| Preface |
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xix | |
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Introduction: The Limits of Human Performance |
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1 | (18) |
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The Scientific Basis of Exercise Physiology: Some Definitions |
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2 | (1) |
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Physiological Science in Sports Science and Medicine, the Health Care Professions, Physical Education, and Athletics |
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3 | (1) |
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The Relevance of Physiology for the Health Care Professions, Physical Education, and Athletics |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) and Physical Fitness |
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5 | (2) |
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Factors Affecting the Performance of the Biological Machine |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Development of the Field of Exercise Physiology |
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9 | (1) |
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Pioneers and Leaders in Exercise Physiology |
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10 | (3) |
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The Ever-Changing Fields of Exercise Physiology and Exercise and Sports Science in the United States and Elsewhere |
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13 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General of the United States |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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19 | (12) |
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20 | (1) |
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Heat, Temperature, and the Biological Apparatus |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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The Equilibrium Constant and Free Energy |
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25 | (1) |
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The Actual Free Energy Change |
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26 | (1) |
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ATP: The Common Chemical Intermediate |
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26 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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ATP: The High-Energy Chemical Intermediate |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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The Maintenance of ATP Homeostasis in Energetics and Human Movement |
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31 | (12) |
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32 | (2) |
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Nonoxidative (Glycolytic) Energy Sources |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism |
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35 | (1) |
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Power and Capacity of Muscle Energy Systems |
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36 | (1) |
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Energetics and Athletic Performance |
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36 | (1) |
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Enzymatic Regulation of Metabolism |
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36 | (3) |
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Cell ATP Homeostasis and the Adenylate Energy Charge |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (16) |
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Energy Transductions in the Biosphere |
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43 | (1) |
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Metabolism and Heat Production in Animals |
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44 | (1) |
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Early Attempts at Calorimetry |
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45 | (6) |
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51 | (1) |
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The Utility of Indirect Calorimetry During Exercise |
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51 | (6) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Glycogenolysis and Glycolysis in Muscle: The Cellular Degradation of Sugar and Carbohydrate to Pyruvate and Lactate |
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59 | (38) |
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The Dietary Sources of Glucose |
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60 | (1) |
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Direct vs. Indirect Pathways of Liver Glycogen Synthesis: The ``Glucose Paradox'' |
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61 | (2) |
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Blood Glucose Concentration During Rest and Exercise |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (14) |
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66 | (1) |
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Aerobic, Anaerobic, and ``Nonrobic'' Glycolysis in the Cytosol |
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66 | (5) |
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Malate-Aspartate and Glycerol-Phosphate Cytoplasmic-Mitochondrial Shuttle Systems |
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71 | (1) |
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The Intracellular Lactate Shuttle |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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The Efficiency of Glycolysis |
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75 | (1) |
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The Control of Glycolysis |
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75 | (4) |
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79 | (4) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (3) |
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Energy Flux and Metabolic Regulation |
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82 | (1) |
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The Cell-Cell Lactate Shuttle |
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83 | (1) |
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Monocarboxylate (Lactate/Pyruvate) Transport Proteins in Muscle Cell Membranes and Mitochondria |
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84 | (2) |
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The Muscle Mitochondrial Lactate/Pyruvate Transporter is MCT1 |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Effects of Training on Glycolysis |
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87 | (1) |
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Quantitative and Relative Uses of Glucose, Glycogen, and Other Substrates During Exercise |
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88 | (3) |
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Effects of Exercise and Endurance Training on Blood Lactate Concentration, Appearance, and Clerance Rates |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (4) |
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Cellular Oxidation of Pyruvate and Lactate |
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97 | (27) |
