Power Generation, Operation, and Control, 2nd Edition: Allen J. Wood (Power Technologies Inc. and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute); Bruce F. Wollenberg (Univ. of Minnesota): 9780471586999: Book: Technology: eCampus.com

A comprehensive text on the operation and control of power generation and transmission systems

In the ten years since Allen J. Wood and Bruce F. Wollenberg presented their comprehensive introduction to the engineering and economic factors involved in operating and controlling power generation systems in electric utilities, the electric power industry has undergone unprecedented change. Deregulation, open access to transmission systems, and the birth of independent power producers have altered the structure of the industry, while technological advances have created a host of new opportunities and challenges.

In Power Generation, Operation, and Control, Second Edition, Wood and Wollenberg bring professionals and students alike up to date on the nuts and bolts of the field. Continuing in the tradition of the first edition, they offer a practical, hands-on guide to theoretical developments and to the application of advanced operations research methods to realistic electric power engineering problems. This one-of-a-kind text also addresses the interaction between human and economic factors to prepare readers to make real-world decisions that go beyond the limits of mere technical calculations.

The Second Edition features vital new material, including:
* A computer disk developed by the authors to help readers solve complicated problems
* Examination of Optimal Power Flow (OPF)
* Treatment of unit commitment expanded to incorporate the Lagrange relaxation technique
* Introduction to the use of bounding techniques and other contingency selection methods
* Applications suited to the new, deregulated systems as well as to the traditional, vertically organized utilities company

Wood and Wollenberg draw upon nearly 30 years of classroom testing to provide valuable data on operations research, state estimation methods, fuel scheduling techniques, and more. Designed for clarity and ease of use, this invaluable reference prepares industry professionals and students to meet the future challenges of power generation, operation, and control.

Preface to the Second Edition

(2)

Preface to the First Edition

xiii

1 Introduction

(7)

1.1 Purpose of the Course

(1)

1.2 Course Scope

(1)

1.3 Economic Importance

(1)

1.4 Problems: New and Old

(3)

Further Reading

(2)

2 Characteristics of Power Generation Units

(21)

2.1 Characteristics of Steam Units

(4)

2.2 Variations in Steam Unit Characteristics

(5)

2.3 Cogeneration Plants

(2)

2.4 Light-Water Moderated Nuclear Reactor Units

(1)

2.5 Hydroelectric Units

(3)

Appendix: Typical Generation Data

(5)

References

(1)

3 Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units and Methods of Solution

(62)

3.1 The Economic Dispatch Problem

(6)

3.2 Thermal System Dispatching with Network Losses Considered

(4)

3.3 The Lambda-Iteration Method

(4)

3.4 Gradient Methods of Economic Dispatch

(4)

3.4.1 Gradient Search

(1)

3.4.2 Economic Dispatch by Gradient Search

(3)

3.5 Newton's Method

(2)

3.6 Economic Dispatch with Piecewise Linear Cost Functions

(2)

3.7 Economic Dispatch Using Dynamic Programming

(4)

3.8 Base Point and Participation Factors

(2)

3.9 Economic Dispatch Versus Unit Commitment

(1)

Appendix 3A: Optimization within Constraints

(14)

Appendix 3B: Dynamic-Programming Applications

(7)

Problems

(9)

Further Reading

(3)

4 Transmission System Effects

(40)

4.1 The Power Flow Problem and Its Solution

(18)

4.1.1 The Power Flow Problem on a Direct Current Network

(3)

4.1.2 The Formulation of the AC Power Flow

(2)

4.1.2.1 The Gauss-Seidel Method

(1)

4.1.2.2 The Newton-Raphson Method

(6)

4.1.3 The Decoupled Power Flow

105

(3)

4.1.4 The "DC" Power Flow

108

(3)

4.2 Transmission Losses

111

(12)

4.2.1 A Two-Generator System

111

(3)

4.2.2 Coordination Equations, Incremental Losses, and Penalty Factors

114

(2)

4.2.3 The B Matrix Loss Formula

116

(4)

4.2.4 Exact Methods of Calculating Penalty Factors

120

(1)

4.2.4.1 A Discussion of Reference Bus Versus Load Center Penalty Factors

120

(2)

4.2.4.2 Reference-Bus Penalty Factors Direct from the AC Power Flow

122

(1)

Appendix: Power Flow Input Data for Six-Bus System

123

(1)

Problems

124

(5)

Further Reading

129

(2)

