Aerobiological Engineering Handbook: Kowalski, Wladyslaw Jan, Ph.D.: 9780071402453: Book: Technology: eCampus.com

Solve any building air quality problem

A complete reference for the design of air filtration systems and HVAC systems used in homes, schools, hospitals, laboratories, or animal facilities, this book offers complete descriptions of each of the major technologies currently used for air disinfection. Each subject, chemical or microbial, is treated in sufficient detail to allow the design of these components to solve specific building air quality problems.

Design solutions for control of gases and odors
Recommended technologies and methods to combat biological terrorist weapons in HVAC systems
Diagnosis of air quality problems
Complete airborne pathogen database for the identification of infection risk

Preface

xiii

Acknowledgments

List of Symbols

xvii

Section 1 Background and History

Chapter 1. Airborne Disease and the Indoor Environment

(12)

1.1. Introduction

(1)

1.2. Airborne Disease Today

(3)

1.3. The History of Airborne Disease

(6)

1.4. The Future of Disease Control

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 2. Airborne Pathogens and Allergens

(26)

2.1. Introduction

(1)

2.2. Airborne Pathogens and Allergens

(1)

2.3. Viruses

(2)

2.4. Bacteria

(1)

2.5. Fungal Spores

(1)

2.6. Protozoa

(1)

2.7. Algae

(1)

2.8. Pollen

(2)

2.9. Dust Mites and Storage Mites

(1)

2.10. Cockroach Allergens

(1)

2.11. Animal Dander

(1)

2.12. Toxins

(1)

2.13. Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds

(2)

2.14. Potential and Emerging Airborne Pathogens

(1)

2.15. Airborne Biological Weapons

(1)

2.16. The Airborne Pathogen and Allergen Database

(2)

References

(9)

Chapter 3. The Pathology of Airborne Disease

(26)

3.1. Introduction

(1)

3.2. The Human Respiratory System

(3)

3.3. Mechanisms of Lung Infection

(2)

3.4. Disease Groups

(2)

3.5. Airborne Respiratory Infections

(1)

3.6. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

(1)

3.7. Middle Respiratory Tract Infections

(1)

3.8. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

(1)

3.9. Noninfectious Respiratory Diseases

(10)

3.10. Nosocomial and Opportunistic Respiratory Diseases

(1)

3.11. Nonrespiratory Airborne Diseases

(1)

3.12. Other Diseases

(1)

References

(4)

Chapter 4. Epidemiology and Dosimetry

(32)

4.1. Introduction

(1)

4.2. Airborne Disease Statistics

(2)

4.3. Routes of Transmission

(13)

4.4. The Epidemiology of Airborne Diseases

(5)

4.5. Disease Progression Curves

(3)

4.6. Dosimetry of Airborne Disease

(4)

4.7. Microbial Agent Ingestion Dosimetry

(1)

4.8. Toxin Dosimetry

(1)

References

(4)

Chapter 5. Aerobiology of the Outdoors

(20)

5.1. Introduction

(1)

5.2. Outdoor Pathogens and Allergens

(5)

5.3. Outdoor Pathogenic Disease

104

(2)

5.4. Fungal Allergies and Outdoor Air

106

(2)

5.5. Pollen Allergies in Outdoor Air

108

(2)

5.6. Other Allergies in Outdoor Air

110

(1)

5.7. Asthma and Outdoor Air

110

(1)

5.8. Outdoor Airborne Animal Diseases

111

(1)

5.9. Survival of Microorganisms in the Environment

112

(3)

References

115

(4)

Chapter 6. Aerosol Science and Particle Dynamics

119

(24)

6.1. Introduction

119

(1)

6.2. Size and Shape of Bioaerosols

119

(1)

6.3. Surface Characteristics

120

(2)

6.4. Fractal Dimension

122

(1)

6.5. Aerodynamic Diameter

122

(1)

6.6. Equivalent Diameter

123

(3)

