Optics: Sharma: 9780123706119: Book: Computers & Technology: eCampus.com

Optical technology is essential to communications and medical technology. K.K. Sharma has written a comprehensive volume on optics. Beginning with introductory ideas and equations, Sharma takes the reader through the world of optics detailing problems encountered, advanced subjects, and actual applications. Elegantly written, this book rigorously examines optics with over 300 illustrations and several problems in each chapter. The book begins with light propagation in anisotropic media considered much later in most books. Sharma has started with this because it provides a more general and beautiful example of light propagation.

Nearly one third of the book deals with applications of optics. This simple idea of merging the sometimes overwhelming and dry subject of optics with real world applications will create better future engineers. It will make �?~optics' jump off the page for readers and they will see it take shape in the world around them. In presenting optics practically, as well as theoretically, readers will come away not only with a complete knowledge base but a context in which to place it.

*Strong emphasis on applications to demonstrate the relevance of the theory
*Includes chapter on problem solving of ray deviations, focusing errors, and distortion
*Problems are included at the end of each chapter for thorough understanding of this dense subject matter

Preface

Acknowledgements

xvii

1 LIGHT WAVES

(76)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Maxwell's Equations

(5)

1.3 The Wave Equation

(12)

1.3.1 Plane Wave Solution

(3)

1.3.2 Spherical and Cylindrical Wave Solutions

(1)

1.3.3 Beam-Like Solutions

(5)

1.4 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Waves

(3)

1.5 Energy Density and Poynting Vector

(1)

1.6 Boundary Conditions

(3)

1.6.1 Continuity of the Normal Components

(1)

1.6.2 Continuity of the Tangential Components

(1)

1.7 Reflection and Transmission at a Boundary

(19)

1.7.1 External Reflections

(3)

1.7.2 Reflectance and Transmittance

(3)

1.7.3 Internal Reflections

(4)

1.7.4 Frustrated Total Internal Reflection

(2)

1.7.5 Reflection from a Metallic Surface

(2)

1.8 Passage of Light through a Prism

(6)

1.9 Dispersion

(7)

1.9.1 Dispersion in Dilute Gases

(1)

1.9.2 Dispersion in Dense Media

(2)

1.9.3 Group and Signal Velocities

(2)

1.10 Propagation of light in Anisotropic Media

(16)

1.10.1 Fresnel Equation

(2)

1.10.2 Geometrical Constructions

(2)

1.10.3 Uniaxial Crystals

(3)

1.10.4 Biaxial Crystals

(2)

1.10.5 Double Refraction

(2)

1.10.6 Polarizing Prisms

(2)

1.11 References

(1)

1.12 Problems

(4)

2 COHERENCE OF LIGHT WAVES

(44)

2.1 Polychromatic Light

(3)

2.1.1 Quasi-monochromatic Light

(1)

2.2 Partially Coherent Light

(2)

2.2.1 Spatial and Temporal Coherence

(1)

2.3 Complex Coherence Functions

(4)

2.3.1 Stationary and Time-Averaged Fields

(1)

2.3.2 Intensity of Polychromatic Light

(2)

2.4 Self Coherence

(10)

2.4.1 Complex Degree of Self Coherence

(6)

2.4.2 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

(2)

2.5 Mutual Coherence

(10)

2.5.1 Complex Degree of Mutual Coherence

(3)

2.5.2 Coherence of Light from an Extended Source

102

(2)

2.5.3 Michelson Stellar Interferometer

104

(2)

2.6 Van Cittert�Zernike Theorem

106

(6)

2.6.1 Incoherent Quasi-monochromatic Source of Circular Cross-Section

109

(2)

2.6.2 Area of Coherence

111

(1)

2.7 Intensity Correlations

112

(4)

2.7.1 Hanbury Brown and Twiss Experiment

113

(1)

2.7.2 Photon Statistics

114

(2)

2.8 References

116

(1)

2.9 Problems

117

(4)

3 POLARIZATION OF LIGHT WAVES

121

(38)

3.1 States of Polarization

121

(6)

3.1.1 Linear Polarization

(111)

3.1.2 Elliptical and Circular Polarizations

123

(2)

