Lisp

Symbol Manipulation Is Like Working with Words and Sentences.
Lisp Helps Make Computers Intelligent.
Lisp Promotes Productivity and Facilitates Education.
Lisp Is the Right Symbol-Manipulation Language To Learn.
CommonLisp Is the Right Lisp To Learn.
Beware of False Myths.
References.

Lisp Means Symbol Manipulation.
Lisp Procedures and Data Are Symbolic Expressions.
Lists Are Like Bowls.

Quoting Stops Evaluation.

Certain Atoms Evaluate to Themselves.

Lisp Offers Integers, Ratios, and Floating-Point Numbers, among Others.
A Few Primitives for Numbers Round Out a Basic Repertoire.

DEFUN is Lisp's Procedure-Definition Primitive.
Parameter Variable Values Are Isolated by Virtual Fences.
Special Variable Values Are Not Isolated by Virtual Fences.
Procedures Match Parameters to Arguments.

Progressive Envelopment and Comment Translation Help Define New Procedures.

A Predicate Is a Procedure That Returns True or False.

Keyword Arguments Modify Behavior.

There Are Many Number Predicates.

Problem Reduction Helps Define New Procedures.

Procedure Abstraction Hides Details Behind Abstraction Boundaries.
Recursion Allows Procedures To Use Themselves
Recursion Can Be Efficient.
Recursion Can Be Used To Analyze Nested Expressions.
Optional Parameters Eliminate the Need for Many Auxiliaries.
Advanced Programmers Use Rest, Key, and Aux Parameters
Only a Few Lisp Primitives Are Really Necessary.
References.

Data Details Stifle Progress.
Data Abstraction Facilitates Progress.
You Should Use Readers, Constructors, and Writers Liberally.
It Is Useful To Transform and To Filter.
Recursive Procedures Can Transform and Filter.
Recursive Procedures Can Count and Find.
Cliches Embody Important Programming Knowledge.

References.

DOTIMES Supports Iteration on Numbers.
DOLIST Supports Iteration on Lists.
DO Is More General than DOLIST and DOTIMES.
LOOP Never Stops, Almost.
PROG1 and PROGN Handle Sequences Explicitly.

Programs and Data Reside in Files.
File Specifications Tend to Have Baroque Forms.

Emacs Is a Particularly Powerful Lisp Editor.

References.

PRINT and READ Facilitate Simple Printing and Reading.
FORMAT Enables Exotic Printing.
WITH-OPEN-FILE Enables Reading from Files.
Optional Arguments in READ Forms Specify End-of-File Treatment.
WITH-OPEN-FILE Enables Printing to Files.
READ Does Not Evaluate Expressions, but EVAL Evaluates Twice.

READ-LINE and READ-CHAR Read Strings and Characters.

Following Rules of Good Programming Practice Helps You To Avoid Bugs.
Big Programs Require Abstraction and Modularity.

Debugging Is Implementation Specific.
References.

Each Way of Storing Data Has Constructors, Readers, and Writers.
Properties Enable Storage in Symbolically Indexed Places.

Arrays Enable Storage in Numerically Indexed Places.

Macros Translate and Then Evaluate.
The Backquote Mechanism Simplifies Template Filling.
The Backquote Mechanism Simplifies Macro Writing.
Optional, Rest, and Key Parameters Enable More Powerful Macros.
Macros Deserve Their Own File.

Structure Types Facilitate Data Abstraction.
Structure Types Enable Storage in Procedurally Indexed Places.
Individual Structure Types Are New Data Types.
One Structure Type Can Include the Fields of Another.
Structure Types Are Important Components of Big Systems.

What to Do Depends on What You Do it to.
You Can Make Ordinary Procedures Data Driven, Albeit Awkwardly.
Methods Are Procedures Selected from Generic Functions by Argument Types.
Classes Resemble Structure Types but Resonate Better with Generic Functions.
Any Nonoptional Argument's Class Can Help Select a Method.
Classes Enable Method Inheritance.
The Most Specific Method Takes Precedence over the Others.
Parameter Order Helps Determine Method Precedence.
Simple Rules Approximate the Complicated Class Precedence Algorithm.
Methods Can Be Specialized to Individual Instances.
Method Selection Involves Three Steps.
Object-Oriented Programming Offers Advantages, Not Magic.
References.
15. Lexical Variables, Generators, and Encapsulation.
LETs Produce Nested Fences.
Nested Fences Provide Variable Values.
Procedure Calls Usually Do Not Produce Nested Fences.
Nested Definitions do Produce Nested Fences.
Generators Produce Sequences.
Nameless Procedures Produce Nested Fences.
Nameless Procedures Can Be Assigned to Variables.
The Free Variables in Nameless Procedures Can Be Encapsulated.
Encapsulation Enables the Creation of Sophisticated Generators.
Generators Can Be Defined by other Procedures.
Nameless Procedures Become Lexical Closures.
References.

Bindings Could Be Kept on a Record of Calls.
Some Variables Are Declared To Be Special Forevermore.
Special-Variable Bindings Are Actually Kept on a Stack.

Some Variable Instances Can Be Special while Others Are Lexical.
Both Lexical and Special Variables Can Be Free Variables.
17. List Storage, Surgery, and Reclamation.
Lists Can Be Represented by Boxes and Pointers.
Boxes and Pointers Can Be Represented by Bytes.

Garbage Collection Reclaims Abandoned Memory.
Lisp Allows You To Write Inefficient Procedures.
Simple Garbage Collectors Use the Mark and Sweep Approach.
Simulation Procedures Expose Garbage Collection Details.

Marking Can Be Done without Recursion.
Our Nonrecursive Marking Procedure Leaves a Trail of Pointers.
Some Garbage Collectors Are Incremental.
18. Lisp in Lisp.
It Is Easy To Build a Simple Interpreter for a Lisplike Language.