6.7. Microbial Density

126

(1)

6.8. Size Distribution

126

(4)

6.9. Bioaerosol Dynamics

130

(7)

6.10. Settling and Evaporation of Bioaerosols

137

(2)

6.11. Bioaerosol Viability

139

(1)

References

140

(3)

Chapter 7. Microbial Disinfection Fundamentals

143

(22)

7.1. Introduction

143

(1)

7.2. The Classic Exponential Growth Model

143

(2)

7.3. The Classic Exponential Decay Model

145

(3)

7.4. The Classic Two-Stage Decay Model

148

(1)

7.5. The Classic Shoulder Model

148

(3)

7.6. The Multihit Target Model

151

(2)

7.7. Recovery and Photoreactivation

153

(1)

7.8. Specific Disinfection Models

153

(8)

7.9. Sterilization

161

(1)

References

162

(3)

Chapter 8. Buildings and Enclosures

165

(20)

8.1. Introduction

165

(1)

8.2. The Evolution of Human Habitats

166

(2)

8.3. Building Types

168

(1)

8.4. Building Airtightness

169

(1)

8.5. Building Dampness

170

(2)

8.6. Building Materials

172

(7)

References

179

(6)

Section 2 Airborne Disease Control Technologies

Chapter 9. Ventilation Systems and Dilution

185

(22)

9.1. Introduction

185

(1)

9.2. Ventilation System Types

185

(4)

9.3. Biocontamination in Ventilation Systems

189

(2)

9.4. Pressurization Control

191

(1)

9.5. Dilution Ventilation

191

(1)

9.6. The Single-Zone Steady-State Model

192

(3)

9.7. Dilution Modeling with Calculus

195

(2)

9.8. Single-Zone Transient Modeling

197

(4)

9.9. Multizone Modeling

201

(3)

9.10. Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling

204

(1)

References

204

(3)

Chapter 10. Filtration of Airborne Microorganisms

207

(24)

10.1. Introduction

207

(1)

10.2. Filter Performance Curves

207

(3)

10.3. MERV Filter Ratings

210

(2)

10.4. Modeling Filter Performance

212

(1)

10.5. Mathematical Model of Filtration

212

(3)

10.6. The Multifiber Filtration Model

215

(2)

10.7. Fitting the Models to MERV Data

217

(4)

10.8. Microbial Filtration Test Results

221

(3)

10.9. Filter Application Test Results

224

(3)

10.10. Special Filter Types

227

(1)

References

227

(4)

Chapter 11. Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation

231

(36)

11.1. Introduction

231

(1)

11.2. Types of UVGI Systems

231

(4)

11.3. UVGI Disinfection Theory

235

(2)

11.4. UVGI Disinfection Modeling

237

(3)

11.5. Modeling the UV Dose

240

(3)

11.6. UV Lamp Ratings

243

(1)

11.7. The UVGI Rating Value

243

(1)

11.8. UV Irradiance Field Due to Enclosure Reflectivity

243

(5)

11.9. Air Mixing Effects

248

(1)

11.10. Relative Humidity Effects

249

(1)

11.11. Photoreactivation

250

(1)

11.12. Air Temperature Effects

251

(1)

11.13. Performance Optimization

252

(3)

11.14. Cooling Coil Irradiation

255

(1)

11.15. Design Guides

256

(1)

11.16. UVGI Performance in Field Trials

257

(3)

11.17. Combined Performance of UVGI and Filtration

260

(2)

References

262

(5)

Chapter 12. Gas Phase Filtration

267

(14)

12.1. Introduction

267

(1)

12.2. Aerobiological Applications of Gas Phase Filtration

268

(1)

12.3. Types of Gas Phase Filters

269

(1)

12.4. Carbon Adsorption

270

(4)

12.5. Impregnated Carbon

274

(1)

12.6. Effect on Microbiological Particles

275

(1)

12.7. Operation and Maintenance

275

(1)