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97 | (3) |
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The Mitochondrial Reticulum: Mitochondria Are Interconnected Tubes, Not Individual Spheres |
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100 | (1) |
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Mitochondrial Structure and Function |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (4) |
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The Electron Transport Chain |
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106 | (4) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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The Number of ATP from a Glucose Molecule |
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108 | (2) |
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Effects of Training on Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria |
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110 | (4) |
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The Training Adaptation and Coordination of Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes |
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114 | (3) |
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What is the Mitochondrial Oxygen Partial Pressure During Exercise? |
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117 | (2) |
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Free Radicals, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Oxidative Damage, Cell Signaling and Protection |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (3) |
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124 | (34) |
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125 | (3) |
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Esterification and Hydrolysis |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Chylomicrons and Lipoproteins |
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129 | (1) |
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Free Fatty Acid Levels in Blood During Rest and Exercise |
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130 | (1) |
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The Utilization of Lipids During Exercise |
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131 | (8) |
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Mobilization from Adipose |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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Activation and Translocation |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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Intramuscular Triglycerides and Lipoproteins as Fuel Sources |
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139 | (2) |
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Tissue Specificity in Lipid Utilization |
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141 | (1) |
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Mitochondrial Adaptation to Enhance Fat Oxidation |
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141 | (1) |
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Carbohydrate--Lipid Interactions: The Glucose--Fatty Acid Cycle |
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141 | (1) |
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Substrate Utilization During Exercise: The ``Crossover Concept'' |
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142 | (2) |
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The Substrate Shunt During Exercise |
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144 | (4) |
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Is AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) the Metabolic Master Switch for Energy-Sensing and Signaling in Skeletal Muscle? |
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148 | (2) |
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Gender Differences in Energy Substrate Partitioning |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (4) |
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Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids |
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158 | (23) |
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Structure of Amino Acids and Proteins |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (5) |
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Nitrogen Balance: Protein-CHO-Energy Interactions |
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162 | (1) |
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The Removal of Nitrogen from Amino Acids---The Role of Glutamate |
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162 | (2) |
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The Excretion of Nitrogenous Wastes |
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164 | (1) |
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Sites of Amino Acid and Protein Degradation |
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164 | (2) |
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The Fate of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons |
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166 | (1) |
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Gluconeogenic Amino Acids |
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166 | (2) |
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Pathways of Phosphoenolpyruvate Formation |
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167 | (1) |
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Amino Acids in Anaplerotic and Cataplerotic Reactions |
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168 | (1) |
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Branched-Chain Amino Acids |
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168 | (1) |
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The Glucose--Alanine Cycle |
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168 | (4) |
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168 | (2) |
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Results of Experiments on Exercising Animals |
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170 | (1) |
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Muscle Proteolysis During Exercise |
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170 | (1) |
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Effects of Endurance Training on Amino Acid Metabolism |
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170 | (2) |
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Results of Human Experimentation |
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172 | (2) |
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Glutamate and Glutamine as Ammonia Scavengers |
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174 | (3) |
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174 | (3) |
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Stimulation of Anabolic Processes Immediately After Exercise |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
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Neural-Endocrine Control of Metabolism: Blood Glucose Homeostasis During Exercise |
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181 | (32) |
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Glucose Homeostasis: Hepatic Glucose Production (HGP) and Glucose Shunting During Exercise |
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182 | (1) |
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Feed-Forward Control of Glycemia During Exercise |
