| Preface |
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xix | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxiii | |
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Introduction to Technical Communication |
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1 | (13) |
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Technical Communication Is User Centered |
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3 | (1) |
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Technical Communication Is Efficient |
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3 | (3) |
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Technical Communication Comes in All Sizes and Shapes |
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6 | (2) |
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Technical Communicators Employ a Broad Array of Skills |
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8 | (1) |
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Technical Communication Is Part of Most Careers |
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9 | (1) |
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Communication Has Both an Electronic and a Human Side |
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10 | (1) |
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Communication Reaches a Diverse Audience |
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11 | (3) |
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Consider This: Twenty-First Century Jobs Require Portable Skills |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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PART I Communicating in the Workplace |
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14 | (102) |
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Preparing an Effective Technical Document |
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16 | (11) |
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17 | (5) |
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Rely on Creative and Critical Thinking |
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22 | (2) |
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Guidelines for Writing with a Computer |
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23 | (1) |
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Make Proofreading Your Final Step |
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24 | (3) |
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Guidelines: for Proofreading |
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24 | (1) |
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Consider This: Workplace Settings Are Increasingly ``Virtual'' |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Delivering the Essential Information |
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27 | (16) |
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Assess the Audience's Information Needs |
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29 | (1) |
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Identify Levels of Technicality |
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30 | (4) |
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The Highly Technical Document |
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30 | (1) |
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The Semitechnical Document |
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31 | (1) |
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The Nontechnical Document |
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32 | (1) |
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Primary and Secondary Audiences |
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33 | (1) |
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Web-Based Documents for Multiple Audiences |
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34 | (1) |
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Develop an Audience and Use Profile |
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34 | (9) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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Audience's Technical Background |
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37 | (1) |
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Audience's Cultural Background |
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37 | (1) |
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Audience's Knowledge of the Subject |
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38 | (1) |
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Appropriate Details, Format, and Design |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Consider This: Communication Failure Can Have Drastic Consequences |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (30) |
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Identify Your Specific Goal |
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45 | (1) |
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Arguing to Influence People's Opinions |
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45 | (1) |
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Arguing to Enlist People's Support |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Arguing to Change People's Behavior |
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46 | (1) |
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Try to Predict Audience Reaction |
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46 | (1) |
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Expect Audience Resistance |
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47 | (1) |
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Know How to Connect with the Audience |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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Ask for a Specific Response |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Recognize All Communication Constraints |
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52 | (4) |
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Organizational Constraints |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Social and Psychological Constraints |
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54 | (1) |
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Consider This: People Often React Emotionally to Persuasive Appeals |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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Offer Convincing Evidence |
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57 | (2) |
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Appeal to Common Goals and Values |
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59 | (1) |
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Consider the Cultural Context |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (12) |
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Guidelines for Making Your Case |
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66 | (2) |
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Checklist for Cross-Cultural Documents |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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Weighing the Ethical Issues |
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73 | (23) |
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Recognize Unethical Communication in the Workplace |
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74 | (1) |
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Know the Major Causes of Unethical Communication |
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75 | (2) |
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Yielding to Social Pressure |
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75 | (1) |
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Mistaking Groupthink for Teamwork |
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76 | (1) |
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Understand the Potential for Communication Abuse |
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77 | (4) |
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Suppressing Knowledge the Public Needs |
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77 | (1) |
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Hiding Conflicts of Interest |
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78 | (1) |
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Exaggerating Claims about Technology |
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79 | (1) |
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Falsifying or Fabricating Data |
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79 | (1) |
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Using Visual Images That Conceal the Truth |
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79 | (1) |
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Stealing or Divulging Proprietary Information |
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79 | (1) |
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Misusing Electronic Information |
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80 | (1) |
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Withholding Information People Need for Their Jobs |
