Indian Slavery in Colonial Times Within the Present Limits of the United States: Lauber, Almon Wheeler: 9781410200624: Book: History: eCampus.com

PART I INDIAN SLAVERY AMONG THE INDIANS, THE SPANIARDS AND THE FRENCH

Enslavement by the Indians Themselves

Introductory statement

(1)

Indian slavery among the Indians practically universal

(1)

More extensively used among some tribes than others

(1)

No entire tribes held in subjection

(1)

Slavery on the Great Plains and Atlantic Slope

(1)

Different from that in west

(1)

Not slavery in the true sense in many cases

(1)

``Slavery'' confounded with ``prisoner'' and ``adoption''

(1)

Slavery to be interpreted in the broadest sense

(1)

Processes of enslavement

(7)

For crime

(1)

Indians staked themselves when gambling

(1)

Indians sold children in time of famine

(1)

Barter with other tribes

(2)

Warfare

(4)

Coming of Europeans affected slavery

(2)

Stirring up tribes against one another

(1)

Employment of Indian slaves

(4)

Domestic servants

(1)

Mistresses

(1)

Agricultural laborers

(1)

Miners

(1)

Hunters

(1)

Fishermen

(1)

Objects of barter and trade

(1)

Treatment of slaves

(4)

Depended upon individual owners

(1)

A distinct class in west

(1)

A part of family or tribe in east

(1)

Adoption

(1)

Treatment generally kind

(1)

Instances of cruel treatment

(1)

Precautions to prevent escape

(1)

Women of tribe have power to spare or kill

(1)

Punishment by death

(1)

Distinction between owner and slave not so clear as between the European and his slave

(1)

Privileges and favors

(2)

Manumission

(5)

Marriage into the tribe

(1)

Birth

(1)

Death of owner

(1)

Adoption

(1)

Peace with tribe to which slave belonged

(1)

Exchange

(1)

Messenger in formal declaration of war

(4)

Enslavement by the Spaniards

Idea of slavery

(1)

Practiced by Indians

(1)

Captives of Spanish wars enslaved

(1)

Sanctioned by Church and State

(1)

Public opinion

(1)

Enslavement of Indians would Christianize them

(1)

Processes of enslavement

(6)

War

(1)

Spanish explorers

(6)

Employment of slaves

(1)

Guides

(1)

Interpreters

(1)

Camp laborers

(1)

Burden bearers

(1)

Cooks

(1)

Mistresses

(1)

Treatment

(2)

Depended upon individual owners

(1)

Kindness to enslave instead of to kill

(1)

Instances of kindness

(1)

Manumission

(2)

Act of individual owners

(1)

Law of 1543 to end slavery in Spanish America

(1)

Law not successful

(1)

Missions and ``presidios''

(4)

Life of Indians was practical slavery

(2)

Enslavement by the French

Legality

(2)

Never authorized by law in early colonial period

(1)

Home government not interested

(1)

Indirect royal action in eighteenth century

(1)

Authorized by colonial authorities

(1)

Action of Company of the Indies, 1720

(1)

Recognition by Governor-General Hocquart, 1736

(1)

Action of royal council, 1745

(1)

Public opinion

(2)

Not concerned with the subject

(1)

Knowledge of slavery vague

(1)

Countenanced slavery as an institution

(1)

No leader like Las Casas to create sentiment against slavery

(1)

Attitude of the missionaries

(2)

Processes of enslavement

(6)

War

(1)

Natchez War

(2)

Minor wars

(1)

With the Fox Indians

(1)

With the Chickasaw

(1)

Urging allies to war and taking captives

(1)

Requiring conquered tribes to go to war and take captives

(1)

Kidnapping

(2)

Trade

(6)

Indian slaves an object of trade

(1)

Part played by ``coureurs de bois''

(2)

Attempt to check action of ``coureurs de bois''

(1)

Opposition to it not strong

(1)

Attitude of Jesuits

(1)

Gifts: made to the explorers

(3)

Birth: throughout history children of slaves generally regarded as slaves

(1)

Employment of slaves

(4)

Among the explorers

(1)

Guides

(1)

Interpreters

(1)

Among the colonists

(1)

Interpreters

(1)

