latin origin. (In fact, the term anatomy is derived from a Greek word that means to "cut open.") These terms are descriptive, and while they may appear to be rather difficult in the beginning, they soon will be second nature to you. You'll find yourself speaking the language of anatomy and physiology in no time.

Directional Terms

Have you ever been in a situation where someone is giving you directions and says something like this, "When you come to corner, turn right"? When you're coming from one direction, turning right may be north. Coming from the opposite direction, turning right may be south. It would be far better to receive directions in this manner, "When you come to the corner, turn north." This way, no matter which direction you're traveling, north is always north.

The same issue applies when describing various aspects of the body. The following is a list of terms that are commonly used when discussing the body, and these are accurate terms regardless how the body is positioned or how you are looking at the body.

Superior means moving from one point to another going toward the head. Do not use the word "up." Here is an example: the patient's nose is superior to their mouth. To get to the nose from the mouth, you have to move in a head-like manner-even if the patient happens to be standing on his or her head. Inferior means moving from one point to another going toward the feet. Do not use the word "down." Here is an example: The patient's chin is inferior to their mouth. To get to the chin from the mouth, you have to move toward the feet-even if the patient happens to be standing on his or her head. Medial means moving from one point to another going toward the midline of the body. Do not use the word "inside." Here is an example: the patient's big toe is medial to the little toe. The big toe is not on the "inside" of the foot. To get to the inside of the foot, one would have to make an incision and actually cut into the foot. Lateral means moving from one point to another going away from the midline of the body. Do not use the word "outside." Here is an example: the patient's little toe is lateral to the big toe. Anterior means the point of reference you are referring to is located on the front side of the body. For example: your chest is anterior to your upper back. Posterior means the point of reference you are referring to is located on the back side of the body. For example: your gluteus maximus is on the posterior side of the body.

Example Problems

Fill in the following blanks using one of the previously discussed directional.

1. The knee is ___________________________ to the hip bones. answer: inferior 2. The ears are ___________________________ to the nose. answer: lateral 3. The shoulder is ___________________________ to the elbow. answer: superior 4. The lips are ___________________________ to the nose. answer: inferior 5. The elbow is on the ___________________________ side of the arm. answer: posterior

Anatomical Position

The anatomical position for the human body is when the patient is standing with the palms of their hands facing anterior. This position is necessary for ease of study because it is in this position that the two bones that make up your lower arm are parallel to each other. In this manner, your thumbs will be lateral to your little finger. Regardless of the position the patient is in, always think in terms of anatomical position. Even if a patient is standing in front of you with his arms crossed, you still view his thumb as being lateral to his little finger.

Example Problems

Fill in the following blanks (using one of the previously discussed directional terms) while referring to Figure 1-1.

1. Point 1 is __________________________________________ to point 2. answer: superior 2. Point 3 is __________________________________________ to point 4. answer: lateral 3. Point 5 is __________________________________________ to point 6. answer: lateral 4. Point 7 is __________________________________________ to point 8. answer: anterior 5. Point 9 is __________________________________________ to point 10. answer: medial

Work Problems

Fill in the blanks using one of the six directional terms previously discussed.

1. The bulgy part of your elbow is located on the ______________________ side of the arm. 2. Your fingernails are located on the ______________________ side of the finger. 3. Your kneecap is located on the ______________________ side of the body. 4. Your naval is located on the ______________________ side of the body. 5. Your gluteal region is located on the ______________________ side of the body. 6. Your heel bone is located on the ______________________ side of the foot. 7. Your eyes are located ______________________ and ______________________ to the tip of your nose. 8. Your naval is located ______________________ and ______________________ to the right nipple region. 9. Your ears are _____________________ to your nose. 10. Regardless of the position of the body, the thumbs (digit 1) are always __________________ to digit 2.

Worked Solutions

1. posterior 2. posterior 3. anterior 4. anterior 5. posterior 6. posterior 7. lateral and superior (superior and lateral) 8. inferior and medial (medial and inferior) 9. lateral 10. lateral

Superficial Landmarks

When two people are talking about cars, they typically use car terminology. Both people understand each other as long as both understand car terminology. When two people are talking about computers, they typically use computer terminology. Both people understand each other as long as both understand computer terminology.

The discussion of the human body isn't any different than the discussion of other topics. You just need to know and understand the language. The language used in science is of Latin or Greek origin.

Table 1-1 lists many terms associated with the superficial regions of the body. The column labeled "term" is the scientific term and the "location" is described in laymen's terms.

Example Problems

Look at Table 1-1 and review the terms. Then use those terms to identify the numbered areas associated with Figures 1-2 through 1-5.

1. Body area number 1 is called ___________________________________________. answer: brachium 2. Body area number 3 is called ___________________________________________. answer: antebrachium 3. Body area number 5 is called ___________________________________________. answer: pollex 4. Body area number 7 is called ___________________________________________. answer: patella 5. Body area number 9 is called ___________________________________________. answer: tarsal 6. Body area number 2 is called _____________________________________________. answer: mentis 7. Body area number 4 is called _____________________________________________. answer: abdomen 8. Body area number 6 is called _____________________________________________. answer: frons (frontal) 9. Body area number 8 is called _____________________________________________. answer: cervical 10. Body area number 10 is called _____________________________________________. answer: umbilical 11. Body area number 1 is called ________________________________________________. answer: brachium 12. Body area number 3 is called ________________________________________________. answer: antebrachium 13. Body area number 7 is called ________________________________________________. answer: popliteal 14. Body area number 8 is called ________________________________________________. answer: sura (sural) 15. Body area number 9 is called ________________________________________________. answer: tarsal 16. Body area number 1 is called _______________________________________________. answer: costal 17. Body area number 2 is called _______________________________________________. answer: lumbar 18. Body area number 3 is called _______________________________________________. answer: gluteal fold

Work Problems

Answer Questions 1 through 5 using a body term from Figure 1-2.