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183 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Hormones |
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183 | (2) |
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Feedback and the Control of Hormonal Secretion |
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185 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Hormonal Action |
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185 | (1) |
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Cyclic AMP (cAMP)---The Intracellular Hormone |
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186 | (1) |
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Insulin and Glucagon---The Immediate Control of Blood Glucose Level |
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186 | (5) |
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Facilitated Glucose Transport---The ``Translocation Hypothesis'' as a Mechanism of Insulin Action |
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186 | (2) |
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Facilitated Glucose Transport---The Mechanism of Muscle Contractions |
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188 | (1) |
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Role of the Liver in Stabilizing Blood Glucose Level |
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188 | (1) |
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Insulin and Hepatic Fat Metabolism |
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189 | (1) |
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The Insulin Response to Exercise |
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189 | (1) |
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Training and Insulin Release in Exercise |
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190 | (1) |
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Training and Muscle GLUT-4 |
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190 | (1) |
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Glucagon---The Insulin Antagonist |
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191 | (1) |
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The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla |
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191 | (10) |
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Effects of Exercise Intensity and Training on Catecholamine Responses |
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193 | (1) |
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Mild to Moderate Intensity Exercise |
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193 | (1) |
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Hard to Maximal Intensity Exercise |
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194 | (2) |
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Catecholamines and Blood Glucose Homeostasis |
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196 | (1) |
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The Endocrine Control of Hepatic Glucose Production |
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197 | (2) |
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Insulin, Glucagon, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine: Redundant Controls of Glycemia |
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199 | (2) |
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Amylin---the Missing Ingredient? |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Growth Hormone Response to Continuous and Intermittent Exercise |
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202 | (2) |
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Cortisol and the Pituitary---Adrenal Axis |
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204 | (1) |
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Role of Cortisol in Prolonged Exercise and During Recovery from Exhausting Exercise |
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204 | (1) |
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The Permissive Action of Thyroid Hormone |
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204 | (3) |
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Posterior Pituitary and ADH Secretion |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (4) |
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Metabolic Response to Exercise: Lactate Metabolism During Exercise and Recovery, Excess Postexercise O2 Consumption (EPOC), O2 Deficit, O2 Debt, and the ``Anaerobic Threshold'' |
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213 | (28) |
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Why Measure the Metabolic Response to Exercise? |
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213 | (1) |
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Validity of Indirect Calorimetry in Measuring Exercise Response |
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214 | (4) |
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Muscle as a Consumer of Lactate During Exercise |
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216 | (2) |
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The Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC), or the ``O2 Debt'' |
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218 | (1) |
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Classical O2 Debt Theory: The Early Twentieth Century |
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218 | (4) |
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The Metabolic Fate of Lactic Acid After Exercise |
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222 | (2) |
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Lactate as a Carbon Reservoir During Recovery |
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223 | (1) |
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Lactic Acid Does Not Cause the O2 Debt |
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223 | (1) |
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Exercise-Related Disturbances to Mitochondrial Function |
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224 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Use of the Term ``O2 Debt'' |
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226 | (1) |
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Continued Utility of the O2 Deficit Measure |
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226 | (1) |
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Lactic Acid Turnover During Exercise (Production, Effects of Training on Blood, Removal, and Clearance) |
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226 | (1) |
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Principles of Tracer Methodology |
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227 | (3) |
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Effect of Endurance Training on Lactate Metabolism During Exercise |
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230 | (1) |
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The ``Anaerobic Threshold'': A Misnomer |
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231 | (1) |
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Causes of the Lactate Inflection Point |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (5) |
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The Why of Pulmonary Ventilation |
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241 | (17) |
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Breathing, Ventilation, and Respiration |