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81 | (1) |
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Exploiting Cultural Differences |
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81 | (1) |
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Rely on Critical thinking for Ethical Decisions |
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81 | (2) |
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Reasonable Criteria for Ethical Judgment |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Anticipate Some Hard Choices |
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83 | (2) |
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Never Depend Only on Legal Guidelines |
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85 | (2) |
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Learn to Recognize Plagiarism |
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87 | (2) |
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Consider This: Ethical Standards Are Good for Business |
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88 | (1) |
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Decide Where and How to Draw the Line |
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89 | (7) |
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Checklist for Ethical Communication |
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90 | (2) |
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Guidelines for Ethical Communication |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (20) |
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Examples of Successful Collaboration |
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97 | (1) |
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The Role of Project Management in Successful Collaboration |
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97 | (2) |
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Guidelines for Managing a Collaborative Project |
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98 | (1) |
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Sources of Conflict in Collaborative Groups |
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99 | (6) |
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Interpersonal Differences |
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100 | (1) |
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Gender and Cultural Differences |
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101 | (4) |
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105 | (1) |
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Overcoming Differences by Active Listening |
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106 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Active Listening |
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107 | |
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106 | (3) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Reviewing and Editing Others' Work |
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109 | (2) |
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Guidelines for Peer Reviewing and Editing |
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110 | (1) |
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Face-to-Face versus Electronically Mediated Collaboration |
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111 | (1) |
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Ethical Abuses in Workplace Collaboration |
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112 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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Claiming Credit for Other's Work |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Consider This: How You Speak Shows Where You Rank |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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PART II The Research Process |
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116 | (100) |
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Thinking Critically about the Research Process |
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118 | (10) |
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Asking the Right Questions |
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120 | (1) |
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Exploring a Balance of Views |
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121 | (1) |
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Achieving Adequate Depth in Your Search |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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Interpreting Your Findings |
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124 | (4) |
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Consider This: Expert Opinion Is Not Always Reliable |
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125 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Evaluating Expert Information |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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Exploring Electronic and Hard Copy Sources |
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128 | (21) |
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Hard Copy versus Electronic Sources |
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129 | (2) |
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Consider This: Information Can be ``Pushed'' or ``Pulled'' |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (4) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Electronic Magazines (E-zines) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (3) |
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134 | (1) |
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Keyword Searches Using Boolean Operators |
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135 | (2) |
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Guidelines for Researching on the Internet |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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Online Retrieval Services |
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137 | (1) |
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Consider This: Information in Electronic Form Is Copyright Protected |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (10) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Access Tools for U.S. Government Publications |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Consider This: Frequently Asked Questions about Copyright of Hard Copy Information |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Exploring Primary Sources |
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149 | (15) |
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150 | (4) |
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Selecting the Best Interview Medium |
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150 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Informative Interviews |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (1) |
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Surveys and Questionnaires |
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154 | (5) |
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Defining the Survey's Purpose and Target Population |
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156 | (1) |
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Identifying the Sample Group |
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156 | (1) |
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Defining the Survey Method |
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156 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Developing a Questionnaire |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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Inquiry Letters, Phone Calls, and Email Inquiries |
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159 | (1) |
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Public Records and Organizational Publications |
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159 | (3) |
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Personal Observation and Experiment |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Evaluating and Interpreting Information |
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164 | (33) |
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165 | (4) |
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Is the Source Up-to-Date? |
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165 | (1) |
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Is the Printed Source Dependable? |
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166 | (1) |
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Is the Electronic Source Trustworthy? |
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166 | (1) |
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Is the Information Relatively Unbiased? |
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166 | (3) |
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How Does This Source Measure Up to Others? |
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169 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Evaluating Sources on the Web |