Domestic servants

(1)

Mistresses

(1)

Agricultural laborers

(1)

Laborers on fortifications

(1)

Mental camp laborers

(1)

Objects of bribe to win friendship of tribes

(2)

Recognition as property

(1)

Tax law of 1728

(1)

Treatment of slaves

(4)

Slavery was of mild nature

(1)

Social distinction between slave and owner was less marked than in case of English and Indian slaves

(1)

Instance of ``coureurs de bois''

(1)

Religious training

(1)

Relation to ceremonies and sacraments of the Church

(2)

Extent of Indian slavery

(3)

In Louisiana

(1)

In Natchitoches

(1)

In north Mississippi Valley

(1)

In Detroit

(1)

Manumission

(3)

Verbal manumission

(1)

Law of 1735 required manumission by notarial deed

(1)

Law of 1721 freed children of slave mothers and free fathers

(1)

Causes of end of Indian slavery

(9)

Indians not adapted to slavery

(1)

Decrease in number of Indians

(1)

Removal of tribes from neighborhood of whites

(1)

Law of 1693 forbade trade in Indians

(1)

Law of 1736 repeated the order

(1)

General unsatisfactoriness of the institution

(2)

Growth of indenture system

(1)

Growth of negro slavery

100

(5)

PART II THE INSTITUTION AS PRACTICED BY THE ENGLISH

The Number of Indian Slaves

Exact number in any colony unknown

105

(1)

Statistics rare or lacking altogether

105

(1)

Comparative numbers in different colonies

105

(13)

Largest number in South

105

(1)

Carolinas possessed most

106

(1)

Carolinas exported many

106

(2)

Fewer Indian slaves than negroes

108

(1)

Number in Georgia very small

108

(1)

The same true of Virginia

108

(1)

New England possessed many

109

(1)

Massachusetts enslaved captives taken in war

109

(1)

The Pequot War

109

(1)

King Philip's War

109

(1)

Slaves in various towns

109

(1)

Rhode Island possessed some

110

(1)

Connecticut and New Haven had but few

110

(1)

New Hampshire had very few

111

(1)

The middle group of colonies had a smaller number than New England

112

(1)

New York had more than other colonies

112

(1)

None taken in war

113

(1)

Some imported from the Carolinas and the Spanish Islands

114

(1)

Pennsylvania had few

115

(1)

Some imported

115

(1)

New Jersey had very few

116

(1)

Maryland probably possessed the smallest number

117

(1)

Processes of Enslavement: Warfare

Indian wars generally confined to South

118

(12)

Wars in Virginia

119

(1)

War with Opechancanough

119

(1)

Bacon's rebellion

119

(1)

Wars in Carolina

119

(1)

War with the Kussoe

119

(1)

Expeditions against Spanish Indians after 1701

119

(1)

In 1702

119

(1)

In 1704

120

(1)

In 1708

120

(1)

In 1727

121

(1)

Tuscarora War

121

(1)

Barnwell's expedition

122

(1)

Moore's expedition

122

(1)

Wars in New England

122

(1)

Pequot War

123

(1)

The Mistick Fight

123

(1)

The Swamp Fight

123

(1)

Captives retained in colonies

123

(1)

Captives exported

124

(1)

King Philip's War

124

(1)

Captives exported

125

(1)

By Massachusetts

126

(1)

Captives retained in colonies

127

(1)

Wives and children of captives enslaved

127

(1)

Children of Indians who surrendered enslaved for short period

128

(1)

Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Connecticut transported no captives

128

(1)

Rhode Island retained captives in colony

129

(1)

Captives were involuntary indentured servants rather than slaves

130

(1)

Connecticut enslaved captives

130

(1)

Colonial action regarding enslavement of Indians

130

(7)

Virginia

130

(1)

Action of 1668

131

(1)

Action during and after Bacon's rebellion

131

(1)

Maryland

132

(1)

Intention in 1652

132

(1)

North Carolina

133

(1)

Action during Tuscarora War

133

(1)

South Carolina

134

(1)

Action during war with the Kussoe

134

(1)

Action during war with the Stono

134

(1)

Action during wars of early eighteenth century

135

(1)