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242 | (1) |
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Rhythmicity in Ventilation |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Environmental Influences on Pulmonary Gas Volumes |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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Blood Hemoglobin and Hematocrit |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Solubility and Diffusion of Gases in Liquids |
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245 | (1) |
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Diffusion of Gases Through Respiratory Membranes (Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity) |
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246 | (1) |
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Arterial Oxygen Homeostasis |
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246 | (3) |
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247 | (1) |
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Effects of CO2 and H+ on O2 Transport |
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248 | (1) |
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The Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin in CO2 Transport |
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249 | (3) |
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CO2 Content of Blood Depends on the PCO2 |
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251 | (1) |
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Effects of O2 on Hemoglobin and CO2 Transport |
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252 | (1) |
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The Buffering of Metabolic Acids by the Bicarbonate Buffer System |
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252 | (3) |
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The Control of Blood pH by Ventilation (and Vice Versa) |
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254 | (1) |
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The Buffering of Metabolic Acids |
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254 | (1) |
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The Physicochemical (Stewart) Approach to Blood Acid-Base Chemistry |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (25) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Dead Space and Alveolar Ventilation |
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261 | (2) |
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Static Lung Volumes---Physical Dimensions of the Lungs |
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263 | (2) |
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Physics of Ventilatory Gases |
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265 | (3) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (3) |
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Respiration, Circulation, and Ventilation |
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268 | (1) |
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The Control of Alveolar Minute Ventilation |
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269 | (1) |
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Control of Tidal Volume and Breathing Frequency |
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269 | (2) |
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Control of Ventilation: An Integrated, Redundant Neural-Humoral Mechanism |
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271 | (3) |
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The Respiratory (Ventilatory) Center |
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274 | (1) |
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Central Inputs to the Inspiratory Center |
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274 | (2) |
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Neural Input---Central Command from the Motor Cortex |
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274 | (1) |
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Humoral Input---The Medullary Extracellular Fluid |
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275 | (1) |
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Peripheral Inputs to the Respiratory System |
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276 | (1) |
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Peripheral Chemoreceptors |
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276 | (1) |
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Other Peripheral Chemoreceptors |
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276 | (1) |
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Peripheral Neural Inputs to the Inspiratory Center |
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277 | (1) |
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Peripheral Mechanoreceptors |
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277 | (1) |
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Control of Exercise Hyperpnea |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (4) |
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Ventilation as a Limiting Factor in Aerobic Performance at Sea Level |
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283 | (9) |
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Ventilatory Perfusion Ratio (VE/Q) During Rest and Exercise |
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284 | (1) |
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The Ventilatory Equivalent of O2 (VE/VO2) During Exercise |
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285 | (1) |
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VEmax Versus MVV During Exercise |
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285 | (1) |
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Partial Pressures of Alveolar (PAO2) and Arterial Oxygen (Pao2) During Exercise |
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285 | (1) |
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Alveolar Surface Area for Exchange |
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285 | (1) |
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Fatigue of Ventilatory Muscles and Other Limitations in Ventilation |
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286 | (1) |
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Pulmonary Limitations in Highly Trained Athletes |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (3) |
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292 | (20) |
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The Structure of the Heart |
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293 | (4) |
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294 | (2) |
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Structure and the Cardiac Cycle |
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296 | (1) |
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The Electrical Activity of the Heart and the Electrocardiogram |
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297 | (2) |
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The Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (1) |
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Cardiac Performance at Rest and During Exercise |
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299 | (1) |
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Factors Determining Cardiac Performance |
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299 | (9) |