12.8. Applications

276

(3)

References

279

(2)

Chapter 13. Electrostatic Filtration

281

(14)

13.1. Introduction

281

(1)

13.2. Electrostatic Precipitation

281

(4)

13.3. Electronic Air Cleaners

285

(1)

13.4. Electrostatic Filters

286

(1)

13.5. Electret Filters

287

(1)

13.6. Electrically Enhanced Filtration

287

(2)

13.7. Corona Wind Air Cleaners

289

(2)

13.8. Aerobiological Performance of ESPs

291

(1)

13.9. Economics of Electrostatic Filters

292

(1)

References

292

(3)

Chapter 14. Photocatalytic Oxidation

295

(12)

14.1. Introduction

295

(1)

14.2. PCO Theory and Operation

295

(2)

14.3. Air Disinfection

297

(4)

14.4. Destruction of MVOCs

301

(1)

14.5. Surface Disinfection

302

(1)

14.6. PCO Applications

302

(1)

References

303

(4)

Chapter 15. Pulsed Light

307

(16)

15.1. Introduction

307

(1)

15.2. Pulsed White Light and Pulsed UV

307

(9)

15.3. Filtered Pulsed Light

316

(1)

15.4. Pulsed Electric Fields

317

(1)

15.5. Pulsed Lasers

318

(1)

References

319

(4)

Chapter 16. Ionization

323

(10)

16.1. Introduction

323

(1)

16.2. Ionization Theory

323

(1)

16.3. Ionization Equipment

324

(2)

16.4. Ionization of Airborne Microbes

326

(4)

16.5. Ionization of MVOCs

330

(1)

References

330

(3)

Chapter 17. Ozone

333

(16)

17.1. Introduction

333

(1)

17.2. Ozone Chemistry

333

(3)

17.3. Airborne Ozone Disinfection

336

(2)

17.4. Ozone for Surface Sterilization

338

(1)

17.5. Ozone Removal

339

(1)

17.6. Ozone Health Hazards

340

(1)

17.7. Ozone System Performance

340

(4)

References

344

(5)

Chapter 18. Green Technologies

349

(16)

18.1. Introduction

349

(1)

18.2. Passive Solar Exposure

350

(4)

18.3. Vegetation Air Cleaning and Biofiltration

354

(2)

18.4. Material Selectivity

356

(1)

18.5. Hygienic Protocols

357

(3)

18.6. Aerobiologically Green Buildings

360

(3)

References

363

(2)

Chapter 19. Thermal Disinfection, Cryogenics, and Desiccation

365

(6)

19.1. Introduction

365

(1)

19.2. Thermal Disinfection

365

(2)

19.3. Cryogenics

367

(1)

19.4. Desiccation and Dehumidification

367

(1)

19.5. Thermal Cycling

368

(1)

References

368

(3)

Chapter 20. Antimicrobial Coatings

371

(8)

20.1. Introduction

371

(1)

20.2. Performance of Materials

372

(3)

20.3. Health Care and Pharmaceutical Applications

375

(1)

20.4. Food Industry Applications

375

(1)

20.5. Residential and Commercial Building Applications

376

(1)

References

377

(2)

Chapter 21. Microwaves

379

(10)

21.1. Introduction

379

(1)

21.2. Microwave Thermal Disinfection

379

(4)

21.3. Microwave Athermal Disinfection

383

(3)

References

386

(3)

Chapter 22. Alternative and Developmental Technologies

389

(14)

22.1. Introduction

389

(1)

22.2. Ionizing Radiation

389

(3)

22.3. Ultrasonication

392

(1)

22.4. Plasma Technology

393

(1)

22.5. Corona Discharge

394

(1)

22.6. Chemical Disinfection

395

(2)

22.7. Free Radicals

397

(1)

References

397

(6)

Section 3 Testing and Remediation

Chapter 23. Air and Surface Sampling

403

(24)