1. Body area number 2 is called ___________________________________________. 2. Body area number 4 is called ___________________________________________. 3. Body area number 6 is called ___________________________________________. 4. Body area number 8 is called ___________________________________________. 5. Body area number 10 is called ___________________________________________.

Answer Questions 6 through 10 using a body term from Figure 1-3.

6. Body area number 1 is called _____________________________________________. 7. Body area number 3 is called _____________________________________________. 8. Body area number 5 is called _____________________________________________. 9. Body area number 7 is called _____________________________________________. 10. Body area number 9 is called _____________________________________________.

Answer Questions 11 through 15 using a body term from Figure 1-4.

11. Body area number 2 is called ________________________________________________. 12. Body area number 4 is called ________________________________________________. 13. Body area number 5 is called ________________________________________________. 14. Body area number 6 is called ________________________________________________. 15. Body area number 10 is called ________________________________________________.

Answer Questions 16 through 19 using a body term from Figure 1-5.

16. Body area number 4 is called _______________________________________________. 17. Body area number 5 is called _______________________________________________. 18. Body area number 6 is called _______________________________________________. 19. Body area number 7 is called _______________________________________________.

Worked Solutions

1. antecubital. The antecubital is the area anterior to the elbow region. 2. carpal. The wrist area is called the carpal region. 3. femoral. The upper thigh is the femoral region. 4. crus. The anterior lower leg is the crus (crural). 5. hallux. The big toe is the hallux. The thumb is the pollex. 6. ocular. The eye region is called the ocular or oculus. 7. thoracic. The chest region is the thoracic. 8. inguinal. The groin region is the inguinal. 9. otic. The ear region is the otic. The instrument to look inside the ear is called an otoscope. 10. axilla. The armpit region is the axilla. 11. cubital. The elbow region is the cubital. Some texts refer to this region as the olecranon. 12. carpal. This is the wrist area. The posterior view is the same as the anterior view. 13. pollex. The thumb is the pollex. The big toe is the hallux. 14. femoral. The posterior upper thigh is the femoral just at the anterior upper thigh. 15. calcaneus. The heel of the foot is the calcaneus. 16. occipital. The back of the head is the occipital. 17. cervical. The entire neck region is the cervical. 18. axilla. The armpit region is the axilla. 19. gluteal cleft. The sagittal crease between the gluteal regions is the gluteal cleft.

Body Quadrants

The torso of the body consists of the thoracic region, the abdominal region, and the pelvic region. The thoracic region consists of the lungs and the heart. The thoracic region and abdominal region are separated by a muscle called the diaphragm muscle. This is our major breathing muscle. The abdominal region and pelvic region are not separated by any physical structure. Therefore, those two regions are combined together to form the abdominopelvic region.

The abdominopelvic region consists of numerous organs. Therefore, anatomists have subdivided the abdominopelvic region into four quadrants to make it easier for the physician to make a preliminary diagnosis.

Look at Figure 1-6 and match the body quadrant name with the appropriate number. The body quadrant names are: right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ). Keep in mind, when we speak of the right side of the body, it is the patient's right side, not your right side.

After studying Figure 1-6, answer the four questions following the Figure.

Example Problems

Answer the following questions using Figure 1-6.

1. Body quadrant 1 is called _______________________________. answer: right upper quadrant (RUQ). Remember, the right side of the body is the patient's right side, not yours. 2. Body quadrant 4 is called _______________________________. answer: left lower quadrant (LLQ) 3. Most of the liver is located in which body quadrant? answer: RUQ. The liver is mostly on the right side of the abdomen region. 4. Most of the stomach is located in which body quadrant? answer: LUQ. Most of the stomach is located to the left of the midline of the body. 5. All of the spleen is located in which body quadrant? answer: LUQ. The spleen is located on the left side of the stomach.

Abdominopelvic Regions

Because there are so many organs in the abdomen and pelvis (abdominopelvic), many physicians prefer the quadrants to be further subdivided into nine abdominopelvic regions. Look at Figure 1-7 to see how the imaginary lines are drawn to create the nine abdominopelvic regions. Table 1-2 lists the terminology associated with the nine abdominopelvic regions.

Example Problems

Use Table 1-2 to match the name of the abdominopelvic region with its location on Figure 1-7.

1. What is the name for abdominopelvic region number 2? answer: epigastric 2. What is the name for abdominopelvic region number 3? answer: left hypochondriac 3. What is the name for abdominopelvic region number 4? answer: right lumbar 4. What is the name for abdominopelvic region number 7? answer: right inguinal (iliac) 5. What is the name for abdominopelvic region number 8? answer: hypogastric

Physicians are able to use the nine abdominopelvic regions to help them determine what is wrong with a patient when the patient walks into the doctor's office and says, "It hurts right here." The patient then points to an area and based on that location, the doctor can determine which organ of the body may be involved in the pain that the patient feels.

Table 1-3 lists various organs located within the abdominopelvic region. The locations of those organs are briefly described. After examining Table 1-3 and referring to Figure 1-7, answer the example problems that follow.

(Continues...)

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Excerpted from CliffsStudySolver Anatomy & Physiology by Steven Bassett Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

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Steven Bassett holds a Masters of Science in the Biological Sciences and has almost 30 years of experience teaching anatomy and physiology in high school and college.