Assembly provided committee to dispose of captives

135

(1)

Act of 1703 gave anyone a right to purchase slaves

135

(1)

Acts of 1707 and 1708 gave commanding officers of expeditions the right to purchase slaves

136

(1)

Act of 1715 provided that public receiver should dispose of captives

136

(1)

Action during war with the Cherokee

136

(1)

New England

137

(17)

Prior to King Philip's War

137

(1)

Disposal of captives by general court: Massachusetts

137

(1)

Disposal of captives by council of war: Plymouth

137

(1)

Act of United Colonies of New England

138

(1)

Articles of Confederation, 1643

138

(1)

Action in 1645

138

(1)

During King Philip's War

138

(1)

Captives sold outright to obtain money for treasury

138

(1)

Captives sold to pay debts to individuals

139

(2)

Captives granted directly to captors

141

(1)

Military commanders authorized to sell captives

142

(1)

Attitude toward Praying Indians

143

(1)

Colonial governments realized danger of retaining enslaved captives in colonies

144

(1)

Massachusetts act of 1676

144

(1)

Massachusetts act of 1677

145

(1)

Plymouth act of 1678

146

(1)

Government action in capture and sale of Indians not always above suspicion

146

(1)

Plymouth act of 1646

146

(1)

Seizure and sale of Dartmouth Indians

146

(1)

Event at Cocheco

147

(1)

Disposal of Indians after the war

148

(1)

Massachusetts

149

(1)

Connecticut

149

(1)

Rhode Island

150

(4)

Processes of Enslavement: Kidnapping

Action of Cabot, Frobisher, Weymouth, Harlow, Hunt

154

(5)

Evidence of kidnapping in southern colonies meagre

159

(1)

Event of 1685 at Cape Fear, North Carolina

159

(1)

Action of Laughton, 1676

160

(2)

Kidnapping in Pennsylvania

162

(1)

Kidnapped Indians in New York: Spanish Indians

162

(2)

Kidnapped Spanish Indians in other colonies

164

(1)

Legislative action against kidnapping

165

(3)

Nature of legislation

165

(1)

Purpose of legislation

165

(1)

Acts of Virginia, 1657

166

(1)

Maryland, 1672, 1692, 1705

166

(1)

Massachusetts, 1641

166

(1)

New Jersey, 1675

167

(1)

New Hampshire, 1679

167

(1)

Processes of Enslavement: Trade

Purchase of Indians from tribes closely connected with fur trade

168

(28)

Work of the ``coureurs de bois''

168

(1)

Captives obtained by South Carolina traders from the Westo, Savannah and other tribes

169

(2)

French warn Indians against purpose of English

171

(1)

Action of English west of Mississippi river

172

(1)

Action of English and French among Chickasaw and Choctaw

172

(1)

Two-fold policy of proprietors of Carolina

173

(1)

Sanctioned enslavement of Indians for their own benefit

174

(1)

Opposed enslavement of Indians by colonial officials

174

(1)

Directions to grand council

175

(1)

Appointment of commission to prevent trade in Indians

175

(1)

Directions to governors

175

(1)

Inquiries from council and individuals

176

(1)

Declare traders' reasons for traffic in Indians unsound

177

(1)

Matter of traffic in Indians given to parliament

178

(1)

Attitude of Governor John Archdale

178

(1)

Action of Governor James Moore

179

(1)

South Carolina assembly deals with trade in Indians, 1707

180

(1)

Appointed board of commissioners

180

(1)

Duties of board

180

(1)

Oath of members

180

(1)

Directions to traders

181

(1)

Purpose of assembly

182

(1)

Result of action of assembly

183

(1)

Attempts by board to check traffic in Indians

183

(1)

Memorial of governor, 1720

184

(1)

Failure of authorities to enforce decrees

184

(1)

Trade in Indians in Virginia

185

(1)

Traffic begun early

185

(1)

Attitude of assembly

185

(2)

Number of slaves obtained by trade never so extensive as in Carolina

187

(1)

Trade in Indians in New England

187

(1)

No direct traffic in slaves with tribes

187

(1)

Obtained from other colonies

187

(1)

Colonial legislation forbidding traffic in Indian slaves

188

(1)