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170 | |
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169 | (5) |
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Is the Evidence Sufficient? |
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169 | (3) |
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Is the Presentation of Evidence Balanced and Reasonable? |
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172 | (1) |
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Can the Evidence Be Verified? |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (3) |
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What Level of Certainty Is Warranted? |
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174 | (2) |
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Are the Underlying Assumptions Sound? |
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176 | (1) |
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To What Extent Has Personal Bias Influenced the Interpretation? |
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176 | (1) |
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Are Other Interpretations Possible? |
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177 | (1) |
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Consider This: Standards of Proof Vary for Different Audiences and Cultural Settings |
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178 | |
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Avoid Errors in Reasoning |
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177 | (4) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Avoid Statistical Fallacies |
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181 | (6) |
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Consider This: Correlation Does Not Equal Causation |
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182 | (1) |
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Common Statistical Fallacies |
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183 | (2) |
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The Limitations of Number Crunching |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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Interpret the Reality Behind the Numbers |
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187 | (1) |
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Acknowledge the Limits of Research |
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188 | (9) |
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Obstacles to Validity and Reliability |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Sources of Measurement Error |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Evaluating and Interpreting Information |
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192 | (2) |
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Checklist for the Research Process |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Summarizing and Abstracting Information |
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197 | (19) |
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198 | (2) |
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Guidelines for Summarizing Information |
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199 | (1) |
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What Users Expect from a Summary |
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200 | (1) |
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A Situation Requiring a Summary |
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200 | (6) |
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Forms of Summarized Information |
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206 | (4) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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Ethical Considerations in Summarizing Information |
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210 | (6) |
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Checklist for Usability of Summaries |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (3) |
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PART III Structural and Style Elements |
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216 | (70) |
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218 | (25) |
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Partitioning and Classifying |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (5) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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Outlining and Reorganizing on a Computer |
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225 | (2) |
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Organizing for Cross-Cultural Audiences |
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227 | (1) |
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The Report Design Worksheet |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (3) |
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230 | (5) |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (4) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Problem-Causes-Solution Sequence |
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237 | (1) |
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Comparison-Contrast Sequence |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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Editing for Readable Style |
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243 | (43) |
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245 | (8) |
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245 | (1) |
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Avoid Ambiguous Pronoun References |
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245 | (1) |
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Avoid Ambiguous Punctuation |
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246 | (1) |
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Avoid Telegraphic Writing |
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246 | (1) |
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Avoid Ambiguous Modifiers |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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Arrange Word Order for Coherence and Emphasis |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (2) |
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Use Passive Voice Selectively |
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252 | (1) |
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Avoid Overstuffed Sentences |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (7) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Avoid Needless Repetition |
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254 | (1) |
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Avoid There Sentence Openers |
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255 | (1) |
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Avoid Some It Sentence Openers |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Delete Needless To Be Constructions |
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257 | (1) |
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Avoid Excessive Prepositions |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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Delete Needless Qualifiers |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (4) |
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261 | (1) |
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Vary Sentence Construction and Length |
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262 | (1) |
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Use Short Sentences for Special Emphasis |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (10) |
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Use Simple and Familiar Wording |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Avoid Misleading Euphemisms |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (2) |
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Use Analogies to Sharpen the Image |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (8) |
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Guidelines for Deciding about Tone |
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276 | (1) |
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Use an Occasional Contraction |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Use I and We When Appropriate |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Avoid an Overly Informal Tone |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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Avoid Offensive Usage of All Types |
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280 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Nonsexist Usage |
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281 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Inoffensive Usage |
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282 | (1) |
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Considering the Cultural Context |
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282 | (1) |
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Legal and Ethical Implications of Word Choice |