5 Unit Commitment

131

(40)

5.1 Introduction

131

(7)

5.1.1 Constraints in Unit Commitment

134

(1)

5.1.2 Spinning Reserve

134

(2)

5.1.3 Thermal Unit Constraints

136

(1)

5.1.4 Other Constraints

137

(1)

5.1.4.1 Hydro-Constraints

137

(1)

5.1.4.2 Must Run

138

(1)

5.1.4.3 Fuel Constraints

138

(1)

5.2 Unit Commitment Solution Methods

138

(22)

5.2.1 Priority-List Methods

139

(2)

5.2.2 Dynamic-Programming Solution

141

(1)

5.2.2.1 Introduction

141

(1)

5.2.2.2 Forward DP Approach

142

(10)

5.2.3 Lagrange Relaxation Solution

152

(3)

5.2.3.1 Adjusting (LAMBDA)

155

(5)

Appendix: Dual Optimization on a Nonconvex Problem

160

(6)

Problems

166

(3)

Further Reading

169

(2)

6 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

171

(38)

6.1 Introduction

171

(1)

6.2 Take-or-Pay Fuel Supply Contract

172

(4)

6.3 Composite Generation Production Cost Function

176

(5)

6.4 Solution by Gradient Search Techniques

181

(4)

6.5 Hard Limits and Slack Variables

185

(2)

6.6 Fuel Scheduling by Linear Programming

187

(8)

Appendix: Linear Programming

195

(9)

Problems

204

(3)

Further Reading

207

(2)

7 Hydrothermal Coordination

209

(55)

7.1 Introduction

209

(2)

7.1.1 Long-Range Hydro-Scheduling

210

(1)

7.1.2 Short-Range Hydro-Scheduling

211

(1)

7.2 Hydroelectric Plant Models

211

(3)

7.3 Scheduling Problems

214

(4)

7.3.1 Types of Scheduling Problems

214

(1)

7.3.2 Scheduling Energy

214

(4)

7.4 The Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem

218

(5)

7.5 Short-Term Hyrdo-Scheduling: A Gradient Approach

223

(5)

7.6 Hydro-Units in Series (Hydraulically Coupled)

228

(2)

7.7 Pumped-Storage Hydroplants

230

(10)

7.7.1 Pumped-Storage Hydro-Scheduling with a (Lambda-Gamma) Iteration

231

(3)

7.7.2 Pumped-Storage Scheduling by a Gradient Method

234

(6)

7.8 Dynamic-Programming Solution to the Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem

240

(10)

7.8.1 Extension to Other Cases

246

(2)

7.8.2 Dynamic-Programming Solution to Multiple Hydroplant Problem

248

(2)

7.9 Hydro-Scheduling Using Linear Programming

250

(3)

Appendix: Hydro-Scheduling with Storage Limitations

253

(3)

Problems

256

(6)

Further Reading

262

(2)

8 Production Cost Models

264

(64)

8.1 Introduction

264

(3)

8.2 Uses and Types of Production Cost Programs

267

(15)

8.2.1 Production Costing Using Load-Duration Curves

270

(7)

8.2.2 Outages Considered

277

(5)

8.3 Probabilistic Production Cost Programs

282

(28)

8.3.1 Probabilistic Production Cost Computations

283

(1)

8.3.2 Simulating Economic Scheduling with the Unserved Load Method

284

(12)

8.3.3 The Expected Cost Method

296

(6)

8.3.4 A Discussion of Some Practical Problems

302

(8)

8.4 Sample Computation and Exercise

310

(6)

8.4.1 No Forced Outages

310

(3)

8.4.2 Forced Outages Included

313

(3)

Appendix: Probability Methods and Uses in Generation Planning

316

(7)

Problems

323

(1)

Further Reading

324

(4)

9 Control of Generation

328

(35)

9.1 Introduction

328

(1)

9.2 Generator Model

328

(4)

9.3 Load Model

332

(3)

9.4 Prime-Mover Model

335

(1)

9.5 Governor Model

336

(5)

9.6 Tie-Line Model

341

(4)

9.7 Generation Control

345

(11)

9.7.1 Supplementary Control Action

346

(1)

9.7.2 Tie-Line Control

346

(4)

9.7.3 Generation Allocation

350

(2)

9.7.4 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) Implementation

352

(3)

9.7.5 AGC Features

355

(1)

Problems

356

(4)

Further Reading

360

(3)

