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Earth Almanac: An Annual Geophysical Review of the State of the Planet,9781573564526
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Earth Almanac: An Annual Geophysical Review of the State of the Planet


Edition: 2nd
Author(s): Goldstein, Natalie
ISBN10:  1573564524
ISBN13:  9781573564526
Format:  Paperback
Pub. Date:  11/30/2001
Publisher(s): Greenwood Pub Group

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SummaryTable of ContentsAuthor BiographyEditorial Reviews
Covering the state of the four major geophysical topics associated with the Earth: the atmosphere, oceans, fresh water, and land, this new edition presents an incredible amount of usable information about the changes in our planet during 1999. Details of whole earth events and human-made and natural disasters are chronicled along with the necessary background information and statistics for understanding the science involved. Hot topics such as global warming, ozone depletion, and El Nino.
Preface x
Scope x
Sources x
Whole Earth xi
Earth Events and News, 1999 xi
Earth Research xi
Magnetic Fields xiii
Continents and Tectonics xiv
Earth's Core xiv
Meteors xvi
New Elements xvii
Total Solar Eclipse xvii
Eclipse Research xviii
Astronomy and the Earth, 1999 xx
Solar News xx
Lunar News xxii
Planets xxiii
Life on Earth xxiii
Bacteria xxiii
Evolution xxiv
Dinosaurs xxv
Fossil Plants and Animals xxvi
Human Ancestors xxvii
Human Population: Year of Six Billion xxvii
Population Facts and Impacts xxviii
ATMOSPHERE 1(157)
The Atmosphere
1(58)
Structure of the Atmoshere
1(1)
The Layers of the Atmosphere
1(1)
Troposphere
1(1)
Stratosphere
1(1)
Mesosphere
2(1)
Thermosphere
2(1)
Exosphere
2(1)
Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere
2(1)
Weather
3(2)
The Trade Winds
4(1)
The Jet Stream
4(1)
Storms
5(1)
Atmosphere News, 1999
5(1)
Nasty Weather
5(1)
Atmosphere and Weather Research, 1999
5(1)
Hurricanes
6(10)
Hurricane Classification
7(1)
Significant Tropical Storms and Hurricanes, 1999
7(1)
Overview, 1999
8(8)
Notable Cyclones and Typhoons, 1999
16(4)
Indian Cyclones
18(2)
Hurricane Research
20(2)
Tornadoes
22(4)
Formation of Thunderstorms and Supercells
22(2)
Formation of Tornadoes
24(2)
Interesting Tornado Facts
26(1)
Tornadoes, 1999
26(5)
Tornado Research and Response
31(3)
Floods and Storms, 1999
34(13)
The Limits of Forecasting
46(1)
Temperature Extremes
47(2)
Cold, 1999
47(1)
Heat, 1999
47(2)
Drought, 1999
49(10)
United States
49(7)
Other Droughts
56(1)
Drought Research
57(2)
Air Pollution
59(62)
Major Air Pollutants
59(2)
Carbon Monoxide
60(1)
Lead
60(1)
Particulate Matter
60(1)
Sulfur Dioxide
61(1)
Nitrogen Oxides and Volatile Organic Compounds: Smong and ``Bad'' Ozone
61(1)
Anniversary: Bhopal, India
61(2)
Air Pollution Events and News, 1999
63(5)
Mercury
63(1)
Air Pollution Research
64(1)
Air Pollutants and Health
65(3)
Acid Rain Events and News
68(6)
Ground-Level Ozone: Smong Events and News
74(5)
Research
78(1)
Response
78(1)
Atmospheric Ozone: The ``Good'' Ozone Layer
79(1)
The Montreal Protocol
80(1)
Ozone Depletion over the Antarctic
81(1)
Antarctic Ozone Depletion, 1999
81(1)
Arctic Ozone Depletion, 1999
82(1)
Ozone Depletion Elsewhere
83(3)
Ozone-depleting Chemicals
84(1)
From the Police Docket
84(2)
Ozone Research
86(1)
Energy
87(5)
World Overview
87(5)
Fossil Fuels
92(7)
U.S. Coal News
92(2)
U.S. Oil News
94(1)
Oil Exploration
95(4)
Natural Gas
99(1)
Transportation
99(4)
Vehicle Emissions
99(2)
New Materials, New Fuels
101(2)
United States Electric Power
103(2)
Hydroelectric Power News
105(2)
Energy-Efficient Appliances and Lighting
106(1)
Nuclear Energy
107(9)
Anniversary: Three Mile Island
107(1)
Nuclear Energy Today
108(2)
Chernobyl
110(1)
Nuclear Power Plant Openings
110(1)
Nuclear Power Plant Closings
111(1)
Nuclear ``Accidents'' 1999
112(2)
Violations
114(1)
Health and Compensation
115(1)
Nuclear Waste
115(1)
Research
116(1)
Renewable Energy
116(5)
Wind Energy
118(1)
Solar Energy
118(2)
New Fuel and Energy Research
120(1)
Global Warming
121(37)
The Greenhouse Effect
122(1)
Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming
122(5)
Global Climate Models
124(2)
Reservations and Uncertainty
126(1)
Controversy
127(1)
Overview, 1999
127(8)
U.S.