3.1.3 Helicity of Light Waves

125

(2)

3.2 The Polarization Ellipse

127

(2)

3.3 Matrix Representation of Polarization States

129

(10)

3.3.1 The Jones Vectors

129

(5)

3.3.2 Jones Matrices for Linear Optical Devices

134

(5)

3.4 The Stokes Parameters

139

(9)

3.4.1 Monochromatic Light

141

(1)

3.4.2 Quasi-monochromatic Light

142

(2)

3.4.3 Completely Unpolarized Light

144

(1)

3.4.4 Mixture of Mutually Incoherent Light Fields

145

(2)

3.4.5 Geometrical Interpretation of Stokes Parameters

147

(1)

3.5 The Poincar� Sphere

148

(2)

3.6 Mueller Matrices

150

(3)

3.6.1 Linear Polarizer

151

(1)

3.6.2 Phase Retarder

152

(1)

3.7 The Coherency Matrix

153

(2)

3.8 Pancharatnam Theorem

155

(1)

3.9 References

156

(1)

3.10 Problems

156

(3)

4 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

159

(58)

4.1 Introduction

159

(2)

4.1.1 Paraxial Approximation

160

(1)

4.2 Ray Matrix Approach to Gaussian Optics

161

(26)

4.2.1 The Lens Matrix

163

(5)

4.2.2 Cardinal Points of a Lens

168

(4)

4.2.3 Ray Transformation between Principal Planes

172

(5)

4.2.4 Ray Matrix for Image Formation

177

(6)

4.2.5 Ray Tracing

183

(1)

4.2.6 Ray Matrix for Reflection

184

(3)

4.3 Optical Systems

187

(17)

4.3.1 Apertures and Stops

187

(2)

4.3.2 Single Lens Magnifier

189

(3)

4.3.3 Single Lens Camera

192

(1)

4.3.4 Two-Lens Optical Systems

193

(2)

4.3.5 The Microscope

195

(4)

4.3.6 The Telescope

199

(3)

4.3.7 Telephoto Lens

202

(2)

4.4 Optics of a Laser Cavity

204

(5)

4.5 Optics of the Human Eye

209

(3)

4.5.1 Defects of the Human Eye

211

(1)

4.6 Cylindrical Lens

212

(1)

4.7 References

213

(1)

4.8 Problems

213

(4)

5 LENS ABERRATIONS

217

(38)

5.1 Stigmatic Image

217

(1)

5.2 Aplanatic Points

218

(1)

5.3 Image Formation with Non-paraxial Rays

219

(3)

5.3.1 Tangential and Sagittal Planes

221

(1)

5.4 Wavefront Aberration Function

222

(8)

5.4.1 Ray Deviations

226

(2)

5.4.2 Focusing Errors

228

(2)

5.5 Primary Aberrations

230

(19)

5.5.1 Spherical Aberration

230

(4)

5.5.2 Coma

234

(7)

5.5.3 Astigmatism

241

(5)

5.5.4 Field Curvature

246

(2)

5.5.5 Distortion

248

(1)

5.6 Chromatic Aberration

249

(3)

5.7 References

252

(1)

5.8 Problems

252

(3)

6 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT WAVES

255

(64)

6.1 Interference

255

(1)

6.2 Two-Wave Interference

256

(12)

6.2.1 Interference by Division of Wavefront

261

(2)

6.2.2 Interference by Division of Amplitude

263

(3)

6.2.3 Testing Flatness of Surfaces

266

(2)

6.3 Interference with Extended Sources

268

(7)

6.3.1 Haidinger Fringes

269

(2)

6.3.2 Fizeau Fringes

271

(1)

6.3.3 Newton's Rings

272

(2)

6.3.4 Straight Fringes

274

(1)

6.4 Two-Wave Interferometers

275

(8)

6.4.1 Michelson Interferometer

275

(5)

6.4.2 Twyman�Green Interferometer

280

(2)

6.4.3 Mach�Zehnder Interferometer

282

(1)

6.4.4 Sagnac Interferometer

283

(1)

6.5 Multi-wave interference

283

(6)

6.5.1 Intensity Distribution in Multi-wave Interference

285

(4)

