| Preface |
|
x | |
| Scope |
|
x | |
| Sources |
|
x | |
| Whole Earth |
|
xi | |
| Earth Events and News, 1999 |
|
xi | |
| Earth Research |
|
xi | |
| Magnetic Fields |
|
xiii | |
| Continents and Tectonics |
|
xiv | |
| Earth's Core |
|
xiv | |
| Meteors |
|
xvi | |
| New Elements |
|
xvii | |
| Total Solar Eclipse |
|
xvii | |
| Eclipse Research |
|
xviii | |
| Astronomy and the Earth, 1999 |
|
xx | |
| Solar News |
|
xx | |
| Lunar News |
|
xxii | |
| Planets |
|
xxiii | |
| Life on Earth |
|
xxiii | |
| Bacteria |
|
xxiii | |
| Evolution |
|
xxiv | |
| Dinosaurs |
|
xxv | |
| Fossil Plants and Animals |
|
xxvi | |
| Human Ancestors |
|
xxvii | |
| Human Population: Year of Six Billion |
|
xxvii | |
| Population Facts and Impacts |
|
xxviii | |
| ATMOSPHERE |
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1 | (157) |
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1 | (58) |
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Structure of the Atmoshere |
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1 | (1) |
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The Layers of the Atmosphere |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Atmosphere and Weather Research, 1999 |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (10) |
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7 | (1) |
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Significant Tropical Storms and Hurricanes, 1999 |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (8) |
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Notable Cyclones and Typhoons, 1999 |
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16 | (4) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (4) |
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Formation of Thunderstorms and Supercells |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (2) |
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Interesting Tornado Facts |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (5) |
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Tornado Research and Response |
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31 | (3) |
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34 | (13) |
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The Limits of Forecasting |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (10) |
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49 | (7) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (62) |
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59 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Nitrogen Oxides and Volatile Organic Compounds: Smong and ``Bad'' Ozone |
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61 | (1) |
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Anniversary: Bhopal, India |
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61 | (2) |
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Air Pollution Events and News, 1999 |
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63 | (5) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Air Pollutants and Health |
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65 | (3) |
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Acid Rain Events and News |
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68 | (6) |
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Ground-Level Ozone: Smong Events and News |
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74 | (5) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Atmospheric Ozone: The ``Good'' Ozone Layer |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Ozone Depletion over the Antarctic |
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81 | (1) |
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Antarctic Ozone Depletion, 1999 |
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81 | (1) |
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Arctic Ozone Depletion, 1999 |
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82 | (1) |
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Ozone Depletion Elsewhere |
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83 | (3) |
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Ozone-depleting Chemicals |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (5) |
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87 | (5) |
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92 | (7) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (4) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (4) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (2) |
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United States Electric Power |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (2) |
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Energy-Efficient Appliances and Lighting |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (9) |
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Anniversary: Three Mile Island |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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Nuclear Power Plant Openings |
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110 | (1) |
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Nuclear Power Plant Closings |
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111 | (1) |
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Nuclear ``Accidents'' 1999 |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (5) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (2) |
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New Fuel and Energy Research |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (37) |
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122 | (1) |
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Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming |
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122 | (5) |
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124 | (2) |
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Reservations and Uncertainty |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (8) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Climate Change Research, 1999 |
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135 | (8) |
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136 | (1) |
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Climate Change and Oceans |
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137 | (3) |
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140 | (1) |
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Climate Change and Health |
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141 | (2) |
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Global Warming: Impacts and Predictions |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (4) |
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The United States and the Kyoto Protocol |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (10) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Land Sequestration Research |
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|
155 | (3) |
| OCEANS |
|
158 | (128) |
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158 | (128) |
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158 | (6) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Ocean Circulation and Currents |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (8) |
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El Nino Conditions in the Pacific |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (13) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (12) |
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188 | (4) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (3) |
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199 | (13) |
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199 | (1) |
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U.S. Fisheries Report, 1999 |
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|
200 | (6) |
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Bycatch, Habitat Destruction, and Marine Debris |
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206 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (2) |
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Fisheries: Response and Regulation |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (4) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (25) |
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Tenth Anniversary: Exxon Valdez, Prince William Sound, Alaska |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (5) |
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226 | (1) |
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Oil Spills and Wildlife, 1999 |
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227 | (14) |
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Oxygen Depletion and Plankton |
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241 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Plume |
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243 | (10) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (6) |
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256 | (1) |
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HABs and the Global Environment |
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257 | (1) |
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Harmful Algae Blooms, 1999 |
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258 | (2) |
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Coasts, Beaches and Estuaries, 1999 |
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260 | (4) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (9) |