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301 | (3) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (4) |
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Circulation and Its Control |
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312 | (28) |
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313 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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Determinants of Blood Flow |
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315 | (4) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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Limitations of Poiseuille's Equation and the Siphon In Vivo |
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317 | (2) |
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Cardiovascular Regulation and Control |
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319 | (15) |
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Neural Control of the Heart |
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319 | (1) |
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Neural Control of the Cardiovascular System |
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319 | (4) |
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Hormonal Control Mechanisms |
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323 | (2) |
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Metabolic Regulation of Blood Flow |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Summary of Cardiovascular Control During Exercise |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (4) |
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The Kidneys and Control of Blood and Fluid Volumes |
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331 | (3) |
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Vascularization and Exercise Training |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (5) |
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Cardiovascular Dynamics During Exercise |
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340 | (23) |
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Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise |
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341 | (8) |
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343 | (2) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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Blood Flow and ``Cardiovascular Triage'' |
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347 | (2) |
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The Limits of Cardiovascular Performance |
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349 | (6) |
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Protection of the Heart and Muscles During Exercise |
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351 | (1) |
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Classical Versus Contemporary Views of Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Endurance Performance |
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352 | (1) |
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Dynamics of Oxygen Transport Capacity |
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353 | (1) |
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Criteria for Identifying VO2max |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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VO2max as Predictor of Endurance Performance |
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354 | (1) |
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Changes in Cardiovascular Parameters with Training |
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355 | (4) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (4) |
|
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Contractile Properties |
|
|
363 | (33) |
|
Skeletal Muscle Functional Anatomy |
|
|
364 | (13) |
|
|
|
364 | (2) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Contractile and Regulatory Proteins |
|
|
369 | (8) |
|
Sliding Filament Theory and the Crossbridge Cycle |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
Capillarity and the Microvascular Unit |
|
|
379 | (4) |
|
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
383 | (3) |
|
|
|
386 | (7) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Experimental Models of Muscle Contraction |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Length--Tension Relationship |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
Force--Velocity Relationship During Shortening and Lengthening Contractions |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
Contraction Modes for Testing and Training Skeletal Muscle Groups |
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (3) |
|
Neurons, Motor Unit Recruitment, and Integrative Control of Movement |
|
|
396 | (34) |
|
|
|
397 | (6) |
|
Resting Membrane Potential |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (3) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Facilitation and Inhibition of Action Potentials |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
The Neuromuscular Junction |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
|
|
405 | (3) |
|
Muscle Membranes Involved in Excitation |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Coupling of Excitation to Contraction |
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
Motor Units, Fiber Types, and Recruitment |
|
|
408 | (6) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (4) |
|
The Size Principle of Motor Unit Recruitment |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Integrative Control of Movement |
|
|
414 | (10) |
|
Anatomical Considerations |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
Neural Control of Reflexes |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
Muscle Spindles and the Gamma Loop |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Multineuronal, Extrapyramidal Pathways |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Motor Control and Learning |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
Volitional and Learned Movements |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Sensory Input During Movement |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (3) |
|
Principles of Skeletal Muscle Adaptations |
|
|
430 | (26) |
|
Principle of Myoplasticity |
|
|
431 | (3) |
|
Muscle Fiber Types in Elite Athletes |
|
|
434 | (3) |
|
Adaptations in Muscle Structure to Endurance Training |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Adaptations in Muscle Structure to Resistance Training |
|
|
438 | (3) |
|
Contribution of Cellular Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Fiber-Type Specific Adaptations |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Alterations in Specific Force with Hypertrophy |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
Adaptations in Muscle Structure to Decreased Physical Activity |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Muscle Adaptation: Injury and Regeneration |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Gender Differences in Skeletal Muscle |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Age-Associated Changes in Skeletal Muscle |
|
|
444 | (6) |
|
Age-Associated Muscle Atrophy |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Age-Associated Change in Muscle Function |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Structure-Function Responses to Resistance Training |
|
|
447 | (3) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (5) |
|
Muscle Strength, Power, and Flexibility |
|
|
456 | (36) |
|