6.6 Fabry�Perot Interferometer

289

(11)

6.6.1 Widths of Transmission Peaks

291

(2)

6.6.2 Fabry�Perot Interferometer as a Spectrometer

293

(3)

6.6.3 Free Spectral Range

296

(1)

6.6.4 Spectra; Resolution

297

(3)

6.7 Lummer�Gehrcke Plate

300

(1)

6.8 Thin Optical Coatings

301

(14)

6.8.1 Single Layer Optical Coatings

301

(4)

6.8.2 Multi-layer Optical Coatings

305

(7)

6.8.3 Anti-Reflection Coatings

312

(1)

6.8.4 High Reflectance Coatings

313

(1)

6.8.5 Narrow Band Interference Filters

314

(1)

6.9 References

315

(1)

6.10 Problems

316

(3)

7 DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT

319

(20)

7.1 Introduction

319

(1)

7.2 Huygens' Principle

320

(1)

7.3 Huygens�Fresnel Theory

321

(1)

7.4 Kirchhoff's Diffraction Theory

322

(11)

7.4.1 Kirchhoff 's Boundary Conditions

325

(2)

7.4.2 Fresnel�Kirchhoff Diffraction Formula

327

(6)

7.5 Regimes of Diffraction

333

(2)

7.6 Babinet' s Principle

335

(2)

7.7 References

337

(1)

7.8 Problems

338

(1)

8 FRESNEL DIFFRACTION

339

(34)

8.1 Near-Field Diffraction

339

(2)

8.2 Rectangular Aperture

341

(18)

8.2.1 The Cornu Spiral

344

(2)

8.2.2 Narrow Slit

346

(7)

8.2.3 Straight Edge

353

(2)

8.2.4 Rectangular Obstacle

355

(4)

8.3 Circular Aperture

359

(7)

8.3.1 Irradiance at Off-Axial Points

364

(1)

8.3.2 The Arago Bright Spot

365

(1)

8.4 The Zone Plate

366

(3)

8.5 Pin-Hole Camera

369

(1)

8.6 References

370

(1)

8.7 Problems

370

(3)

9 THE FOURIER TRANSFORM

373

(38)

9.1 Introduction

373

(1)

9.2 The Fourier Series

373

(6)

9.2.1 The Rectangle Wave

375

(4)

9.3 Fourier Transforms in One Dimension

379

(10)

9.3.1 Fourier Transforms of Simple Functions

382

(7)

9.4 Fourier Transforms in Two Dimensions

389

(3)

9.4.1 Properties of the Fourier Transforms

389

(3)

9.5 Convolution Operation

392

(10)

9.5.1 Convolution as the Area of Products

395

(2)

9.5.2 Convolution and Impulse Response

397

(2)

9.5.3 Convolution Theorems

399

(3)

9.6 Convolution of Discrete Functions

402

(1)

9.7 Correlation of Functions

403

(4)

9.7.1 Correlation Theorems

405

(1)

9.7.2 The Wiener�Khinchin Theorem

406

(1)

9.8 References

407

(1)

9.9 Problems

407

(4)

10 FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION

411

(48)

10.1 Far-Field Diffraction

411

(8)

10.1.1 Fourier Decomposition of Aperture Function

413

(1)

10.1.2 Diffraction with a Lens

414

(5)

10.2 Diffracting Apertures

419

(9)

10.2.1 Rectangular Aperture

419

(3)

10.2.2 Infinitely Long Slit

422

(2)

10.2.3 Circular Aperture

424

(4)

10.3 Apodization

428

(1)

10.4 The Array Theorem

429

(7)

10.4.1 Two-Slit Aperture

431

(3)

10.4.2 Three-Slit Aperture

434

(2)

10.5 The Diffraction Grating

436

(14)

10.5.1 Grating Dispersion

440

(1)

10.5.2 Blazed Grating

440

(6)

10.5.3 Resolving Power of a Grating

446

(3)

10.5.4 Free Spectral Range

449

(1)

10.6 Irregularly Positioned Apertures

450

(1)

10.7 Sinusoidal Grating

451

(1)

10.8 Two Pin-Holes

452

(2)

10.9 References

454

(1)

