Introduction to Psychoneuroimmunology: Daruna: 9780122034565: Book: : eCampus.com

Psychoneuroimmunology investigates the relationships between behavior, psychosocial factors, the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, and disease. Each system affects the others, enhancing and/or inhibiting processes elsewhere in the body. Research in this field has grown tremendously in recent years as science better understands the checks and balances of these interdisciplinary systems and processes. Introduction to Psychoneuroimmunology provides the first introductory text for this complex field.

Beginning with a discussion of immune system basics, Introduction to Psychoneuroimmunology explores endocrine-immune modulation, neuro-immune modulation, the relationship between stress, contextual change, and disease, as well as infection, allergy, immune activity and psychopathology, and immune function enhancement. This text provides a sound introduction to the field and will serve as a valuable overview to what is otherwise a complex interdisciplinary subject at the junction of molecular biology, genetics, the neurosciences, immunology, cell biology, endocrinology, pharmacology, biochemistry, and the behavioral sciences.

* Provides a wide coverage of topics
* Presents a concise treatment of topics
* Includes concluding comments after each chapter
* Includes definitions of technical terms

Preface

vii

Acknowledgements

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

I. Aim and Organization

(4)

II. Source

(2)

CHAPTER 2 Historical Antecedents

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Health

(1)

III. Social Organization, Health, and Healing

(1)

IV. Early Ideas about Health and Disease

(4)

A. Magic and Religion

(1)

B. Natural Philosophy

(3)

V. Empirical Approaches to Health

(1)

VI. Science and Health

(4)

A. Microbes and Innate Defenses

(1)

B. Regulation of Life-sustaining Activities

(2)

C. Psychoneuroimmunology

(1)

VII. Concluding Comments

(1)

VIII. Sources

(3)

CHAPTER 3 Immune System Basics

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Molecular Self/Nonself Discrimination

(1)

III. Cell Types, Proteins, and Genes

(1)

IV. Immune System Cell Types and Complement

(3)

V. Immune Cell Functions and Inflammation

(3)

VI. Human Leukocyte Antigen System

(1)

VII. Antigen Presentation

(2)

VIII. Natural Killer Cells

(1)

IX. B Lymphocytes, Antibody Structure, and Diversity

(2)

X. T Lymphocytes

(5)

A. T-Cell Receptor Diversity and CD Markers

(1)

B. Helper T Lymphocytes (CD4+)

(2)

C. T-Cell Help of Antibody Production

(1)

D. T-Cell Help of Cytotoxicity

(1)

XI. Cytokines, Chemokines, and Cell Adhesion Molecules

(4)

XII. Lymphoid Organs and Leukocyte Traffic

(3)

XIII. Inmiune Activation/Deactivation and Memory

(1)

XIV. Development of Immune Functions

(1)

XV. Measures of Immune Function

(2)

XVI. Concluding Comments

(2)

XVII. Sources

(3)

CHAPTER 4 Endocrine-Immune Modulation

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Endocrine System

(4)

A. Hypothalamus

(1)

B. Pituitary Gland

(2)

C. Other Glands

(1)

III. Cytokines, Hormones, and Their Receptors

(1)

IV. Anterior Pituitary Hormones and Immune Function

(9)

A. Growth Hormone

(2)

B. Prolactin

(1)

C. The Pituitary-Adrenal Asis: POMC Peptides (ACTH, β-Endorphin) and Glucocorticolds

(4)

D. The Pituitary-Gonadal Axis: Gonadotropins and Gonadal Steroids

(1)

E. The Pituitary Thyroid Axis: Thvrotropiu and Thyroid Hormones

(1)

V. Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones and Immune Function

(1)

A. Arginine Vasopressin

(1)

B. Oxytocin

(1)

VI. Other Hormones and Immune Function

(2)

A. Insulin

(1)

B. Parathyroid Hormone

(1)

C. Melatonin

(1)

VII. Thymus Gland

(1)

A. Pituitary Regulation of Thymus

(1)

B. Thymus Regulation of Pituitary

(1)