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266 | (5) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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U.S. Coral Reef Initiatives |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (3) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Sea Turtle Bycatch: Leatherbacks |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (3) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (7) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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International Whaling Commission |
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282 | (2) |
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Whales: Rules, Regulations, and Response |
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284 | (2) |
| THE LAND |
|
286 | (125) |
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286 | (41) |
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Earth's Layered Structure |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (5) |
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287 | (5) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (23) |
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Significant Earthquakes, 1999 |
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292 | (13) |
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Other Notable Earthquakes, 1999 |
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305 | (7) |
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Anniversary: The Loma Prieta Earthquake, October 17, 1989 |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (12) |
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316 | (1) |
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Major Volcanic Eruptions, 1999 |
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317 | (7) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (84) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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U.S. National Resources Inventory |
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328 | (4) |
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Land Development and Sprawl |
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332 | (6) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (4) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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Desertification News and Research |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (3) |
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Mine Closings or Restrictions |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (5) |
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344 | (1) |
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Hazardous Materials and Toxic Waste |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (17) |
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349 | (5) |
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354 | (7) |
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361 | (2) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (16) |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (4) |
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373 | (1) |
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Genetically Modified Food |
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374 | (8) |
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382 | (4) |
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386 | (6) |
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386 | (5) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (19) |
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392 | (2) |
|
Forest Status Reports, 1999 |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (3) |
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399 | (12) |
| FRESH WATER |
|
411 | (72) |
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411 | (39) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
|
The Cryosphere and Climate Change |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (9) |
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Antarctica and Climate Change, 1999 |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (2) |
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418 | (2) |
|
Antarctic Life: Research, 1999 |
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420 | (1) |
|
Other Antarctic News, 1999 |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (7) |
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The Arctic and Climate Change |
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422 | (3) |
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425 | (4) |
|
Permafrost Research and News, 1999 |
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429 | (1) |
|
Greenland Research and News, 1999 |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (6) |
|
Other Glaciers Research and News, 1999 |
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432 | (4) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (14) |
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The Nature of Snow and Snow Pack |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (11) |
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Avalanche: Research and Response |
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449 | (1) |
|
The Freshwater Environment |
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|
450 | (33) |
|
The Freshwater Environment |
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|
450 | (1) |
|
Anniversary: Cuyahoga River |
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451 | (1) |
|
Surface Water Pollution, U.S. |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
|
Surface Water Pollution, Europe |
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453 | (1) |
|
Surface Water Pollution, Elsewhere |
|
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454 | (1) |
|
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454 | (1) |
|
Toxic Spills to Fresh Water, 1999 |
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|
454 | (5) |
|
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|
458 | (1) |
|
Freshwater Fish and Wildlife |
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|
459 | (3) |
|
Freshwater Fish Kills, 1999 |
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|
459 | (1) |
|
Other Freshwater Fish and Wildlife News |
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|
460 | (2) |
|
Freshwater Exotic Species |
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462 | (2) |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (9) |
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465 | (5) |
|
Other Groundwater Pollutants |
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470 | (2) |
|
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (3) |
|
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473 | (1) |
|
Dam Removal in the United States |
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474 | (2) |
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476 | (7) |
|
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (2) |
|
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481 | (2) |
| Appendix I: Selected Treaties and Laws |
|
483 | (6) |
|
|
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483 | (1) |
|
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |
|
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484 | (1) |
|
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485 | (1) |
|
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992 |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
International Dolphin Conservation Program Act (U.S.) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Overview of Selected U.S. Laws |
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
Clean Water Act (CWA), 1977 |
|
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487 | (1) |
|
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487 | (1) |
|
Oil Pollution Act (OPA), 1990 |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Endangered Species Act (ESA), 1973 |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Anadromous Fish Conservation Act (U.S.) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
| Appendix II: Selected International and National Scientific Programs |
|
489 | (4) |
|
International Programs and Organizations |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
The World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Selected U.S. Government Agencies and Government-Sponsored Organizations |
|
|
490 | (3) |
|
Garbon Cycle Science Program (U.S.) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
SHEBA (Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic) |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
493 | (4) |
| Conversion Formulas |
|
497 | (3) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
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|
497 | (1) |
|
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|
497 | (1) |
|
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497 | (1) |
|
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|
497 | (2) |
|
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497 | (1) |
|
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497 | (1) |
|
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|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Conversions from Universal Time (UT) to Some U.S. Standard Time Zones |
|
|
499 | (1) |
| Geologic Timeline |
|
500 | (1) |
| Earth Facts |
|
501 | (1) |
| Abbreviations |
|
502 | (2) |
| Index |
|
504 | |