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283 | (1) |
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Using Automated Editing Tools Effectively |
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284 | (2) |
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PART IV Visual, Design, and Usability Elements |
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286 | (96) |
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Designing Visual Information |
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288 | (51) |
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Why Visuals Are Important |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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What Types of Visuals to Consider |
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293 | (2) |
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How to Select Visuals for Your Purpose and Audience |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (3) |
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300 | (10) |
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300 | (6) |
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306 | (3) |
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Graphs with Three Variables |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (5) |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (8) |
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316 | (3) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (6) |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (5) |
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Using Web Sites for Graphics Support |
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329 | (1) |
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How to Avoid Visual Distortion |
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330 | (9) |
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330 | (1) |
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Present the Complete Picture |
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330 | (1) |
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Don't Mistake Distortion for Emphasis |
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331 | (1) |
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Checklist for Usability of Visuals |
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332 | (2) |
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Guidelines for Fitting Visuals with Printed Text |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (2) |
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Designing Pages and Documents |
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339 | (26) |
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Page Design in Workplace Documents |
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340 | (1) |
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How Page Design Transforms a Document |
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340 | (1) |
|
Design Skills Needed in Today's Workplace |
|
|
341 | (3) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Using Style Sheets and Company Style Guides |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (21) |
|
|
|
344 | (8) |
|
Styling the Words and Letters |
|
|
352 | (2) |
|
Highlighting for Emphasis |
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
Using Headings for Access and Orientation |
|
|
356 | (4) |
|
Audience Considerations in Page Design |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Designing On-Screen Documents |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
Checklist for Usability of Page Design |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Designing and Testing the Document for Usability |
|
|
365 | (17) |
|
Why a Usable Design Is Essential |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
How to Achieve a Usable Design |
|
|
366 | (5) |
|
Outline the Main Tasks Involved |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Analyze the Audience and the Setting |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
How to Test Your Document for Usability |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Usability Issues in Online or Multimedia Documents |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Usability Testing in the Classroom |
|
|
374 | (8) |
|
Guidelines for Testing a Document's Usability |
|
|
376 | (3) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
PART V Specific Documents and Applications |
|
|
382 | (296) |
|
Memo Reports and Electronic Mail |
|
|
384 | (25) |
|
Informational versus Analytical Reports |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Formal versus Informal Reports |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Elements of a Usable Memo |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Interpersonal Considerations in Writing a Memo |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
Direct versus Indirect Organizing Patterns |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Informational Reports in Memo Form |
|
|
388 | (6) |
|
|
|
388 | (4) |
|
Periodic Activity Reports |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Analytical Reports in Memo Form |
|
|
394 | (6) |
|
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (5) |
|
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Guidelines for Using Electronic Mail |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
|
|
405 | (4) |
|
Guidelines for Choosing Email versus Paper or the Telephone |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Checklist for Usability of Memo Reports |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Letters and Employment Correspondence |
|
|
409 | (50) |
|
Elements of Usable Letters |
|
|
410 | (8) |
|
|
|
410 | (6) |
|
Specialized Parts of Letters |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Interpersonal Considerations in Workplace Letters |
|
|
418 | (3) |
|
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
Telephone and Email Inquiries |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Resumes and Job Applications |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Employment Outlook in the Twenty-First Century |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (15) |
|
|
|
428 | (4) |
|
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Preparing Your Job Application Letter |
|
|
434 | (6) |
|
Consider This: How Applicants Are Screened for Personal Qualities |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (7) |
|
Online Employment Resources |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
Electronic Scanning of Resumes |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
How to Prepare Content for a Scannable Resume |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
How to Design a Scannable Resume |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Protecting Privacy and Security When You Post a Resume Online |
|
|
445 | (3) |
|
Support for the Application |
|
|
448 | (11) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Your Professional Portfolio |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
Guidelines for Surviving a Job Interview |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Letters of Acceptance or Refusal |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Consider This: How to Evaluate a Job Offer |
|
|
454 | (3) |
|
Checklist for Usability of Letters |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Web Pages and Other Electronic Documents |
|
|
459 | (21) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Text versus Images: Current Preferences |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Consider This: How Web Sites Enhance Workplace Transactions |
|
|
467 | |
|
Elements of a Usable Web Site |
|
|
466 | (9) |
|
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Good Writing and Page Design |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Good Graphics and Special Effects |
|
|
468 | (4) |
|
Consider This: Web Site Needs and Expectations Differ Across Cultures |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Guidelines for Creating a Web Site |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
Privacy Issues in Online Communication |
|
|
475 | (5) |
|
Checklist for Usability of Web Sites |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Individual or Collaborative Projects |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (22) |
|
Purpose of Technical Definitions |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Levels of Detail in a Definition |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (6) |
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Required Materials or Conditions |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Situations Requiring Definitions |
|
|
490 | (3) |
|
|
|
493 | (9) |
|
Guidelines for Defining Clearly and Precisely |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Checklist for Usability of Definitions |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (4) |
|
Technical Descriptions and Specifications |
|
|
502 | (30) |
|
Purposes and Types of Technical Description |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Elements of a Usable Description |
|
|
503 | (7) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Appropriate Level of Detail and Technicality |
|
|
