| Preface |
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xi | |
| PART ONE ACOUSTIC PHONETICS: SPEECH ENCODING FROM ARTICULATION TO SOUND STREAM |
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1 | (150) |
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Language, Phonetics, and Speech Production |
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3 | (12) |
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Introduction: Language and Science |
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3 | (2) |
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How Significant Is Acoustic Phonetics? |
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5 | (1) |
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Linguistics, Phonetics, and Phonology |
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5 | (3) |
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General Conditions of Speech Production |
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8 | (5) |
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Phonology Note: Consonants versus Vowels |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Phonology Note: Transients in Languages |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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Sounds, Resonance, and Spectrum Analysis |
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15 | (20) |
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Sound Production and Propagation |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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Definitions of Sine Wave Characteristics |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (2) |
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Definition of Resonant Frequency |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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Definitions of Spectrum Terms |
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25 | (1) |
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Spectra of Recurring Resonant Oscillations |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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Resonant Waves, Spectrum Plots, and Speech Waves |
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29 | (4) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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Vowel Shaping and Vowel Formants |
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35 | (12) |
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Model of the Pharyngeal-Oral Tract |
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35 | (1) |
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Spectrum of the Neutral Vowel ∂ |
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36 | (1) |
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Definition of Speech Formants |
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37 | (1) |
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Vowel Formant Locations and Length of Pharyngeal-Oral Tract |
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38 | (2) |
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Vocal Tract Constrictions and Formant Frequency Locations |
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40 | (4) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Phonology Note: Varieties of Central Vowels |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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The Glottal Sound Source and the Spectra of Vowels |
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47 | (28) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (4) |
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The Spectrum of the Glottal Sound Source |
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52 | (5) |
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Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production |
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57 | (5) |
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Visualizing Speech Sounds |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (2) |
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Prosodic and Tonal Features |
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75 | (24) |
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Introduction: Telling What and How |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Prosodic Features of Language Forms |
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76 | (2) |
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Glottal Source Factors in Stress and Intonation |
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78 | (8) |
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Durational Prosodic Features |
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86 | (3) |
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Oral Tract Shaping Factor |
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89 | (3) |
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92 | (4) |
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Pacing, Rhythm, and Languages |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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Consonant Features, Glides, and Stops |
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99 | (14) |
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Articulatory Features of Consonants |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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Glide Consonants and Diphthongs |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (2) |
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Glide and Stop at Middle Place |
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107 | (1) |
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Lateral and Retroflex Glides |
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108 | (2) |
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Effects of Utterance Position |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (3) |
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Consonants: Nasal, Stop, and Fricative Manners of Articulation |
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113 | (9) |
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113 | (1) |
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Nasal-Glide-Stop Differences |
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113 | (5) |
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Phonology Note: Voiceless Nasals |
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113 | (5) |
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118 | (3) |
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121 | (1) |
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Consonants: The Voiced-Unvoiced Contrast |
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122 | (10) |
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Production of the Voiced-Voiceless Distinction |
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122 | (2) |
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Phonology Note: Laryngeal varieties of Consonants |
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122 | (2) |
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Acoustics of Consonant Voicing |
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124 | (3) |
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Voiced versus Unvoiced Final Consonants |
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127 | (1) |
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Voiced and Unvoiced Fricatives |
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128 | (1) |
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Physiological Studies of Consonant Voicing |
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128 | (2) |
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Physiological Studies of Fricative Voicing |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Consonants: Features of Place of Articulation |
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132 | (10) |
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Phonology Note: Places of Articulation |
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132 | (1) |
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Formant Transitions of Alveolar versus Labial Consonants |
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132 | (2) |
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Consonant Place: Transition with Different Vowels |