Massachusetts

188

(1)

New Haven

189

(1)

Connecticut

189

(2)

Rhode Island

191

(1)

New Hampshire

192

(1)

New York

193

(1)

Pennsylvania

193

(3)

Other Processes of Enslavement

Abuse of indenture or apprenticeship

196

(5)

Indians indentured to whites by their tribe

196

(1)

Indians sold to whites by their families

196

(1)

Indians offered as security for loans

196

(1)

Indians sell themselves to whites for protection

196

(1)

Whites enslave such Indians by refusing to give them up

196

(1)

Instance in North Carolina, 1660

197

(1)

Cause of Tuscarora War

197

(1)

Virginia legislation shows custom followed there

197

(1)

Massachusetts legislation aiming to prevent such action

198

(1)

Rhode Island legislation to prevent abuse of apprenticeship

199

(1)

Abuses in New York

200

(1)

Decree of Governor Clinton to free Indians wrongly enslaved

200

(1)

Custom still in existence at late date, 1755

201

(1)

Punishment for violation of law and order

201

(6)

Enslavement as punishment general throughout colonies

201

(1)

Enslavement decreed as punishment in two ways

201

(1)

By law specifying enslavement as punishment for certain crimes

201

(1)

By a court decreeing enslavement as punishment for crimes committed

201

(1)

Carolina court decrees illustrating sentences for crimes committed

201

(1)

Virginia legislation illustrating specified punishment for specified crimes

202

(1)

Massachusetts legislation

203

(1)

Massachusetts court decrees

203

(1)

Plymouth court decrees

203

(2)

Rhode Island legislation

205

(1)

Rhode Island court decisions

205

(1)

Connecticut legislation

206

(1)

Connecticut court action

206

(1)

Action of the United Colonies

206

(1)

Birth

207

(4)

In law children of slave mothers generally considered slaves

207

(1)

Colonial laws imposing status of slave on children of slave mothers

207

(1)

South Carolina

207

(1)

Virginia

208

(1)

Maryland act of 1663 an exception

208

(1)

Maryland act of 1692 following general custom in other colonies

209

(1)

New York

209

(1)

Colonies that did not pass laws regarding the matter followed general custom

209

(1)

Massachusetts

209

(1)

Connecticut

209

(1)

Cases in colonial courts recognizing status of slavery by birth

210

(1)

Property Relations

Indians in servitude at first held in status servitude

211

(1)

Status servitude followed by status slavery

211

(1)

Status servitude and status slavery existing together

211

(1)

Indian slavery first recognized in customary law

212

(1)

Incidents of the change

212

(1)

Indian slavery recognized in statute law

213

(2)

Instance of South Carolina

213

(1)

Colonial acts from the standpoint of English law

214

(1)

Had no legal sanction

214

(1)

Based on law of nations

214

(1)

England indifferent to such acts

214

(1)

Acts therefore legal because not declared illegal

215

(1)

Incidents of status servitude continued into status slavery

215

(27)

Conception of property right

215

(1)

Indian slaves bought and sold

216

(1)

Newspaper advertisements of Indian slaves for sale

216

(1)

Indian slaves disposed of by will

216

(1)

Indian slaves in inventories

217

(1)

Tendency of Indian slaves to run away

217

(1)

Newspaper advertisements for runaway Indian slaves

218

(2)

Fugitive slave laws

220

(1)

Persons forbidden to aid runaways

220

(1)

Punishment for rendering such aids

221

(1)

Inducements to free Indians to return runaways

221

(1)

Intercolonial agreements concerning return of runaways

222

(1)

Articles of federation of the United Colonies of New England

222

(1)

Treaty of United Colonies of New England and New Netherland

223

(1)

Incident of New York and Pennsylvania

224

(1)

Incident of North Carolina and Virginia

225

(1)

Massachusetts rewards master for Indian slave taken from him

225

(1)

Courts settle disputes regarding ownership of Indian slaves

225

(1)

Taxation of Indian slaves

226

(1)

South Carolina acts

226

(1)

North Carolina acts

227

(1)

Virginia acts

227

(3)

Massachusetts acts

230

(2)

New York acts

232

(1)

Acts of the town of Rye, New York

232

(1)