23.1. Introduction

403

(1)

23.2. Air and Surface Microflora

403

(2)

23.3. Growing Microbial Cultures

405

(3)

23.4. Surface Sampling

408

(1)

23.5. Air Sampling

409

(5)

23.6. Sampling Procedures

414

(7)

23.7. Sampling Applications

421

(2)

References

423

(4)

Chapter 24. Biodetection and Monitoring

427

(10)

24.1. Introduction

427

(1)

24.2. Particle Detectors

427

(3)

24.3. Mass Spectrometry

430

(1)

24.4. LIDAR

430

(1)

24.5. Polymerase Chain Reaction

430

(2)

24.6. Biosensors

432

(2)

References

434

(3)

Chapter 25. Indoor Limits and Guidelines

437

(12)

25.1. Introduction

437

(1)

25.2. Indoor Bioaerosol Levels

437

(4)

25.3. Indoor/Outdoor Ratios

441

(2)

25.4. Indoor Limits

443

(2)

References

445

(4)

Chapter 26. Remediation

449

(14)

26.1. Introduction

449

(1)

26.2. Air Cleaning

449

(1)

26.3. Surface Cleaning

450

(1)

26.4. Removal of Building Materials

451

(1)

26.5. Whole Building Decontamination

451

(3)

26 6. Time and Weathering

454

(1)

26.7. Mold Remediation Procedures

454

(2)

26.8. Chemical Decontamination Procedures

456

(4)

References

460

(3)

Chapter 27. Testing and Commissioning

463

(22)

27.1. Introduction

463

(1)

27.2. Ventilation System Testing

463

(1)

21.3. Building Leak and Pressure Testing

464

(1)

27.4. In-Place Filter Testing

465

(2)

27.5. In-Place UVGI System Testing

467

(2)

27.6. In-Place Testing of Surface Disinfection Systems

469

(5)

27.7. In-Place Carbon Adsorber Testing

474

(1)

27.8. Ventilation System Retrofit Testing

475

(1)

27.9. Commissioning

475

(2)

21.10. Building Protection Factor

477

(3)

References

480

(5)

Section 4 Applications

Chapter 28. Commercial Office Buildings

485

(12)

25.1. Introduction

485

(1)

28.2. Office Building Ventilation

485

(1)

28.3. Office Building Epidemiology

486

(1)

28.4. Office Building Aerobiology

487

(4)

28.5. Standards and Guidelines

491

(1)

28.6. Aerobiological Solutions

491

(3)

References

494

(3)

Chapter 29. Educational Facilities

497

(14)

29.1. Introduction

497

(1)

29.2. Educational Buildings

497

(1)

29.3. School Building Ventilation Systems

498

(1)

29.4. School Building Epidemiology

499

(5)

29.5. School Building Aerobiology

504

(2)

29.6. School Building Solutions

506

(1)

References

507

(4)

Chapter 30. Residential Housing

511

(16)

10.1. Introduction

511

(1)

30.2. Residential Homes

511

(5)

30.3. Apartment Buildings

516

(1)

30.4. Hotels and Dormitories

516

(1)

30.5. Solutions for Homes and Apartments

517

(5)

30.6. Solutions for Hotels

522

(1)

30.7. Homes for the Immunocompromised

522

(2)

References

524

(3)

Chapter 31. Health Care Facilities

527

(20)

31.1. Introduction

527

(1)

31.2. Guidelines, Codes, and Standards

527

(3)

31.3. Isolation Rooms

530

(1)

31.4. Airborne Nosocomial Epidemiology

531

(2)

31.5. Nosocomial Aerobiology

533

(7)

31.6. Nosocomial Control Options

540

(3)

References

543

(4)

Chapter 32. Biological and Animal Laboratories

547

(20)

32.1. Introduction

547

(1)

32.2. Laboratory Guidelines

547

(3)

32.3. Biological Laboratory Pathogens

550

(1)