134(1)
Other News
134(1)
Climate Change Research, 1999
135(8)
Atmospheric Research
136(1)
Climate Change and Oceans
137(3)
Climate Change and Land
140(1)
Climate Change and Health
141(2)
Global Warming: Impacts and Predictions
143(1)
The Kyoto Protocol
144(4)
The United States and the Kyoto Protocol
144(2)
COP-5
146(2)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
148(10)
Costs and Benefits
148(2)
Emissions Trading
150(2)
Carbon Sinks
152(2)
Research
154(1)
Land Sequestration Research
155(3)
OCEANS 158(128)
The Ocean Environment
158(128)
Ocean Fundamentals
158(6)
Ocean Salinity
159(1)
Ocean Minerals
159(1)
Ocean Sediment
160(1)
Ocean Circulation and Currents
160(3)
Sea Level
163(1)
Sea Surface Temperature
163(1)
Ocean Research, 1999
164(2)
El Nino and La Nina
166(8)
El Nino Conditions in the Pacific
166(1)
La Nina
166(2)
El Nino Review
168(1)
La Nina, 1999
168(3)
Notable La Nina Events
171(1)
Research
172(2)
Life in the Oceans, 1999
174(1)
Fisheries
175(13)
United States Fisheries
176(1)
Fisheries, 1999
176(12)
Salmon, 1999
188(4)
Pacific Salmon
188(2)
Atlantic Salmon
190(2)
Tuna
192(3)
Swordfish
195(1)
Sharks
196(1)
Shellfish
196(3)
Other Fish News
199(13)
Jellyfish
199(1)
U.S. Fisheries Report, 1999
200(6)
Bycatch, Habitat Destruction, and Marine Debris
206(3)
Bycatch, 1999
209(1)
Fishing Vessels
209(2)
Fisheries: Response and Regulation
211(1)
Ocean Pollution
212(4)
Chemical Contamination
212(1)
Ocean Pollution, 1999
213(2)
Laws and Treaties
215(1)
Exotic Species
215(1)
Oil Spills
216(25)
Tenth Anniversary: Exxon Valdez, Prince William Sound, Alaska
216(3)
Research Toxicity
219(1)
Aftermath
219(1)
Alyeska Whistleblowers
220(1)
Notable Oil Spills, 1999
221(5)
Other Oil News, 1999
226(1)
Oil Spills and Wildlife, 1999
227(14)
Oxygen Depletion and Plankton
241(2)
Phytoplankton
241(1)
Plankton Research
242(1)
Plankton News
243(1)
Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Plume
243(10)
Oxygen Depletion, 1999
253(1)
Harmful Algae Blooms
254(6)
HAB Research
256(1)
HABs and the Global Environment
257(1)
Harmful Algae Blooms, 1999
258(2)
Coasts, Beaches and Estuaries, 1999
260(4)
Research
262(1)
Response
262(2)
Coral Reefs
264(9)
Coral Reefs, 1999
266(5)
Coral Reef Research
271(1)
Response
272(1)
U.S. Coral Reef Initiatives
272(1)
Marine Life
273(3)
Sea Turtles, 1999
273(1)
Sea Turtle Rescues
274(1)
Sea Turtle Bycatch: Leatherbacks
275(1)
Marine Mammals, 1999
276(3)
Sea Lions
276(1)
Sea Otters
277(1)
Dolphins and Porpoises
278(1)
Manatees
278(1)
Whales, 1999
279(7)
Right Whales
279(1)
Orcas
279(1)
Beluga Whales
279(1)
Gray Whales
280(1)
ESSA Salt Works
281(1)
International Whaling Commission