503 | (3) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Clearest Descriptive Sequence |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
An Outline and Model for Product Description |
|
|
510 | (3) |
|
Introduction: General Description |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Description and Function of Parts |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Summary and Operating Description |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
A Situation Requiring Product Description |
|
|
513 | (3) |
|
An Outline for Process Description |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
A Situation Requiring Process Description |
|
|
517 | (3) |
|
|
|
520 | (4) |
|
Technical Marketing Literature |
|
|
524 | (8) |
|
Checklist for Usability of Technical Descriptions |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (4) |
|
Instructions and Procedures |
|
|
532 | (35) |
|
Purpose of Instructional Documents |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Formats for Instructional Documents |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
Faulty Instructions and Legal Liability |
|
|
535 | (3) |
|
Elements of Usable Instruction |
|
|
538 | (14) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Appropriate Level of Detail and Technicality |
|
|
539 | (7) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
|
549 | (3) |
|
An Outline and Model for Instructions |
|
|
552 | (2) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
A Situation Requiring Instructions |
|
|
554 | (6) |
|
|
|
560 | (7) |
|
Checklist for Usability of Instructions |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
|
|
567 | (38) |
|
How Proposals and Reports Differ in Purpose |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (3) |
|
|
|
572 | (6) |
|
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Elements of a Persuasive Proposal |
|
|
578 | (6) |
|
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Clear Understanding of the Audience's Needs |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
A Clear Focus on Benefits |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Honest and Supportable Claims |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Supplements Tailored for a Diverse Audience |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Proper Citation of Sources and Contributors |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
An Outline and Model for Proposals |
|
|
584 | (5) |
|
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
|
|
586 | (3) |
|
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
A Situation Requiring a Proposal |
|
|
589 | (16) |
|
Checklist for Usability of Proposals |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (3) |
|
Formal Analytical Reports |
|
|
605 | (37) |
|
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Typical Analytical Problems |
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
Causal Analysis: ``Why Does X Happen?'' |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Comparative Analysis: ``Is X or Y Better for Our Purpose?'' |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Feasibility Analysis: ``Is This a Good Idea?'' |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Combining Types of Analysis |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Elements of a Usable Analysis |
|
|
609 | (7) |
|
Clearly Identified Problems or Goal |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Adequate but Not Excessive Data |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Accurate and Balanced Data |
|
|
610 | (2) |
|
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Subordination of Personal Bias |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Valid Conclusions and Recommendations |
|
|
612 | (4) |
|
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
An Outline and Model for Analytical Reports |
|
|
616 | (12) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (9) |
|
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
A Situation Requiring an Analytical Report |
|
|
628 | (14) |
|
Checklist for Usability of Analytical Reports |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Guidelines for Reasoning through an Analytical Problem |
|
|
630 | (10) |
|
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Front Matter and End Matter in Long Documents |
|
|
642 | (11) |
|
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
|
643 | (3) |
|
|
|
646 | (2) |
|
List of Tables and Figures |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Abstract or Executive Summary |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
|
|
651 | (2) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
|
653 | (25) |
|
Advantages and Disadvantages of Oral Reports |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Avoiding Presentation Pitfalls |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Planning Your Presentation |
|
|
655 | (3) |
|
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Work from an Explicit Purpose Statement |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Analyze Your Speaking Situation |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Select an Appropriate Delivery Method |
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
Preparing Your Presentation |
|
|
658 | (12) |
|
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Aim for Simplicity and Conciseness |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Anticipate Audience Questions |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
Outline Your Presentation |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
660 | (2) |
|
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
Guidelines for Readable Visuals |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
Guidelines for Understandable Visuals |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
Consider the Available Technology |
|
|
663 | (3) |
|
Use PowerPoint or other Software Wisely |
|
|
666 | (3) |
|
Guidelines for Using Presentation Software |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
Delivering Your Presentation |
|
|
670 | (8) |
|
Cultivate the Human Landscape |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
Keep Your Listeners Oriented |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
Guidelines for Presenting Visuals |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Manage Your Presentation Style |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Manage Your Speaking Situation |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Guidelines for Managing Listener Questions |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
Consider This: Cross-Cultural Audiences May Have Specific Expectations |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
|
675 | (3) |
|
PART VI A Brief Handbook with Additional Sample Documents |
|
|
678 | (2) |
|
APPENDIX A Recording and Documenting Research Findings |
|
|
680 | (38) |
|
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Guidelines for Recording Research Findings |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Quoting the Work of Others |
|
|
682 | (2) |
|
Guidelines for Quoting the Work of Others |
|
|
682 | (2) |
|
Paraphrasing the Work of Others |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Guidelines for Paraphrasing |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
|
|
686 | (16) |
|
MLA Parenthetical References |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
|
687 | (11) |
|
MLA Sample Works Cited page |
|
|
698 | (4) |
|
|
|
702 | (12) |
|
APA Parenthetical References |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
APA Reference List Entries |
|
|
703 | (9) |
|
APA Sample Reference List |
|
|
712 | (2) |
|
CBE and Other Numerical Documentation Styles |
|
|
714 | (4) |
|
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
CBE Reference List Entries |
|
|
715 | (3) |
|
APPENDIX B A Casebook of Sample Documents Illustrating the Writing Process |
|
|
718 | (33) |
|
Critical Thinking in the Writing Process |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Case 1---An Everyday Writing Situation: The Evolution of a Short Report |
|
|
720 | (9) |
|
Working with the Information |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (2) |
|
|
|
725 | (4) |
|
Case 2---Preparing a Personal Statement in an Internship or Fellowship Application |
|
|
729 | (4) |
|
Case 3---Documents for the Course Project: A Sequence Culminating in the Final Report |
|
|
733 | (18) |
|
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
The Progress Report Stage |
|
|
734 | (3) |
|
|
|
737 | (14) |
|
APPENDIX C Editing for Grammar, Usage and Mechanics |
|
|
751 | (28) |
|
|
|
752 | (10) |
|
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
Faulty Agreement---Subject and Verb |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
Faulty Agreement---Pronoun and Referent |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
|
759 | (2) |
|
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
|
762 | (10) |
|
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
|
|
764 | (4) |
|
|
|
768 | (2) |
|
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
|
773 | (6) |
|
|
|
774 | (2) |
|
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
|
|
778 | (1) |
| Works Cited |
|
779 | (16) |
| Index |
|
795 | |
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