10.10 Problems

454

(5)

11 IMAGE FORMATION AND OPTICAL PROCESSING

459

(46)

11.1 Introduction

459

(2)

11.2 Diffraction Theory of Image Formation

461

(12)

11.2.1 Image Formation with one Lens

463

(8)

11.2.2 Image Formation with Two Lenses

471

(2)

11.3 Coherent Image Processing

473

(15)

11.3.1 Spatial Frequency Filtering

473

(5)

11.3.2 Filters for Imaging Phase Objects

478

(3)

11.3.3 Complex Filter

481

(6)

11.3.4 Matched Filter

487

(1)

11.4 Coherent Optical Processing

488

(1)

11.5 Incoherent Image Formation

489

(1)

11.6 Incoherent Optical Processing

490

(3)

11.7 Resolving Power of Image Forming Systems

493

(5)

11.7.1 Incoherent Object Illumination

493

(2)

11.7.2 Coherent Object Illumination

495

(3)

11.8 References

498

(1)

11.9 Problems

498

(7)

12 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS

505

(24)

12.1 Introduction

505

(1)

12.2 Isoplanatism

506

(1)

12.3 Coherent Transfer Function

507

(3)

12.4 Optical Transfer Function

510

(2)

12.5 OTF of a Diffraction-limited Optical System

512

(5)

12.6 Transfer Functions of Aberrated Optical Systems

517

(4)

12.6.1 OTF of a Defocused Optical System

519

(2)

12.7 Imaging Sinusoidal Object Modulation

521

(3)

12.8 Measurement of OTF

524

(1)

12.9 References

525

(1)

12.10 Problems

525

(4)

13 HOLOGRAPHY

529

(42)

13.1 Introduction

529

(2)

13.2 On-Axis Holography

531

(7)

13.2.1 Hologram Recording

531

(3)

13.2.2 Wavefront Reconstruction

534

(4)

13.3 Off-Axis Holography

538

(4)

13.4 Holography of 3D Objects

542

(4)

13.5 Magnification in Holographic Imaging

546

(8)

13.5.1 Lensless Fourier Transform Hologram

551

(2)

13.5.2 Resolution of a Hologram

553

(1)

13.6 Reflection Hologram

554

(4)

13.7 Rainbow Holography

558

(2)

13.8 Holographic Interferometry

560

(6)

13.8.1 Double Exposure Holographic Interferometry

561

(2)

13.8.2 Real-Time Holographic Interferometry

563

(1)

13.8.3 Time-Average Holographic Interferometry

564

(2)

13.9 Holographic Optical Elements

566

(1)

13.10 References

567

(1)

13.11 Problems

567

(4)

14 NONLINEAR OPTICS

571

(56)

14.1 Introduction

571

(2)

14.2 Nonlinear Polarization

573

(12)

14.2.1 Second-Order Nonlinear Polarization

575

(7)

14.2.2 Third-Order Nonlinear Polarization

582

(1)

14.2.3 Higher Order Nonlinear Polarizations

582

(3)

14.3 Symmetry Properties of the Susceptibility Tensors

585

(5)

14.3.1 Susceptibility Tensors for Negative Frequencies

585

(1)

14.3.2 Full Permutation Symmetry

586

(2)

14.3.3 Kleinman's Symmetry

588

(2)

14.4 Wave Equation for Nonlinear Media

590

(1)

14.5 Second-Order Nonlinear Processes

591

(18)

14.5.1 Sum-Frequency Generation

593

(6)

14.5.2 Upconversion

599

(2)

14.5.3 Second-Harmonic Generation

601

(5)

14.5.4 Parametric Amplification

606

(3)

14.6 Optical Phase Conjugation

609

(4)

14.7 Optical Kerr Effect and Self-Focusing

613

(2)

14.8 The Electrooptic Effect

615

(3)

14.9 Electrooptic Modulators

618

(6)

14.9.1 Electrooptic Intensity Modulator

621

(2)

14.9.2 Electrooptic Phase Modulator

623

(1)

14.10 References

624

(1)

14.11 Problems

624

(3)

Appendix A

627

(2)

Appendix B

629

(2)

Index

631




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