C. Hormones and Thymocyte Development

(1)

VIII. Concluding Comments

(2)

IX. Sources

(3)

CHAPTER 5 Neuroimmune Modulation

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Peripheral Nervous System

(4)

A. Somatoscnsory Pathways

(1)

B. Visceral Sensory Pathways

(1)

C. Autonomic Nervous System

(1)

D. Enteric Nervous System

(1)

III. Peripheral Nervous System Innervation of Lymphoid Organs

(1)

A. Bone Marrow and Thymus

(1)

B. Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

(1)

IV. Chemical Signaling in the Periphery

(2)

A. Classical Neurotransmitters

(1)

B. Ncuropcptides

(1)

C. Cytokines

(1)

D. Other Mediators

(1)

V. Functional Effects of Peripheral Neuroimmune Interactions

(3)

VI. Central Nervous System

(2)

VII. Bidirectional Central Nervous System-Immune System Interactions

(4)

A. Subcortical Lesions

(1)

B. Subcortical Responses to Immunization

(1)

C. Neocortical Lesions

(2)

VIII. Learning and Immune Responses

(1)

IX. Personality and Immune Function

(2)

X. Concluding Comments

101

(1)

XI. Sources

102

(1)

CHAPTER 6 Stress, Contextual Change, and Disease

I. Introduction

103

(1)

II. Selye's Concept of Stress

103

(3)

III. Ranking Life Events as Stressful

106

(2)

IV. Stress as Contextual Change

108

(1)

V. Social Context

109

(1)

VI. Other Life Forms

109

(1)

VII. Nonliving Environment

110

(1)

VIII. Individual as Context

111

(2)

IX. Disease as Contextual Change

113

(1)

X. Concluding Comments

114

(1)

XI. Sources

115

(2)

CHAPTER 7 Psychosocial Stress: Neuroendocrine and Immune Effects

I. Introduction

117

(1)

II. Psychosocial Stress

118

(1)

A. Life Events

118

(1)

B. Individual Attributes/Personality

119

(1)

C. Laboratory Paradigms

119

(1)

III. Effects on Endocrine Activity

119

(3)

A. Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

120

(1)

B. Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

121

(1)

C. Other Axes and Hormones

121

(1)

IV. Effects on Autonomic and Peripheral Neural Activity

122

(1)

A. Classical Neurotransmitters

122

(1)

B. Neuropcptidcs

122

(1)

V. Effects on the Central Nervous System

123

(1)

VI. Effects on the Immune System

123

(6)

A. Nonspecific Immunity

124

(1)

B. Humoral Immunity

125

(1)

C. Cell-Mediated Immunity

126

(2)

D. Cautions and Integration

128

(1)

VII. Neuroendocrine-Immune Pathways

129

(1)

VIII. Concluding Comments

129

(2)

IX. Sources

131

(3)

CHAPTER 8 Infection, Allergy, and Psychosocial Stress

I. Introduction

134

(1)

II. Infectious Diseases

134

(9)

A. Infectious Agents

135

(2)

B. Pathogenic Mechanisms

137

(1)

C. Infection and Other Diseases

138

(1)

D. Psychosocial Stress, Immunity, and Infection

139

(4)

III. Allergic Diseases

143

(6)

A. Allergens

143

(1)

B. Prevalence and Genetics

144

(1)

C. Environmental Cofactors

145

(1)

D. Pathogenic Mechanisms

145

(2)

E. Complexity of Allergic Responses

147

(1)

F. Psychosocial Stress, Immunity, and Allergy

148

(1)

IV. Concluding Comments

149

(2)

V. Sources

151

(3)

CHAPTER 9 Cancer, Autoimmunity, and Psychosocial Stress

I. Introduction

154

(1)

II. Cancer

154

(10)

A. Cancer as an Expanding Clone

155

(2)

B. Environmental Carcinogenesis

157

(1)

C. Defenses against Cancer

158

(1)

D. Psychosocial Stress, Immunity, and Cancer

159

(4)

E. Could Psychosocial Factors be Irrelevant?

163

(1)