Progressive Resistance Training |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Classification of Strength Exercises |
|
|
458 | (3) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
Factors Involved in Muscle Adaptation to Progressive Resistance Exercise |
|
|
461 | (7) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (3) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Components of Muscle Strength: Neural-Motor, Contractile, Elastic |
|
|
468 | (7) |
|
Neural-Motor Component of Strength |
|
|
468 | (4) |
|
Contractile Component of Strength |
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
Muscle Elastic Component of Strength |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Coordinating Neural-Motor, Contractile, and Elastic Components of Strength |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
Progressive Resistance Training Programs of Athletes |
|
|
477 | (4) |
|
Physiological Basis for Periodization of Training |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (5) |
|
Benefits of Flexibility and Stretching Exercises |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Additional Potential Benefits |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Factors Determining Flexibility |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
487 | (5) |
|
Principles of Endurance Conditioning |
|
|
492 | (19) |
|
Training for Athletic Competition |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Overload, Stimulus, and Response |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Specificity, Skill Acquisition, and Developing Metabolic Machinery |
|
|
494 | (3) |
|
Recovery from Sprint Activities |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Training Variation and Peaking |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Volume Versus Intensity of Training |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Peripheral (Cardiovascular and Intramuscular) Adaptations |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
The Taper for Competition |
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Three Components of a Training Session |
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
Methods of Evaluating Training Intensity |
|
|
503 | (3) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (2) |
|
Heart Rate Field Test for the Maximal Blood Lactate Steady State |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
Planning a Training Schedule |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
507 | (4) |
|
Exercise in the Heat and Cold |
|
|
511 | (29) |
|
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
|
514 | (7) |
|
Body Temperature, Environment, and Exercise Intensity |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
|
521 | (5) |
|
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Cardiopulmonary Responses to the Cold |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Acclimatization and Habituation to Cold |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
|
526 | (8) |
|
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
Loss of Acclimatization to Heat |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Preventing Thermal Distress |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (5) |
|
Exercise, Atmospheric Pressure, Air-Pollution, and Travel |
|
|
540 | (34) |
|
|
|
541 | (14) |
|
Human Responses to Altitude |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Systemic Responses to Altitude |
|
|
544 | (6) |
|
Muscle Oxidative Capacity at Altitude |
|
|
550 | (3) |
|
Competitive Athletics at Altitude |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
Humans in High-Pressure Environments |
|
|
555 | (10) |
|
Physiological Effects of Exposure to High Pressure |
|
|
555 | (5) |
|
|
|
560 | (5) |
|
Exercise and Air Pollution |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Biological Rhythms and Travel Across Time Zones |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
|
567 | (7) |
|
Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise |
|
|
574 | (43) |
|
Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) and Exercise |
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
Mechanisms of Sudden Death During Exercise |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Preventing Sudden Death During Exercise |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
The Development of Atherosclerosis |
|
|
577 | (4) |
|
Risk Factors in the Development of Coronary Heart Disease |
|
|
581 | (14) |
|
|
|
582 | (4) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
Family History, Gender, and Age |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (3) |
|
|
|
590 | (5) |
|
|
|
595 | (11) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
The Outpatient Therapeutic Program |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
The Exercise Maintenance Program |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Cardiac Rehabilitation and Reinfarction |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Cardiac Drugs and Exercise |
|
|
597 | (9) |
|
|
|
606 | (5) |
|
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Hypertension |
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
Treatment of Hypertension |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Exercise and Hypertension |
|
|
609 | (2) |
|
Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Exercise and the HT Patient |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
614 | (3) |
|
Obesity, Body Composition, and Exercise |
|
|
617 | (32) |
|
|
|
618 | (5) |
|
Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and the Metabolic Syndrome |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Obesity and Hyperlipidemia |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Obesity and Musculoskeletal Injury |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
Energy Balance: The Role of Exercise and Diet |
|
|
623 | (2) |
|
|
|
623 | (2) |
|
|
|
625 | (3) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (2) |
|
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Hypercellularity of Adipose |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (5) |
|
Diet: Caloric Restriction |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
|
|
634 | (10) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Measuring Body Composition |
|
|
634 | (9) |
|
Application of Body Composition Measurements |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
|
645 | (4) |
|
Exercise, Disease, and Disability |
|
|
649 | (32) |
|
|
|
650 | (6) |
|
|
|
650 | (2) |
|
|
|
652 | (4) |
|
|
|
656 | (3) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
657 | (2) |
|
|
|
659 | (4) |
|
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
|
|
661 | (2) |
|
Exercise, Immunity, and Infection |
|
|
663 | (4) |
|
Basic Structure of the Immune System |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
Exercise Training and Immunity |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (2) |
|
Mental and Physical Disability |
|
|
667 | (8) |
|
Exercise and Mental Health |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
Exercise for People Confined to Wheelchairs |
|
|
667 | (3) |
|
Deconditioning and Bed Rest |
|
|
670 | (5) |
|
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
|
676 | (5) |
|
Exercise Testing and Prescription |
|
|
681 | (40) |
|
Medical Screening Prior to Beginning an Exercise Program |
|
|
682 | (3) |
|
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
Contraindications to Exercise Training and Testing |
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
|
|
685 | (3) |
|
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