Closures Encapsulate Environments.
Special Variable Binding Can Be Arranged.
Lisp Does Call-by-Value Rather Than Call-by-Reference.
Lisp Can Be Defined in Lisp.
Fancy Control Structures Usually Start Out as Basic Lisp Interpreters.
19. Examples Involving Search.
Breadth-First and Depth-First Searches Are Basic Strategies.
Best-First Search and Hill-Climbing Require Sorting.
References.
20. Examples Involving Simulation.
Projects Involve Events and Tasks.
Structures Can Represent Events and Tasks.
Simulation Procedures Can Propagate Event Times.
Event and Task Structures Require Special Printing Procedures.
An Event List Keeps Simulation in Step with the Simulated Project.
21. The Blocks World with Classes and Methods.
The Blocks-World Program Handles Put-On Commands.
Object-Oriented Programming Shifts Attention from Procedures to Objects.
Object-Oriented Programming Begins with Class Specification.
Slot Readers Are Generic Functions.
The Blocks-World Program's Methods Are Transparent.
Before and After Methods Simplify Bookkeeping.
Slot Writers Are Generic Functions.
Object-Oriented Programming Enables Automatic Procedure Assembly.
You Can Control How Instances Are Printed.
The Number-Crunching Methods Can Be Ignored.
The Blocks-World Program Illustrates Abstraction.
References.
22. Answering Questions about Goals.
The Blocks-World Program Can Introspect into its Own Operation.
Remembering Generic Function Calls Creates a Goal Tree.
Macros Enable Method-Defining Procedures To Be Defined.
The Goal Tree Is Easy to Display.
The Goal Tree Answers Questions.
References.
23. Constraint Propagation.
Constraints Propagate Numbers through Arithmetic Boxes.
Constraints Propagate Probability Bounds through Logic Boxes.
Classes Represent Assertions and Logical Constraints.
Generic Functions Enforce Constraints.
More Information Moves Probability Bounds Closer.
References.
24. Symbolic Pattern Matching.
Matching Compares Patterns and Datums Element by Element.

Matching Is Easily Implemented by a Recursive Procedure.
Matching Is Better Implemented Using Procedure Abstraction.
Unification Is Generalized Matching.
References.
25. Streams and Delayed Evaluation.
Streams Are Sequences of Data Objects.
We Can Represent Streams Using Lists.
We Can Delay Evaluation by Encapsulation.
We Can Represent Streams Using Delayed Evaluation.
References.
26. Rule-Based Expert Systems and Forward Chaining.
Forward Chaining Means Working from Antecedents to Consequents.
We Use Streams To Represent Assertions and Rules.

Simple Rules Help Identify Animals.
Rules Facilitate Question Answering and Probability Computing.
Our Forward-Chaining Program Illustrates Abstraction.
References.
27. Backward Chaining and PROLOG.
Our Backward Chainer Borrows Procedures from our Forward Chainer.
Backward Chaining Means Working from Consequents to Antecedents.

Completing Our Backward-Chaining Program Involves a Few Auxiliary Procedures.
Simple Rules Help Identify Animals.
Our Backward Chainer Implements a Language like Prolog.
Our Backward-Chaining Program Illustrates Abstraction.
References.
28. Interpreting Transition Trees.
Procedures Can Produce Multiple Values.
Natural-Language Interfaces Produce Database Commands.
Transition Trees Capture English Syntax.
A Transition Tree Interpreter Follows an Explicit Description.
Multiple-Valued Procedures Embody Transition Trees.
Our Interpreter Uses Explicit Transition-Tree Descriptions.
We Use a Macro To Simplify Tree Definition.
A Read, Analyze, and Report Loop Adds a Finishing Touch.
References.
29. Compiling Transition Trees.
Transition Trees Can Be Compiled from Transparent Specifications.
Compilers Treat Programs as Data.
Compiled Programs Run Faster.
Compilers Are Usually Major Undertakings.
Lisp Itself Is Either Compiled or Interpreted.
30. Procedure-Writing Programs and Database Interfaces.
Grammars Can Be Sophisticated.
Answering Requests Is Done in Three Steps.
Most Database Commands Transform Relations into Relations.
English Questions Correspond to Database Commands.
Our Simulated Database Supports an Improved Grammar.
The Relational Database Can Be Faked.
The Database Illustrates Data Abstraction.
31. Finding Patterns in Images.
Generating All Possible Matches Helps Isolate the Correct Match.
Constraints Are Needed To Isolate the Correct Match.
The Search Tree Can Be Pruned Using Geometric Information.
Matches Have To Be Checked for Global Consistency.
Matching Is Harder if Mismatches Are Allowed.
Keeping Track of Mismatches Improves Efficiency.
The Cost of Filtering Has To Be Weighed against the Cost of Searching.
Multiple Matching Attempts Lead to Recognition.
Edges Provide More Constraint than Points.
References.
32. Converting Notations, Manipulating Matrices, and Finding Roots.
It Is Easy to Translate Infix Notation to Prefix.
Sparse Matrices Can Be Represented as Lists of Lists.
Complex Numbers Constitute Another Numeric Data Type.
Roots of Quadratic Equations Are Easy To Calculate.
Roots of Cubic Equations Can Be Calculated.
Roots of Quartic Equations Are Harder To Calculate.
References.
Appendix: The Computation of the Class Precedence List.
Make Initial Lists.
Make a List of Precedence Pairs.
Make a List of Precedence List Candidates.
Select a Candidate.
Shrink the List of Precedence Pairs. @AHEADS - Repeat.
Problem Solutions.
Glossary.
Bibliography.
Index of LISP Primitives Used in this Book.
Index of LISP Definitions.
General Index.