III. Autoimmune Diseases

164

(11)

A. Clonal Selection Theory and Normal Autoimmunity

164

(1)

B. Prevalence of Autoimmune Disorders

165

(1)

C. Pathogenic Mechanisms

165

(2)

D. Infection Triggers Autoimmunity

167

(1)

E. Cancer Triggers Autoimmunity

168

(1)

F. Toxic Chemicals Trigger Autoimmunity

168

(1)

G. Susceptibility to Autoimmunity

169

(1)

H. Psychosocial Stress and Autoimmune Disorder

170

(4)

I. Gender and Autoimmunity

174

(1)

IV. Concluding Comments

175

(2)

V. Sources

177

(3)

CHAPTER 10 Immune Activity and Psychopathology

I. Introduction

180

(1)

II. Access to Brain by Pathogens

181

(1)

III. Immune Activity within the Brain

181

(3)

A. Lymphocyte Entry

182

(1)

B. Cytokine Effects in Brain

182

(1)

C. Optimal Immune Response in Brain

183

(1)

D. Consequences of Immune Activity in the Brain

183

(1)

IV. Nervous System Infections and Behavior

184

(6)

A. Neurological Disorders

185

(1)

B. Neurodegenerative Disorders

186

(1)

C. Lyme Disease

187

(1)

D. Herpes Viruses

187

(2)

E. Rabies Virus

189

(1)

F. Human Immunodeficiency Virus

189

(1)

V. Autoimmunity, Malignancy, and Behavior

190

(1)

A. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

190

(1)

B. Parancoplastic Disorders

191

(1)

VI. Sensing Peripheral Immune Activity

191

(2)

A. Cytokines Alter Mental Processes and Behavior

191

(1)

B. Channels of Communication

192

(1)

C. Functional Significance

193

(1)

VII. Sickness Behavior

193

(1)

VIII. Behavioral Disorders that Resemble Sickness Behavior

194

(2)

A. Chronic Fatigue and Pain

194

(1)

B. Depressive Disorders

195

(1)

IX. Psychiatric Disorders with a Link to Infection

196

(7)

A. Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders

196

(1)

B. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

197

(1)

C. Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tourette's Syndrome

198

(1)

D. Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses

199

(4)

X. Concluding Comments

203

(1)

XI. Sources

204

(3)

CHAPTER 11 Immune Function Enhancement

I. Introduction

207

(1)

II. Beliefs, Suggestion, and Expectations

208

(5)

A. Hypnosis

209

(1)

B. Placebo Effect

210

(1)

C. Nocebo Effect

211

(1)

D. Expectations are Patterns of Neural Activity

211

(1)

E. Expectation and Immune Activity

212

(1)

III. Social Engagement

213

(1)

IV. Expression of Emotion

213

(1)

V. Sleep and Relaxation

214

(1)

VI. Exercise and Physical Activity

215

(2)

A. Leukocytes

215

(1)

B. Acute-Phase Proteins, Antibodies, and Cytokines

216

(1)

VII. Nutrition

217

(4)

A. Malnutrition

218

(1)

B. Individual Factors and Nonlinear Effects

218

(1)

C. Antioxidants: Vitamins and Minerals

219

(1)

D. Lipids

220

(1)

E. Modulation by Hormones

220

(1)

VIII. Concluding Continents

221

(1)

IX. Sources

222

(3)

CHAPTER 12 Integration and Implications

I. Introduction

225

(1)

II. Synopsis

225

(3)

III. Microenvironments and Complexity

228

(1)

IV. Unnecessary and Insufficient

228

(1)

V. Implications for Research

229

(3)

A. Limits of Reductionism

229

(1)

B. Major Dimensions of Health State Space

229

(3)

VI. Implications for Health Care

232

(1)

A. Holistic-Expanded Perspective

232

(1)

B. Individualized Health Education

232

(1)

VII. Economic Considerations

233

(1)

VIII. Concluding Comments

233

(1)

IX. Sources

234

(1)

Glossary

235

(26)

Index

261


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