VO2max Expressed per Kilogram Body Mass (ml · kg-1 · min-1) |
|
|
686 | (2) |
|
Measuring Maximal Oxygen Consumption |
|
|
688 | (2) |
|
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
Gas Temperature and Barometric Pressure |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
Composition of Expired Air |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
Tests of Functional Capacity |
|
|
690 | (13) |
|
Maximal Versus Submaximal Tests |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
Exercise Test Measurements |
|
|
691 | (2) |
|
Physical Preparation for Exercise Tolerance Testing |
|
|
693 | (3) |
|
|
|
696 | (2) |
|
|
|
698 | (3) |
|
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
|
701 | (2) |
|
|
|
703 | (5) |
|
Field Tests of Maximal Oxygen Consumption |
|
|
703 | (3) |
|
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
Tests of High-Intensity Exercise Capacity |
|
|
706 | (2) |
|
Exercise Prescription for Health and Fitness |
|
|
708 | (6) |
|
|
|
709 | (5) |
|
Exercise Prescription for the Cardiac Patient |
|
|
714 | (2) |
|
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
|
717 | (4) |
|
Nutrition and Athletic Performance |
|
|
721 | (28) |
|
Nutritional Practice in Athletics |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
What Is the IOM Macronutrient Report, Why Was It Written, Who Wrote It, and What Does It Say? |
|
|
722 | (4) |
|
Dietary Recommendations in the IOM Macronutrient Report |
|
|
726 | (2) |
|
Muscle Glycogen and Dietary Carbohydrate |
|
|
728 | (2) |
|
The High-Complex Carbohydrate Diet as the Norm |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
Problems with Carbohydrate Loading |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
Liver Glycogen and Blood Glucose |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
Amino Acid Participation in Exercise |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
Lean Tissue Maintenance and Accretion (Bulking Up) |
|
|
732 | (2) |
|
Fat Utilization During Exercise |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
|
|
735 | (2) |
|
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
Fluid, Energy, and Electrolyte Ingestion During and After Exercise |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
The Athlete's Diet and Trace Elements |
|
|
740 | (4) |
|
Cutting Weight and Special Needs of the Female Athlete |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
|
|
745 | (4) |
|
|
|
749 | (34) |
|
|
|
750 | (3) |
|
Anabolic--Androgenic Steroids |
|
|
753 | (11) |
|
How Anabolic Steroids Work |
|
|
753 | (3) |
|
Anabolic Steroids and Performance |
|
|
756 | (2) |
|
Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids |
|
|
758 | (4) |
|
Use of Anabolic Steroids by Athletes |
|
|
762 | (2) |
|
|
|
764 | (3) |
|
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
β-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
Amphetamines and Athletic Performance |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
Side Effects of Amphetamines |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
|
769 | (2) |
|
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
|
771 | (4) |
|
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
|
773 | (1) |
|
Vitamin E and Wheat Germ Oil |
|
|
773 | (1) |
|
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
``Adaptogens''---Herbal Stimulants |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
Other Nutritional Ergogenic Aids |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
Blood Doping and Erythropoietin |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
|
|
778 | (5) |
|
Gender Differences in Physical Performance |
|
|
783 | (26) |
|
Physiological Sex Differences |
|
|
784 | (8) |
|
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
Oxygen Transport and Endurance |
|
|
787 | (3) |
|
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Muscle Metabolism and Substrate Utilization |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
Exercise and the Menstrual Cycle |
|
|
792 | (5) |
|
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
Amenorrhea and Oligomenorrhea |
|
|
792 | (4) |
|
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
|
|
797 | (7) |
|
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
Effects of Physical Fitness on Childbirth |
|
|
799 | (1) |
|
Effect of Pregnancy on Fitness |
|
|
800 | (1) |
|
The Effect of Exercise on the Fetus |
|
|
801 | (1) |
|
Exercise Prescription in Pregnancy |
|
|
802 | (2) |
|
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
|
|
805 | (4) |
|
|
|
809 | (25) |
|
Nature of the Growth Process |
|
|
810 | (7) |
|
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
Neuroendocrine Control of Growth |
|
|
810 | (2) |
|
|
|
812 | (1) |
|
Growth in Infancy and Childhood |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
Growth at Puberty and Adolescence |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
Assessing Maturation in Adolescents |
|
|
814 | (3) |
|
Skeletal Changes During Growth |
|
|
817 | (2) |
|
|
|
817 | (2) |
|
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
Body Composition and Obesity |
|
|
819 | (3) |
|
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Function |
|
|
822 | (5) |
|
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
|
|
823 | (3) |
|
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
``Anaerobic'' Work Capacity |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
Genetics and Physical Performance |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
|
|
828 | (2) |
|
|
|
830 | (4) |
|
|
|
834 | (18) |
|
The Nature of the Aging Process |
|
|
836 | (2) |
|
The Aging Process and the Effects of Exercise |
|
|
838 | (4) |
|
|
|
839 | (3) |
|
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
Muscle Fiber Types and Motor Units |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
Body Composition and Stature |
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Exercise Prescription for the Elderly |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
|
|
847 | (5) |
|
Fatigue During Muscular Exercise |
|
|
852 | |
|
|
|
853 | (1) |
|
|
|
854 | (2) |
|
The Phosphagens (ATP and CP) |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
Free Energy of ATP and Other ATP-Related Fatigue Effects |
|
|
855 | (1) |
|
|
|
856 | (1) |
|
|
|
856 | (1) |
|
|
|
856 | (4) |
|
Lactic Acid Accumulation (Lactic Acidosis) |
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
Phosphate and Diprotenated Phosphates |
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
|
|
858 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial Coupling Efficiency |
|
|
858 | (1) |
|
Ryanodine Receptor Fatigue |
|
|
859 | (1) |
|
O2 Depletion and Muscle Mitochondrial Density |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
Disturbances to Homeostasis |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
Central and Neuromuscular Fatigue |
|
|
860 | (2) |
|
|
|
862 | (1) |
|
The Heart as a Site of Fatigue |
|
|
863 | (1) |
|
|
|
864 | (3) |
|
|
|
864 | (1) |
|
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
Muscle Oxygenation at VO2max |
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
Arterial O2 Transport, VO2max, and Exercise Endurance |
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
|
|
867 | (1) |
|
|
|
867 | (3) |
|
|
|
867 | (2) |
|
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
|
|
870 | (1) |
|
|
|
870 | (1) |
|
|
|
871 | |
| Appendix I List of Symbols and Abbreviations |
|
1 | (4) |
| Appendix II Units and Measures |
|
5 | |
| Index |
|
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