32.4. Animal Laboratory Pathogens

550

(1)

32.5. Animal Laboratory Epidemiology

551

(5)

32.6. Laboratory Air Cleaning

556

(3)

32.7. Animal Laboratory Problems and Solutions

559

(4)

References

563

(4)

Chapter 33. Food Industry Facilities

567

(18)

33.1. Introduction

567

(1)

33.2. Food Industry Codes and Standards

567

(1)

33.3. Foodborne Pathogens and Allergens

568

(3)

33.4. Food Industry Epidemiology

571

(3)

33.5. Food Plant Aerobiology

574

(4)

33.6. Food Plant Solutions

578

(2)

References

580

(5)

Chapter 34. Agricultural and Animal Facilities

585

(18)

34.1. Introduction

585

(1)

34.2. Agricultural Pathogens and Allergens

585

(1)

34.3. Agricultural Epidemiology

586

(4)

34.4. Agricultural Aerobiology

590

(2)

34.5. Ventilation and Solutions

592

(5)

References

597

(6)

Chapter 35. Libraries and Museums

603

(16)

35.1. Introduction

603

(1)

35.2. Libraries

603

(7)

35.3. Museums

610

(5)

References

615

(4)

Chapter 36. Places of Assembly

619

(8)

36.1. Introduction

619

(1)

36.2. Ventilation Systems

619

(3)

36.3. Epidemiology

622

(1)

36.4. Aerobiology

623

(2)

References

625

(2)

Chapter 37. Aircraft and Transportation

627

(20)

37.1. Introduction

627

(1)

37.2. Aircraft

627

(7)

37.3. Spacecraft

634

(2)

37.4. Ships

636

(3)

37.5. Submarines

639

(1)

37.6. Cars, Buses, and Trains

640

(2)

References

642

(5)

Chapter 38. Industrial Facilities

647

(24)

38.1. Introduction

647

(1)

38.2. Occupational Airborne Diseases

647

(6)

38.3. Wood and Paper Industries

653

(4)

38.4. Textile, Leather, and Fur Industries

657

(1)

38.5. Metal Industries

658

(2)

38.6. Biotechnology Industries

660

(1)

38.7. Chemical and Mineral Industries

661

(1)

38.8. Occupational Legionnaires' Disease

662

(1)

38.9. Other Industries and Hazards

663

(1)

38.10. Industrial Solutions

664

(1)

References

665

(6)

Chapter 39. Sewage and Waste Processing

671

(12)

39.1. Introduction

671

(1)

39.2. Sewage and Waste Aerobiology

671

(3)

39.3. Sewage and Waste Epidemiology

674

(4)

39.4. Air Treatment Solutions

678

(2)

References

680

(3)

Appendix A: Airborne Pathogens and Allergens

683

(114)

Appendix B: Toxins and Associated Fungal Species

797

(4)

Appendix C: Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds

801

(4)

Appendix D: Surface Sampling Test Results Evaluation Form

805

(2)

Appendix E: Settle Plate Test Results Evaluation Form

807

(2)

Appendix F: Air Sampling Test Results Evaluation Form

809

(2)

Glossary

811

(10)

Index

821

Wladyslaw Jan Kowalski, Researcher State College of Pennsylvania, holds a BA in Mechanical Engineering and a Ph.D. in Architectural Engineering.

Professional Experience:
1978-1995: Mechanical Engineer/Project Engineer/Senior Engineer for various companies in the Nuclear Power Industry. Specialized in the Design and Testing of Nuclear Air Cleaning Systems, Radioactive Contamination Control Systems, Building Pressurization Systems, HVAC & Cooling Water Systems.

Honors and awards:
Licensed Professional Engineer State of Illinois, ASHRAE Graduate Grant-In-Aid, 1997, UVDI Research Grant 1999, Kissinger Fellowship Award for Scholarship 1999, Laraine and Jack Beiter Excellence Endowment in AE 2001.


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