282(2)
Whales: Rules, Regulations, and Response
284(2)
THE LAND 286(125)
Geologic Processes
286(41)
Earth's Layered Structure
287(1)
Continental Drift
287(1)
Tectonic Plates
287(5)
Tectonic Plate Movement
287(5)
Sea Floor and Magnetism
292(1)
Earthquakes
292(23)
Significant Earthquakes, 1999
292(13)
Other Notable Earthquakes, 1999
305(7)
Anniversary: The Loma Prieta Earthquake, October 17, 1989
312(1)
Earthquake Research
313(2)
Volcanoes
315(12)
Volcanic Sites
316(1)
Major Volcanic Eruptions, 1999
317(7)
Submarine Volcanoes
324(1)
Volcano Research
325(2)
Land Use
327(84)
General Events and News
327(1)
Landslides
327(1)
U.S. National Resources Inventory
328(4)
Land Development and Sprawl
332(6)
Development News, 1999
332(1)
Land Preservation
333(4)
Wetland News
337(1)
Desertification
338(1)
Desertification News and Research
338(1)
Mines and Mining
339(3)
Mine Closings or Restrictions
341(1)
Laws and Regulations
341(1)
Materials and Recycling
342(2)
Tires
342(1)
Plastic
342(1)
Automobiles
342(2)
Other Recyclables
344(1)
Land Pollution
344(5)
Toxic Spills
344(1)
Hazardous Materials and Toxic Waste
345(2)
Toxics and Health
347(1)
Research and Response
348(1)
Wildlife
349(17)
Bad News Globally, 1999
349(5)
Endangered Species
354(7)
Wildlife Research
361(2)
Plants
363(1)
Exotic Species
364(2)
Agriculture
366(16)
Agriculture and Health
366(3)
Plant Health
369(1)
Pesticides and Wildlife
369(4)
Soil Erosion
373(1)
Genetically Modified Food
374(8)
World Trade Organization
382(4)
Wildfires
386(6)
Wildfires, 1999
386(5)
Research
391(1)
Forests
392(19)
Tropical Deforestation
392(2)
Forest Status Reports, 1999
394(1)
Forest News and Events
395(1)
Other Forest News
396(3)
Response and Protection
399(12)
FRESH WATER 411(72)
Cryosphere: The Ice
411(39)
Antarctica
411(1)
Greenland
411(1)
The Arctic
412(1)
Other Glaciers
412(1)
Permafrost
413(1)
The Cryosphere and Climate Change
413(1)
Antarctica
413(9)
Antarctica and Climate Change, 1999
414(2)
Antarctic Ice Sheets
416(2)
Antarctic Research, 1999
418(2)
Antarctic Life: Research, 1999
420(1)
Other Antarctic News, 1999
421(1)
Antarctic Treaty
422(1)
The Arctic
422(7)
The Arctic and Climate Change
422(3)
Sea Ice
425(4)
Permafrost Research and News, 1999
429(1)
Greenland Research and News, 1999
430(1)
Glaciers
430(6)
Other Glaciers Research and News, 1999
432(4)
Snow and Ice
436(1)
Avalanches
436(14)
The Nature of Snow and Snow Pack
437(1)
Types of Avalanches
438(1)
Avalanches, 1999
438(11)
Avalanche: Research and Response
449(1)
The Freshwater Environment
450(33)
The Freshwater Environment
450(1)
Anniversary: Cuyahoga River
451(1)
Surface Water Pollution, U.S.