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134 | (4) |
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Place Features of Nasal Consonants |
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138 | (1) |
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Place Features of Fricative Consonants |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (9) |
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143 | (3) |
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Model of Speech Motor Programming |
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146 | (1) |
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The Syllable as Coarticulation Unit |
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146 | (1) |
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Effects of Rate of Utterance |
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147 | (1) |
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Assimilation between Adjacent Consonants |
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147 | (3) |
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Phonology Note: Motor Coordination |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
| PART TWO SPEECH DECODING BY HUMAN AND MACHINE: FROM SOUND STREAM TO WORDS |
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151 | (222) |
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Perception of Vowels: Dynamic Constancy |
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153 | (13) |
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Perception of Steady-State Vowels |
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154 | (3) |
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Speaker Normalization in Vowel Perception |
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157 | (3) |
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Perception of Coarticulated Vowels |
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160 | (5) |
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165 | (1) |
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Perception of Consonants: From Variance to Invariance |
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166 | (17) |
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Perceptual Boundaries of Consonant Categories |
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166 | (2) |
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Categorical Perception of Speech Continua |
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168 | (6) |
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Perception of Nonspeech Analogs |
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174 | (3) |
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Perceptual Integration of Acoustic Cues |
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177 | (2) |
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Context and Rate Effects on Phonetic Category Boundaries |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (2) |
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Auditory Capacities and Phonological Development: Animal, Baby, and Foreign Listeners |
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183 | (15) |
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Background: Does Phonological Perception Use Special Auditory Processes? |
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183 | (1) |
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Techniques for Studying Babies' Speech Perception |
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184 | (3) |
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Categorical Perception by Babies |
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187 | (1) |
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Speech Sound Classification by Babies: Prototypes and the ``Perceptual Magnet Effect'' |
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188 | (3) |
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Speech Sound Classification by Babies: Perceptual Constancy |
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191 | (1) |
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Speech Sound Discrimination by Animals |
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192 | (2) |
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The Effect of Experience on Speech Sound Discrimination |
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194 | (2) |
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Development Loss or Selective Attention? The Effect of Retraining |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Looking for Invariate Correlates of Linguistic Units: Two Classical Theories of Speech Perception |
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198 | (34) |
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Defining the Task of Speech Perception |
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198 | (1) |
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Overview of Acoustic-Phonetic Theories of Speech Perception |
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199 | (1) |
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Introduction to Two Classical Theories of Speech Perception |
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200 | (1) |
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The Motor Theory of Speech Perception |
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200 | (14) |
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Acoustical Invariants: The Quantal Theory of Speech, Relational Acoustic Invariance, and Lexical Access from Features (LAFF) |
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214 | (18) |
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Reevaluating Assumptions about Speech Perception: Interactive and Integrative Theories |
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232 | (57) |
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What Have We Learned from the Classical Theories? |
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232 | (1) |
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Invariance in the Percept but Not the Object: The Theory of Direct Realism |
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233 | (7) |
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A General Auditory Model without Acoustic Variance: Auditory Enhancement Theory |
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240 | (1) |
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Auditory Enhancement Theory |
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240 | (8) |
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248 | (12) |
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Toward a More Comprehensive Theory of Speech Perception |
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260 | (22) |
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282 | (7) |
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Hearing Loss and the Audibility of Phoneme Cues |
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289 | (35) |
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Consonant Acoustic-Cue Use by a Hypothetical Profoundly Hard of Hearing Person |
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290 | (10) |
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Phoneme Acoustic-Cue Use by a Hypothetical Severely Hard of Hearing Person |
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300 | (8) |
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Phoneme Acoustic-Cue Use by a Hypothetical Moderately Hard of Hearing Person |
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308 | (16) |
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324 | (49) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (10) |
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Speech Recognition by Machine |
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335 | (8) |
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| APPENDIXES |
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A EXPERIMENTING WITH SPEECH |
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343 | (9) |
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B SKETCHES OF SOME INTERESTING BOOKS FOR PHONETICIANS |
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352 | (21) |
| References |
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373 | (22) |
| Index |
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395 | |
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