Import duties on Indian slaves

233

(1)

Protective duties

234

(1)

South Carolina acts

234

(1)

Virginia acts

235

(1)

Rhode Island act

235

(1)

New Hampshire act

236

(1)

Pennsylvania act

236

(1)

New Jersey acts

236

(1)

Duties for revenue

237

(1)

New York acts

238

(2)

Export duties on Indian slaves

240

(1)

South Carolina act

240

(2)

Methods of Employment

Uses of Indian slaves similar throughout colonies

242

(8)

Hunters

242

(1)

Fishermen

242

(1)

Guides

242

(1)

Domestic servants

243

(1)

Agricultural laborers

244

(1)

Craftsmen

245

(1)

Rented like other chattels

245

(1)

Laborers in camp and field

245

(2)

Soldiers

247

(3)

Treatment

Treatment the same as that accorded negroes

250

(1)

Harsh treatment not general

250

(1)

Clothing

251

(1)

Newspaper evidence

251

(1)

Marriage of whites with Indian slaves

252

(1)

Forbidden by the following colonies: North Carolina, 1715

253

(1)

Maryland, 1692

253

(1)

Massachusetts, 1692

253

(1)

Regulation of Indian slaves

253

(1)

Each colony settled this matter for itself

253

(1)

Indian slaves included by implication in all colonial acts relating to slaves, if not specified

253

(1)

Right to give evidence in court

254

(1)

Could not testify in trial of a white person

254

(1)

South Carolina

254

(1)

North Carolina

254

(1)

Virginia

255

(1)

Maryland

255

(1)

New York

255

(1)

Protection of slaves' and owners' rights in court

255

(4)

The right to life

255

(1)

New Hampshire act of 1708

255

(1)

Trial of slaves similar to that of freemen

255

(1)

Chance of slave obtaining his rights in court

256

(1)

Virginia, 1692, provided special courts for trial of slaves

256

(1)

Massachusetts provision of 1647

256

(1)

New Jersey act of 1713

257

(1)

New York act of 1712

257

(1)

Tendency of slave owners to conceal crimes committed by slaves

258

(1)

Remuneration of master if slave was executed

258

(1)

Maryland act of 1717

259

(1)

Restrictions

259

(1)

Punishments

260

(4)

Death

261

(1)

Branding

261

(1)

Whipping

262

(1)

Mutilation

263

(1)

Religious life

264

(11)

Provisions of home government regarding religious instructions of slaves in general

265

(1)

Indifference of slave owners

265

(1)

Attitude of missionaries of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts

265

(1)

Reports of the missionaries to the Society

266

(2)

Attitude of the Society

268

(1)

Effect upon the colonists

268

(7)

Opinions of English authorities regarding idea that baptism of slaves confers freedom upon them

275

(1)

Manumission

275

(8)

Action of individual owners

276

(1)

Purchase of freedom by slaves

276

(1)

Proof of freedom in court

277

(1)

Government action

277

(1)

Virginia

278

(1)

North Carolina

278

(1)

Massachusetts

279

(1)

Plymouth

279

(1)

Regulations regarding life of manumitted slaves

280

(3)

The Decline of Indian Slavery

Small number of Indians in English territory

283

(1)

Decrease in number of Indians

283

(4)

Decreased birth rate

285

(1)

Susceptibility to diseases of whites

285

(1)

Intestine wars

286

(1)

Intermingling of Indian and negro slaves

287

(1)

Physical and mental unfitness of Indians for slave labor

287

(1)

Indian slave labor not satisfactory

288

(4)

Indian slaves given to running away

289

(1)

Indian slaves concerned in conspiracies and uprisings

289

(1)

Colonial legislation declaring Indian slaves undesirable

290

(2)

Indians as hired servants

292

(3)

Indians as indentured servants

295

(1)

White indentured servants

295

(2)

Negro slavery

297

(6)

Comparative values of Indian and negro slaves

298

(5)

Opposition to Indian slavery and contrasted opinion

303

(8)

Legislation

311

(9)

Virginia

312

(3)

South Carolina

315

(1)

Rhode Island

316

(1)

New York

316

(4)

Bibliography

320

(21)

Index

341




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