452(1)
Heavy Metals
452(1)
PCBs
452(1)
Bacteria
453(1)
Good News
453(1)
Surface Water Pollution, Europe
453(1)
Surface Water Pollution, Elsewhere
454(1)
Quality of U.S. Waters
454(1)
Toxic Spills to Fresh Water, 1999
454(5)
Great Lakes
458(1)
Freshwater Fish and Wildlife
459(3)
Freshwater Fish Kills, 1999
459(1)
Other Freshwater Fish and Wildlife News
460(2)
Freshwater Exotic Species
462(2)
Fish
462(1)
Plants
463(1)
Insects
463(1)
Pathogens
464(1)
Groundwater
464(9)
Groundwater Pollution
465(5)
Other Groundwater Pollutants
470(2)
Research and Response
472(1)
Dams
473(3)
News and Events
473(1)
Dam Removal in the United States
474(2)
Freshwater Supply
476(7)
Irrigation Shortage
476(1)
Water Export
477(1)
Water Shortages
478(1)
Water Conflicts
479(2)
Freshwater Research
481(2)
Appendix I: Selected Treaties and Laws 483(6)
Montreal Protocol, 1987
483(1)
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
484(1)
The Kyoto Protocol
485(1)
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992
485(1)
International Dolphin Conservation Program Act (U.S.)
486(1)
Overview of Selected U.S. Laws
487(2)
Clean Water Act (CWA), 1977
487(1)
Clean Air Act (CAA)
487(1)
Oil Pollution Act (OPA), 1990
487(1)
Endangered Species Act (ESA), 1973
487(1)
Anadromous Fish Conservation Act (U.S.)
488(1)
Appendix II: Selected International and National Scientific Programs 489(4)
International Programs and Organizations
489(1)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
489(1)
The World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS)
489(1)
Selected U.S. Government Agencies and Government-Sponsored Organizations
490(3)
Garbon Cycle Science Program (U.S.)
490(1)
Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA)
490(1)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
491(1)
SHEBA (Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic)
492(1)
New Satellites
492(1)
Glossary 493(4)
Conversion Formulas 497(3)
Length
497(1)
Area
497(1)
Volume
497(1)
Mass
497(1)
Conversions
497(2)
Length
497(1)
Area
497(1)
Volume
497(1)
Mass and Weight
497(1)
Temperature
498(1)
Conversions from Universal Time (UT) to Some U.S. Standard Time Zones
499(1)
Geologic Timeline 500(1)
Earth Facts 501(1)
Abbreviations 502(2)
Index 504
NATALIE GOLDSTEIN is a science writer focusing primarily on environmental subjects. For ten years, she has written educational materials in environmental science and life sciences.
Earth Almanac: An Annual Geophysical Review of he State of the Planet lives up to the praise offered by Library Journal on its back cover. The book lends itself easily to reference use or casual browsing. The book consists of short 1 or 2 page articles that are further split into subsections. This arrangement allows the reader to quickly spot the desired topic. The chapters are separated into four main sections: Atmosphere, Oceans, The Land, and Fresh Water. A detailed table of contents gives access to each article, and an extensive index is included. Several hundred tables, charts, graphs and photos make the book visually interesting and provide valuable data.The latest data available is from 1999, and many charts go only to 1997. Included in the book is a summary of leading geologic research from 1999. Other sections offer a listing of significant storms, hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes and volcanoes that provide a good historical reference for the events of 1999. Anniversaries of important ecological events, like the Exxon Valdez spill and the Three Mile Island incident are covered, and major ecological disasters for 1999 are listed. The status of treaties and laws involving environmental issues are covered, and a somewhat depressing section lists the status of endangered and threatened animals. Many other important issues and legal matters are also covered in the book.I found this book to be somewhat addictive and could not stop thumbing through it reading pieces that caught my eye. This is an excellent book for students, teachers, and anyone interested in the environment. It is highly recommended to any library serving users at or above the high school level.

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