10 Interchange of Power and Energy

363

(47)

10.1 Introduction

363

(4)

10.2 Economy Interchange between Interconnected Utilities

367

(5)

10.3 Interutility Economy Energy Evaluation

372

(2)

10.4 Interchange Evaluation with Unit Commitment

374

(1)

10.5 Multiple-Utility Interchange Transactions

375

(3)

10.6 Other Types of Interchange

378

(2)

10.6.1 Capacity Interchange

378

(1)

10.6.2 Diversity Interchange

379

(1)

10.6.3 Energy Banking

379

(1)

10.6.4 Emergency Power Interchange

379

(1)

10.6.5 Inadvertent Power Exchange

380

(1)

10.7 Power Pools

380

(10)

10.7.1 The Energy-Broker System

382

(3)

10.7.2 Allocating Pool Savings

385

(5)

10.8 Transmission Effects and Issues

390

(11)

10.8.1 Transfer Limitations

391

(2)

10.8.2 Wheeling

393

(2)

10.8.3 Rates for Transmission Services in Multiparty Utility Transactions

395

(6)

10.8.4 Some Observations

401

(1)

10.9 Transactions Involving Nonutility Parties

401

(4)

Problems

405

(4)

Further Reading

409

(1)

11 Power System Security

410

(43)

11.1 Introduction

410

(4)

11.2 Factors Affecting Power System Security

414

(1)

11.3 Contingency Analysis: Detection of Network Problems

415

(24)

11.3.1 An Overview of Security Analysis

421

(1)

11.3.2 Linear Sensitivity Factors

421

(6)

11.3.3 AC Power Flow Methods

427

(3)

11.3.4 Contingency Selection

430

(2)

11.3.5 Concentric Relaxation

432

(1)

11.3.6 Bounding

433

(6)

Appendix 11A: Calculation of Network Sensitivity Factors

439

(5)

Appendix 11B: Derivation of Equation 11.14

444

(1)

Problems

445

(5)

Further Reading

450

(3)

12 An Introduction to State Estimation in Power Systems

453

(61)

12.1 Introduction

453

(1)

12.2 Power System State Estimation

453

(5)

12.3 Maximum Likelihood Weighted Least-Squares Estimation

458

(14)

12.3.1 Introduction

458

(2)

12.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Concepts

460

(5)

12.3.3 Matrix Formulation

465

(2)

12.3.4 An Example of Weighted Least-Squares State Estimation

467

(5)

12.4 State Estimation of an AC Network

472

(7)

12.4.1 Development of Method

472

(3)

12.4.2 Typical Results of State Estimation on an AC Network

475

(4)

12.5 State Estimation by Orthogonal Decomposition

479

(8)

12.5.1 The Orthogonal Decomposition Algorithm

482

(5)

12.6 An Introduction to Advanced Topics in State Estimation

487

(12)

12.6.1 Detection and Identification of Bad Measurements

487

(6)

12.6.2 Estimation of Quantities Not Being Measured

493

(1)

12.6.3 Network Observability and Pseudo-measurements

493

(6)

12.7 Application of Power Systems State Estimation

499

(2)

Appendix: Derivation of Least-Squares Equations

501

(7)

Problems

508

(4)

Further Reading

512

(2)

13 Optimal Power Flow

514

(47)

13.1 Introduction

514

(2)

13.2 Solution of the Optimal Power Flow

516

(15)

13.2.1 The Gradient Method

518

(11)

13.2.2 Newton's Method

529

(2)

13.3 Linear Sensitivity Analysis

531

(3)

13.3.1 Sensitivity Coefficients of an AC Network Model

532

(2)

13.4 Linear Programming Methods

534

(13)

13.4.1 Linear Programming Method with Only Real Power Variables

538

(8)

13.4.2 Linear Programming with AC Power Flow Variables and Detailed Cost Functions

546

(1)

13.5 Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow

547

(4)

13.6 Interior Point Algorithm

551

(2)

13.7 Bus Incremental Costs

553

(2)

Problems

555

(3)

Further Reading

558

(3)

Appendix: About the Software

561

(4)

Index

565

ALLEN J. WOOD is Adjunct Professor in the graduate Electric Power Engineering Program at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and an independent consultant affiliated with Power Technologies, Inc., Schenectady, New York. BRUCE F. WOLLENBERG is Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Minnesota. He was a senior engineer at Power Technologies, Inc., and a principal consultant for Control Data Corporation.


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